Unit 2

What is psychotherapy?

Introduction :-

In today’s complex society, anxiety, conflict, depression, stress and mental tension have increased
dramatically. As a result people suffer from impulsive disturbances, benign psychoses and
psychosomatic disorders. Various methods of psychotherapy are used to treat impulsive individuals.

Psychotherapy is the treatment of adjustment problems, impulsive disorders, and mental illnesses
through psychological methods, procedures, and tools. Psychotherapy is a conversation or encounter
between a therapist and a patient. In which the psychotherapist tries to free the patient from
disturbance and mental illness.

Various methods are used in the field of psychotherapy. Psychologists like Carl Rogers, Freud and Ellis
have made a very important contribution in the development of these methods.

Definition of Psychotherapy :-

“Psychotherapy is the treatment of mental diseases by psychological methods.” -James Drever

“Psychotherapy is the method of influencing the mental processes of a person through psychological
methods (instruments).’ -Londis and Balls

“Psychiatry is a conversation between two people. On the one hand there is a patient who suffers from
some degree of impulsive disorder and on the other hand there is a professionally trained
psychotherapist who helps to correct such a situation.” -Strange

“Psychotherapy is the systematic application of psychological facts and theories to the treatment of
various human diseases, disorders arising from mental causes.” -Fisher

“Psychotherapy is a process of solving a problem or illness through psychological methods.”

Lehner and Cube

Methods of Psychotherapy:-

There are many methods of psychotherapy and the following methods are discussed in detail
throughout the chapter:

(a) Carl Rogers’ non-directive method of psychotherapy

(b) Freud’s method of psychoanalysis
(c) Ellis’s quantitative method

• Carl Rogers’ Non-Directive Method of Psychotherapy:-

The contribution of Carl Rogers in the field of psychotherapy is very important. Based on his treatment,
it was observed that the patient did not completely improve if only orders, instructions, advice and
guidance were given. Because the patient himself does not change his adjustment patterns. He
demonstrated that the center of healing is not the disease. But it is not enough that some symptoms of
the patient’s disease are removed. But it is necessary to improve the patient as a whole, so he
developed a new method of psychotherapy “Nondirective Psychotherapy” to develop new ways of
adjustment in the patient on his own instead of giving advice or preaching to directly remove the
disease or problem. This method of psychotherapy is known as “Patient Centered Therapy”.

Three important things:-

Following three things are very important in this method:

(1) The patient is placed at the center rather than the problem (disease).
(2) More attention is paid to the patient’s emotions than to logic.
(3) The present is given more importance than the past.

This method of Rogers is mainly based on the hypothesis that every person has the potential for his own
development and self-discovery. Rogers believed that every psychotherapist should work with the
assumption that the patient has the capacity to deal constructively with his conscious problems. The
psychotherapist has to help the patient understand his feelings clearly. At the same time, it is the task of
the psychotherapist to create an environment in which the patient can dare to bring his long-term
repressed material to the conscious level.

During psychotherapy, the therapist creates a situation in which to freely express one’s repressed
feelings, impulses, motivations, and conflicts. He gradually gains insight into this repressed material with
the help of a psychotherapist, after which the patient accepts his own self-power. Here the
psychotherapist builds a loving relationship with the patient. He understands his feelings through
empathy. He does not criticize the patient in any way. He does not put any kind of pressure on the
patient. The psychotherapist himself does not become active during the process of psychotherapy. But
an effort is made to make the patient active in it. Gradually the patient himself understands and accepts
his repressed feelings. He interprets his feelings and impulses in a new and creative way. Gradually he
gains the insight to understand the causes of his problem to improve on his own. It instills confidence in
solving problems. And he tries to solve his own problem.

Functions of Non-Directive Teaching:-

In non-directive therapy, the psychotherapist performs the following duties:

(1) It respects the patient’s responsibility for the problem or disease.

(2) The intense desire in the patient to become disease-free and healthy. Develops it.
(3) It awakens the motivations of the patient.
(4) It tries to create a free environment that is encouraging for the patient.
(5) It controls violent behavior in the patient. But does not keep any kind of control over the free
expression of his emotions.
(6) It values the patient’s feelings to develop self-confidence and self-awareness. He understands
what the patient has expressed and presents it correctly again to the patient.
(7) He refrains from questioning the patient, condemning his activities, giving advice, making
suggestions, showing false sympathy in return, etc. Psychotherapist makes the patient active. It
prepares him to solve the problem without entering into his activities and without giving any
 kind of advice. It helps the patient to re-establish his ‘self’, his personality and his powers by
creating an ideal environment for him.

Evaluation of non-directive method:-

Advantages :-

(1) A very large number of counselors and clinical psychologists use this method.
(2) In this method emphasis is placed on the patient and his potential for development. For this
reason, counselors use this method to treat patients with general maladjustment.
(3) This method is widely used to solve the personal life problems of ordinary people like marriage,
family and business related problems.
(4) This method is also widely used for the treatment of maladjusted behavior in educated persons
and persons of relatively ordinary level of understanding.
(5) Benign psychosis can also be cured by this method. Although the effectiveness of this method
for the treatment of relatively severe mild psychosis and acute psychosis is questionable,
psychotherapists use this method rather than psychoanalytic treatment.

Limitations :-

(1) This method diagnoses the patient’s problem superficially and treats it superficially.
(2) This method does not adequately examine the internal affairs of the patient. However, Rogers
responds by stating that the patient himself, during the process of psychotherapy, expresses his
deep-seated inhibited feelings as needed.
(3) Psychotherapists also re-reflect these feelings.

• Freud’s method of psychoanalysis

Introduction:

Psychotherapists today are divided into two groups throughout the world. Some follow the non-
directive method developed by Rogers. So some follow the psychoanalytical method developed by
Sigmund Freud with more or less modifications. Here we will discuss psychoanalysis as a method of
psychotherapy. The greatest contribution to the field of psychotherapy is this method. This method
consists of two main methods.

Two main methods of psychoanalysis:-

The two main methods of psychoanalysis are as follows:

Two main methods of psychoanalysis

(1) Free association

(2) Dream analysis
1) Free association :-
In this method, the patient freely presents all the thoughts that come to his mind. First the
psychotherapist asks the patient to sit on a comfortable chair and establishes an intimate relationship
with the patient. The patient presents his inner thoughts to the psychotherapist as a stakeholder. In this
way the patient’s internal conflicts are brought out with a free and uninhibited associative flow. It is
devalued.

Through this method the healer can know the internal affairs of the patient. After proper interpretation,
the revealed details are explained to the patient. Through which the patient can understand his
problems. Thus, the therapist helps the patient develop insight. This method tries to know the
suppressed desires and values of the patient’s unconscious mind.

2) Dream Analysis :-

This is another method of expressing the patient’s inner conflicts and emotions. Is. In 1900, Foyd
published a book called ‘Dream Interpretation’, explaining the importance of dreams in the field of
psychotherapy and showing that the unconscious mind can be accessed through dreams. The patient’s
internal struggles and difficulties are represented directly or symbolically in the dream.

Freud believes that dreams have some meaning. The reality of a dream is apparently not quickly
understood. So it is necessary to analyze and interpret the dream. While analyzing the following five
things should be kept in mind:

(1) Abbreviation
(2) Price transfer
(3) Dramatism
(4) Subsidiary actions
(5) Dream symbols

Some of these things tend to overemphasize dream symbols. Because dream symbols contain sexual
elements. Freud believes so. In these Pratikshas, long objects like stick, pencil, banana snake, pole, knife,
pistol, jad, brinjal etc. indicate male genitals. While cave, bucket, hollow, empty vessels, hollow objects,
bottle, jar, door etc. suggest female genital organs. Similarly, balls, apples, mosambi etc. in a dream, if
seen, suggest the breasts of a woman. To one patient a ghardi sorceress appeared in the form of a wife
or mother. Often seen in the symbol of parents, king and queen. Seen in the form of children or younger
brothers – sisters, creatures – insects or small animals. A person eating, running or dancing on a swing is
a symbol of sexual intercourse, Freud analyzes.

In reality, the dream is not fully interpreted. This principle is incomplete.

Other stages of psychoanalysis:

Free association and dream analysis are both important steps in psychoanalysis. In addition there are
two other auxiliary steps:

Other stages of psychoanalysis

(1) Price manipulation – resistance

(2) Transfer

((1) Price manipulation – Resistance :-

When the patient expresses his inner feelings through free association or dreams. The patient then
stops short of presenting a detail that has traumatized him/herself. Stops speaking. The dream comes
true. From such an occasion the therapist realizes that the patient has come close to internal conflicts.
But the ego prevents unpleasant and invalid memories, desires and feelings from going out. This
stopping behavior is called resistance.

The concept of resistance comes when the patient stops speaking. Sit quietly for long periods of time.
When rambling, aggressive, or frustrated, the patient’s resistance often manifests as denial, late arrival,
or no return for appointments. An experienced psychotherapist skillfully breaks down the patient’s
resistance and conducts the debriefing.

2) Transference: Transference means that the patient’s impulses are naturally transferred to the
therapist, the natural character of the impulses when the patient assumes the therapist. Then the
transfer is said to have taken place. As the relationship between the patient and the healer becomes
closer, the patient’s emotions like love, anger, hatred etc. become the character of the healer. Transfers
are of three types:

Transfer : –

(1) Legislative transfers

(2) Inhibitory transfer
(3) Per Transfer

Freud’s method of psychoanalysis is of great importance in the field of psychology, through free
association and dream analysis the thoughts in the unconscious mind of a person can be known. But its
limitation is that recalling repressed experiences does not cure the disease. The symptoms of the
disease go away only after the emotions woven with those experiences are expressed. For that comes
the necessity of re-education.

• Ellis’s quantitative method

Explain logical-emotive therapy.

(1) The past two decades have seen a significant increase in the use of cognitive therapy approaches
due to their effectiveness in the treatment of dissociative and disordered anxiety. Albert Allis and
Aaron Beck can be considered the main pioneers of this method.
(2) Here the word Bodhi is used as the sum of our experiences in the acts of meditation, judgment,
learning, thinking, remembering, awareness etc.
(3) In this method, the client learns to challenge their ineffective, harmful thoughts.
(4) It is helped to identify misinterpretations, reasoning goals, negative thoughts and thoughts that
lead to misalignment.
(5) Emphasis is placed on changing behavior as the situation is reinterpreted.
(6) Therapists who practice this approach value cognitive processes, beliefs, attitudes, and long-term
memory structures and acknowledge their impact on behavior.
(7) By this method the anxiety and panic of the client is removed.
(8) Its first goal is to make the person aware of such thoughts and desires and bring them to the level
of reality. An inappropriate expectation of such a person as “I must be loved by everyone.”
(9) Most of its problems have a root cause. In fact some people may love him, some may differ from
him and some may even hate him.
(10) If the patient realizes how unrealistic or self-defeating their beliefs or attitudes are, then the person
is willing to change them.
(11) This method is widely used by therapists to change the patient’s basic maladaptive thought
processes.
(12) A mentally ill person is logical and attached to reality. Many people’s beliefs are unrealistic and
values insist on perfection.
(13) They act accordingly, invite failure, get frustrated and feel miserable all the time. E.g. Unrealistic
thoughts like I can do everything – are seen in them.
(14) Due to such thoughts, their goals are also unrealistic. When they fail to achieve it, they feel weak,
ineffective, unfulfilled and defeated. It is the result of their incorrect thought process.
(15) Thus, Ellis’s method of therapy attempts to change the patient’s thought process by reshaping the
patient’s self-evaluation and belief system.

The goals of psychotherapy.

Introduction :-

Just like there are physical diseases, there are also mental diseases. Both physical and mental diseases
can be treated. Just as physical diseases are mild and severe. Mental diseases are also mild and severe.
Treatment of mental diseases is more complicated than physical diseases. Mental illness is treated
through psychotherapy. So what is psychotherapy?

Goals of psychotherapy:-

At first sight it seems that the goal of psychotherapy would be to relieve the patient of maladjustment
or psychotic symptoms. But, the mere disappearance of the symptoms does not cure the disease. Just
like hiding a bottle of liquor does not cure an alcoholic. Thus the patient cannot be cured by giving up
the distorted behavior.

The main goal of psychotherapy is to improve the patient’s response to problematic situations. The
causes of the disease should be known and removed. Lehner and Cube outline seven goals of
psychotherapy which are as follows:

1) Change in feelings :-

During the process of psychotherapy, the patient describes his past and present events. The patient’s
feelings are heard in this narrative. After rapport is established between the patient and the therapist,
the patient reveals all his hidden feelings. Psychotherapy brings about a change in these feelings. A
patient can get a proper guidance from a psychotherapist abandon feelings and improve some.

2) Change in Realization :-

Realization is a process by which we sometimes make mistakes while searching for the meaning of
sensations and become unreal. Patient orientation is unrealistic. Many such difficulties arise. Realization
is transformed through psychotherapy. The patient becomes aware of his misrepresentation. And learns
to perceive one’s environment objectively and realistically.
3) Change in interpretation :-

In addition to changing the patient’s realizations, psychotherapy can also change the patient’s
interpretations of events. When a maladjusted person makes wrong interpretations, he is tempted to
think of a friend as an enemy. Such misinterpretation creates several problems. A person or thing that
narrows the field of behavior cannot be truly worshipped. In psychotherapy, patients are made aware
of the many factors influencing behavior. Change the interpretation by explaining where and how the
patient made a mistake.

4)Change in Decisions :-

Decision making is a process in which certain types of decisions are made by comparing facts or events
and using judgment. The impact of people’s life philosophy is seen in their decisions. Ill-planned and
wrong decisions put people in trouble and hinder personality development. In psychotherapy, efforts
are made to develop emotional maturity so that the patient can make the right decision. Psychotherapy
helps the patient evaluate decisions.

5) Change in Motivation :-

Understanding our needs is very important. Because, needs motivate behavior. Through psychotherapy,
the patient is made aware of his needs. Psychotherapy explains the mystery of needs. Hence, true
understanding develops in the patient. Hence the patient abandons the task of achieving inappropriate
and incurable goals. Teaches to examine goals and motivations in relation to needs.

(6) Change in consciousness :-

Both conscious and unconscious factors affecting behavior are understood. The heightened awareness is
called intuition. Hence the realization, interpretation, judgment, etc. from consciousness is taken
correctly. Here, the patient is made conscious of repressed experiences and emotions.

7) Change in behavior :-

The ultimate goal of psychotherapy is to improve behavior. First of all, efforts are made to eliminate the
symptoms of the disease. And then the cause of the disease is found and eliminated. Psychotherapy
involves changing the symptom and changing the problem. Maladaptive behavior can be adjusted and
the patient is given an understanding of how to maintain mental health in problematic situations.

Conclusion :-

It can generally be said that the goal of psychotherapy is to instill a sense of security in the patient,
increase self-esteem and develop insight. With the help of psychotherapy, the patient begins to accept
himself. The patient’s behavior becomes adjusted. Psychotherapy removes barriers to adjustment.

Unit - 4 Mental Health

Introduction :-

There are at least more than six crore people in the world who suffer from one or the other disorders.
Even in an affluent country like America, people on average go to outpatient or outpatient treatment
once in a lifetime. Due to the problems of today’s modern era, a person living in material happiness –
prosperity has to be sustained as a human being. As a result of changing living standards, disintegrating
family system and marriage institution, excessive dominance of wealth, high standard of living and
increasing need, man is constantly clashing between means. As a result, the level of stress has increased.
Man’s social contacts and relationships have become inadequate. Due to which the mental health of
man has been put in danger. Even a man who looks healthy on the outside can be broken on the inside
and education is no exception to this problem. Issues like excessive homework, strict teachers, daily rush
to school make the child mentally unwell. Hence it is studied here.

Meaning of mental health:-

Mental health is not a disease or lack of vulnerability. But that is a situation. In which physical, mental
and social development of a person takes place properly. Mental health refers to a mentally healthy
person. Mental health i.e. how mental health can be brought about is discussed. Following are the
different definitions of mental health.

Definition:-

Mental health is the optimal, effective, and efficient adjustment of human beings to the world and to
each other.” – Carl Menninger

“Mental health is an introspective way of understanding impulses and willpower.” Bernhardt

“Mental health is peace of mind.” -Sorenson & Mam

“Through mental health science we find ways to avoid anxiety and thus we try to make our mind healthy
and fit.

Maintaining mental health is very important for a person’s development and for a person to be able to
get along with others. In other words, mental health is necessary for a person to be able to adjust
mentally with other disorders.

Symptoms of mental health:-

Symptoms of mental health can be shown as follows:

1) Life Goal :-

A mentally healthy person has a definite goal in life. It organizes various activities keeping in mind the
goal. Good planning of activities leads to the development of qualities like simplicity, conscientiousness
in life. Mentally healthy individuals can have good thoughts. Which takes him to a higher state of mind.
A person with mental health can think healthy in all transactions.
 2) Information of Desires :-

A person with mental health systematically organizes his wants and needs along with higher life goals.
He systematically tries to satisfy those wants and needs that are in line with his life goals. Increases
desires and needs that are obstacles to life goals.

3) Evaluation of Experiences :-

He takes note of real-world experiences or evaluates events in the family, neighborhood, or society. He
can think about what is right and what is wrong. One determines which experiences in life are useful
and which experiences are not. As a result, they do not become restless and depressed in the event of
an emergency. They make the right decision at the right time, at the right place.

(4) Awareness of reality :-

A person with mental health is aware of the events and issues happening around him and in the world,
that behavior lives in silence. She draws knowledge from past experiences and plans for the future, not
daydreaming or daydreaming. He accepts his responsibility. And tries to behave accordingly. She is not
afraid of reality.

(5) Safety :-

A person with mental health is aware of the events and issues happening in himself, around and in the
world. He lives in the present. Plans for the future by gaining knowledge from past experiences. He is
faithful, he believes that the path he is following is the right path. So she doesn’t feel insecure. He has
self-confidence, he can trust his own consciousness and others.

(6) Maturing Impulses and Emotions :-

A person with a healthy mind does not often become impulsive. She does not become impulsive. He is
adept at maintaining impulsive balance. He feels emotions like anger, fear. But its expression is socially
acceptable. They make decisions with a calm mind without getting too caught up in emotions.

7) Creativity / creation :-

A mentally healthy person is interested in creative activity. Such persons do not repress impulses,
feelings or desires. But enhances it. So they can do creative activities. He recognizes his strengths and
strives to develop them.

8) Formation of good habit :-

A mentally healthy person is not a slave to the family. It discovers good habits and manners for life-
practice and behavior. And through it tries to build social relations with people. Bernhardt states that
“the formation of cues to maintain mental health is an experiential factor.”

(9) Ability to live in a team :-

A person with mental health can adjust with other people. He has the ability to live in different groups.
She is not afraid to socialize with people. Can handle group people skillfully. His approach to the group
is intelligent and rational. It also has the power to dominate its environment.
(10) Good physical health :-

Mind and body have a reciprocal relationship. Health of the mind depends on the body, health of the
body depends on the mind. In psychosomatic disorders we see that physical factors are responsible for
mental illnesses and mental factors are responsible for physical illnesses.

If the body is healthy, the will develop quickly, will be able to face depression and conflicts. Creating a
life or doing some kind of creative work is an important feature of a mentally healthy person.

(11) Philosophy of life :-

The formation of a philosophy of life is characteristic of a healthy person. Allport writes that religion
seeks the underlying values of all things. As man becomes alienated from God. Thus, the anxiety also
increases. According to Mung, without the acquisition of a religious perspective, psychiatry of the
patient fails. Mind can be kept healthy through meditation and contemplation. So philosophy of life is a
characteristic of a healthy person.

• Aspects / organs of mental movement.

Activities initiated in Europe and America for the maintenance of mental health. It includes the following
three things.

Aspects / organs of mental movement:

(1) Development of mental health services

(2) Retraining and reinstatement
(3) Public education

(1) Development of services for mental health :-

There should be three types of medical centers in the society for the maintenance of mental health. And
they should be mutually cooperative.

(a) Mental Health Centre:-

Here, questions related to the mental health of adult children can be explored first. However, the
services of an experienced psychiatrist are regularly available in mental health centers. It is very
necessary. Such centers should be in every taluka and district.

b) Establishment of Department of Psychiatry in General Hospitals :-

Every dispensary and hospital should have provision for short-term treatment of mentally ill patients.
Such departments should be arranged in such a way that they are not too far from the patient’s home.

(c) Clinics for intensive treatment of mental diseases:-

Patients who have not recovered from general hospitals are treated meticulously in special clinics
(mental hospitals). Such clinics should use advanced equipment and treatment methods for
psychotherapy.

(2) Re-training and Re-establishment :-

In earlier times, mental patients were kept in prison. Then a separate shelter was built for the patients.
And were kept in it. In modern times mental hospitals operate instead of asylums. In which the patient is
re-educated. Re-education means breaking the patient’s maladaptive habits and developing more
effective habits.

Apart from this, important steps are taken to rehabilitate the patient. In which the patient’s family
members are contacted. And they are made aware of the patient’s strengths and limitations. If
necessary, family habits and attitudes are also improved. Efforts are made to create an environment
where the patient can adjust to his family. Even in the workplace, employees try to welcome him and
not make fun of him.

Re-education and rehabilitation work is done by medical social workers.

(3) Public Education :-

Myths and misconceptions about mental health are dispelled. Understanding of mental illnesses as well
as different types of mental illnesses are imparted to people. Peculiarities of behavior of mental patients
and their causes are also given insight. So that sympathetic and humane attitude can be developed
towards mental patients. In short, people are made aware of mental health through public education.

Mental health regulations/suggestions

No type of exercise can be prescribed for mental health like physical health. Nor does taking certain
types of drugs lead to complete mental health. It requires environment, ways of living, self-
understanding and creative adjustment. Hence, it is necessary to understand and follow some of the
following rules for attaining mental health.

1) Self discipline :- First of all, it should be understood that mental health is an

individual skill. This is a personal problem. Which every person has to solve for
himself. Other people may give advice or give appropriate advice but it is the
individual’s own responsibility to move towards good health by accepting the
advice of others.
2) Realist: One should be realistic to solve one’s problems. Right and wrong as
well as loss or gain should be considered in every situation. At the same time,
one should solve one’s problems by making a realistic assessment of one’s
work capacity, one’s goal and effort clearly and precisely.
3) Self introduction :-

Self-awareness and self-knowledge are essential for mental health. Socrates and our sages have given
golden advice for mental health. Talks about knowing oneself. A person who evaluates himself correctly
avoids many problems. And can get the right way.

(4) Life Goal :-

Anxiety, struggle, failure, difficulties etc. are inevitable parts of life. For the achievement of any kind of
goal, the above things are available to every person to some extent. So to some extent all these things
should be accepted and faced. But one should not get frustrated by it and deviate from the goal of life.

(5) Limitation in Impulses :-

Limits and decency should be cultivated before expressing one’s impulses. Express your grief, grief or
hatred in such a way that other people in the society accept it. It is a skill to express happiness, sadness,
anxiety, sadness, fear, anger etc. with ability and restraint. Learning this is essential for mental health.

(6) Engaged in work (satisfaction) :-

To be engaged in one’s own work and derive satisfaction from it – not throwing stones at the work of
others. Turning to creative work, developing by creating things for oneself, not just being a spectator, a
self-reflective person. Being patient and optimistic. Must try to find love, adventure and safety.

(7) Basic functions and their extension :-

McDougall states that basic behaviors should be developed and enhanced. It is only in psychoses that
individuality develops gradually, and mental health is achieved by the improvement of behavior.
McCoogle emphasizes the conscious alleviation of desires and passions. It has also been said in the Gita
that passions are not calmed by enjoyment. Burning ghee in the fire makes it more intense. Thus,
consumption also inflames the lusts. So even in religious texts, restraint has been advocated.

(8) Higher Aim:-

The goal of life should be kept high. Don’t get caught up in petty matters. Living in the present without
being drawn into the worries of the future. Following the middle class. To obey the laws of nature.
Accepting one’s limitations and never stopping one’s progress. And must be determined to complete
the work in a systematic manner.

In addition, Carroll suggests the following rules for mental health:

(1) Not to set up interpersonal conflicts :-

Cultivating respect for one’s own and other person’s personality. A person who does not respect himself
and others. Nor knows how to appreciate anyone. Such persons are mentally disturbed. MacDougall has
given the stability of self-esteem a greater importance to mental health.

(2) Cultivating the value of sympathy :-

We also need a true understanding of ourselves and the other person. Most people have a wrong idea
of their motivational value. Establishing an adjustment between life and situations is a hallmark of
mental health. Each person is the borderline of his own external and internal powers. There are definite
limits to one’s good or bad qualities. Observing, listening to, and empathizing with one’s own and
others’ boundaries Mental Health is necessary for.

(3) Causal Relationship :-

It is also essential for mental health that behavior should always be causally related. Like a true scientist
one should cultivate one’s unbiased attitudes towards life.
 (4) Result of Personality :-

Behavioral personality is the result. Another’s behavior reveals his whole personality. Behavior is born
out of the organization of all the impulsive, cognitive and actional states. So lack of mutual relations
leads to mental discomfort.

(5) Basic Requirements :-

Paper It is necessary to get complete information for basic needs. Because human behavior depends on
needs. Functional needs like food, water, air, sleep are important for body protection. Each person has
to satisfy these needs. Physical needs play the most important part in promoting mental health.

Goal or Importance of Mental Health

Many questions of life bother a person. Financial problem, social problem or business problem makes
the mind of a person unsettled. Today all countries of the world are concerned about mental health. The
issue of mental health is a burning question of the modern age. Because most of the patients who go to
the doctors of the world for treatment for physical ailments are found to have poor mental health. If a
man wants to be happy and successful, he has to learn the art of being healthy.

The life of modern man is very difficult and conflicting. Mental health is useful to overcome many vexing
questions in life.

Goal or Importance of Mental Health :-

Only if a person has mental health in his life, he can solve any problem of the society. There are two
main goals of mental health:

(1) When a mental conflict arises in a person’s life, to remove that conflict in some way. When
one’s thinking becomes biased, one’s impulses become distorted, one is surrounded by anxiety,
mental health becomes useful. Hence it can be said that mental health is very important to
overcome mental conflict.
(2) Another aim of mental health is to prevent mental conflict from arising. Such efforts should be
made from the very beginning. We should do such activities that our mind does not get
depressed. And the question of mental conflict arising does not arise.

The use of mental health knowledge is widespread. There is a saying in English that “Prevention is
better than care.” So for mental health it is necessary to take care that the mind does not become
restless and unhealthy. One of the goals of mental health is to develop such a personality in a person
who can adjust to his surroundings and live life without the least conflicts.

Benefits of a mentally healthy person:

Benefits of a mentally healthy person are as follows:

(1) Only a mentally healthy person can make his life happy and successful.
(2) A mentally healthy person can identify and understand himself.
(3) He can discern right and wrong before doing any act and can predict future consequences.
(4) A mentally healthy person has self-confidence. He constantly feels that he has some place in the
world.
 Conclusion :-

Thus, no matter how rich a person is physically, mentally, if he is not mentally healthy, he has no value.
Thus, the importance of mental health is not trivial. Human should always try to maintain physical
health as well as mental health.

Unit – 5 Indian Ideology Methodology of Therapy

Introduction :-

Looking at the ancient Indian literature and lifestyle, there are many methods used for the treatment of
mental diseases. Atharvaveda, Charakasamhita, Sushrutasamhita, Ashangasutra, Yogasutra and
Buddhist and Jain literature mention many types of mental treatment methods.

Today, many of these methods are being used around the world to treat mental illnesses and to
maintain mental and physical health.

The specialty of these methods is that they work not only as a cure. But also acts as a preventive or
inhibitor of disease. The maintenance of health of the individual as well as his spiritual growth which is
the ultimate goal of all human beings. It also becomes useful.

Some of these methods are purely mental. Some are psychophysical. While some are only physical.
Meditation, Yoga, Vipassana, Sudarshan Kriya etc. can be considered as such methods.

Swami Vivekananda, Swami Yogananda, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Swami Ramdevji have contributed
significantly in popularizing these methods around the world.

In many countries of the world, meditation is especially used to reduce stress and problems, as well as
for peace of mind. Many psychotherapists recommend meditation to achieve relaxation to keep the
body calm. Philosophers and religious leaders argue that meditation helps one realize one’s identity,
attain peace of mind, and draw closer to God. Social scientists, and psychologists in particular, have
become increasingly interested in meditation, as meditation reduces scientific problems such as anxiety,
depression, and depression.

Definition of meditation:-

“When the habit of concentration on some internal or external place is cultivated, it becomes possible
to remain unbroken towards that place. This state is called meditation.”

“Meditation leads to better emotional and physical health.”

Among the various methods of relaxation, meditation is the most effective. Things like listening to or
playing music, walking in nature, enjoying a hobby, etc. are also methods of meditation. Hence,
anything that can stop disturbing thoughts and help the mind to feel relaxed can all be included in
meditation.

According to Rathus & Nevid (Rathus & Nevid 2002) “Meditation refers to a process that involves
people’s efforts to remove thoughts from their minds and remove the world from their psyche for a
moment.”

Weiten & Lloyd (Weiten & Lloyd, 2003) state, “Meditation refers to mental exercises that involve a
conscious effort to focus the mind in a non-analytical manner.”

Contemplation (stress) With regard to meditation :-

• It emphasizes the development of superior understanding through methodological inquiry and

intuition.
• Meditation brings one closer to one’s natural self, awakens and leads one on the path to greater
awareness, openness, and inner inspiration.
• Maharishi Mahesh Yogi has systematically explained Dhyana Yoga in his Bhavatit Dhyana
program.
• Modern research provides evidence that meditation can improve a person’s physical and mental
well-being.
• The results of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s research conducted at European-American institutes
and other universities show that transcendental meditation results in benefits such as
improvement in many physical and mental functions, increased physical-mental health and
happiness, sense of connectedness, reduction of stress and self-discovery.
• Due to transcendental meditation, the waves generated from different parts of the brain are
synchronized so that they are produced simultaneously. Due to this physical actions become
regular.
• Meditation is an effective tool for reducing physical arousal and inducing relaxation.
• Almost all studies on this note that it greatly reduces respiration rate, oxygen consumption and
carbon dioxide excretion.
• As heart rate slows, blood flow stabilizes, and blood glucose levels rise, the E.E.G. Changes are
also seen in
• These changes in brain waves indicate that brain stimulation is reduced during meditation,
suggesting a reduced level of mental activity.
• Some studies suggest that meditation causes changes in the electrochemical activity of a
person’s brain.
• Meditation also effectively reduces chronic anxiety and increases a person’s self-esteem.
Physiological changes during meditation and relaxation are similar.
• Meditation improves mood, develops a pragmatic outlook on life, reduces fatigue, reduces
addictive habits, improves the immune system and leads to better physical health and superior
mental health.
• Many methods of meditation are used in India in which special yoga and TM methods are very
popular.
• Most meditation practices have their roots in Eastern religions.
• These practices have their roots mainly in Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism can be seen.
 • Whatever the method of meditation, psychologists are interested in it because it calms internal
impulses.

Processes of meditation:-

Two types of meditation procedures have attracted public attention

1) Concentrative Meditation
2) Mindfulness focused on the thoughts of the mind.

Concentration chit meditation involves focusing the mind on a sound, word, object, or prayer, and can
also focus on a thought or breath. Thoughts and nouns are controlled by it.

In meditation one is encouraged to concentrate attention on one’s thoughts and sensations.

Dua (1983) has studied the various applications of mindfulness meditation and concluded that the
following four things are common to most meditative processes:

(1) Sitting or stretching the body in a comfortable position with calm mind especially with closed
eyes.
(2) To repeat any prayer, word or sound.
(3) Breathing control or doing breathing exercises.
(4) To remove all thoughts and distractions.

Thus, direct knowledge, education, memory and learning are also benefited by the method of
meditation and the personality becomes balanced. Meditation has also been shown to be beneficial in
problems such as anxiety disorders, alcohol addiction, insomnia or high blood pressure.

Yoga as an Indian thought therapy method.

Introduction :-

The word “yoga” is used in many senses and in a wide range. A beginner to yoga should understand
what is yoga? And what not? If yoga is practiced without truly understanding the purpose, form and
method of yoga, yoga will not be achieved. But it is possible that disease occurs instead of yoga. Yoga is
not an exercise system. It is not wrong if a person does Asana Pranayama or Yogic Karmas for physical
health. But here one should understand that yoga is not a method of exercise at all. Yogic practices are
not only invented to make the body healthy and strong. So physical health is a by-product of yogic
actions. Just like Ayurveda or Allopathy is the original method of treatment. Such a method is not yoga.
However, some diseases can be cured by doing yoga. The purpose of yoga is spiritual development.
Disorders in the body of a yoga practitioner like Pranayama. These appropriate actions are adopted to
remove it.

The ancient Indian way of life had several arrangements for the treatment and prevention of mental
diseases. Yoga is one of the ways to maintain physical and mental health and achieve optimal
performance. Which will be discussed in detail below.

Meaning of Yoga :-
The word yoga is derived from the Sanskrit dhatu. Which means ‘to bind’ as shown by Maharishi
Patanjali, stopping the mind from taking the form of various activities is yoga. Yoga in Srimad Bhagwat
Gita means ‘Balanced approach means Yoga.’

Yoga means to connect, i.e. to connect a person with the universe or creation. Maharishi Patanjali has
systematically explained yoga in the Yoga Sutras. He has shown the eight limbs in the order of yoga
through which the overall development of human personality takes place.

“Yoga is a well organized meditation system. Not only that but based on Samkhya

His philosophy is very systematic and classical. It is not wrong to use the word yoga as science in this
sense.”

“Yoga is the instrumental method for the attainment of the ultimate truth. Yoga is the science of
spirituality.”

Definitions of Yoga :-

Many definitions have been given in our ancient scriptures explaining yoga. Some of them are as
follows:

(1) “Yoga means skillful in actions” (Bhagwat Gita) This definition is given keeping Karma Yoga in
mind. Expertise here does not mean the external skill of doing Karma. By skill here is meant the
internal attitude suitable for Karma Yoga.
(2) “Equality is called Yoga.” The equanimity of the mind is here called yoga. The state of freedom
from actions is truly called equanimity. So in this definition, the matter of Chittavriti Nirodha
itself is said in another way.
(3) “Freedom from association with suffering is called yoga.”
(4) “Yoga means Samadhi.”
(5) “Yoga means restraint of the actions of the mind.”

The steps of yoga mentioned by Maharishi Patanjali :-

Following are the steps of yoga described by Maharishi Patanjali:

The steps of yoga outlined by Maharishi Patanjali

(1) Yama:-
• “Yam means the inclusion of taboos in conduct.”
• Yama includes Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya and Aparigraha.
• Ahimsa means not harming other beings without reason by mind, word or action.
• Truth means ‘not speaking falsely, disaffection means not stealing or grabbing what belongs to
others.
• Brahmacharya means insisting on pure behavior both mentally and physically. Aparigraha means
not hoarding more things than actual need.

(2) Rule (Niyam):-

• “Rule is the observance of laws in conduct.”

• It includes Shauch, Santosh, Tapa, Swadhyaya and Ishwar Pranidhana.
• Shauch means cleansing the body both internally and externally.
• Contentment means believing that what has been achieved is enough.
• Tapa means trying to make the body capable of performing certain types of functions.
• Swadhyaya means self-study, regular training or habit formation.
• Ishwar Pranidhana means surrendering oneself to the Almighty.

(3) Seat :-

• Asana is a posture of a certain physical posture that stabilizes the mind and body.
• Asanas have been decided by taking inspiration from the position of different animals, birds,
creatures. Through it the psycho-physical functions of the body become active.
• Asanas for the body parts should be done comfortably, for as long as it suits.
• The three types of asanas are for physical stretching, for stress relief and for meditation.

4) Pranayama :-
• Pranayama is a specific type of breathing process.
• It is divided into three parts viz., Purana, Kumbhaka and Rechaka.
• Supplementation means filling the breath into the lungs.
• Kumbhaka means sustaining the breath in the lungs.
• Laxative means expelling the breath.
• Breathing control can control the autonomic nervous system and the mind. Mental actions can
be controlled.

5) Retaliation :-

• It is a purely psychological process.

• Pratyahara is the withdrawal or prevention of attention from external and internal stimuli.
• Pratyahara helps reduce learned and conditioned responses. Pratyahar requires daily training.
6) Dharna:-
• Dharana means stability of mind.
• Which may come after the control of the senses. In perception, one tries to keep one’s mind
blank and fixed on a single object or matter continuously and for a long period of time.
7) Meditation :-
• Meditation is the concentration of the mind on an object or stimulus.
• As a result of this centering gradually the sense of oneness arises between the instigator and the
meditator on which the attention is focused.
• There is no feeling that they are different. By doing this one can reach samadhi.

8) Samadhi :-

• Samadhi is the unification of both the meditator and the meditator.

• The state where there is no difference between anything.
• Where all Drandra ends.
• The state where all questions subside.
Currently, these steps of yoga are being widely used as a different treatment or prevention method in
many countries of the world. It can reduce problems and increase a person’s efficiency, success and
well-being.

Since ancient times, the steps of yoga have been used for the transformation or spiritual advancement
of a person. At present, different methods developed by combining one step or two-four steps are being
widely used around the world for the treatment of many mental and psycho-physical diseases.

Types of Yoga

Thus, these include 7 types. All these types of yoga have different names and all these names and their
tails are like two sides of a coin.

(1) Karma Yoga :-

It suits the active nature. That is, a man who does karma continuously without getting attached to the
fruit gets salvation. Giving up the hope of fruit and surrendering everything to God is Karma Yoga.

(2) Bhaktiyog :-

It is more suitable for emotional workers. In it the devotee accepts the devotion of God. And he
worships God in a new way. They have love for God.

E.g. Meera, Narsingh Mehta

(3) States:-

It is more suited to the curious and inquisitive nature. This yoga is considered as the great yoga. It is true
science.

(4) Gnanyoga :-

It is the path of enlightenment for the thoughtful and subtle minded. This is natural harmony. The one
who attains it attains true peace and divine bliss.

Results (Benefits) of Yoga :-

(1) Yoga makes human life divine and various miseries are destroyed.

(2) Today we talk about the population of the country of world peace or human upliftment which is
quickly possible through yoga.

(2) Yoga gives divinity and magnificence in life.

(3) It creates love for animals only.
(4) Conflicts between country and abroad, tensions between individuals etc. can be resolved by
leading a balanced life.
(5) Karma, Bhakti or Jnana have different yogic meanings. A person who undertakes any one of
these steps will attain happiness and peace and will also achieve sadhana by doing Swadhyaya,
Yaya, Dhyana, Sankirtan and purifying the practice by leaving Matagrahas.
(6) Yoga is a wonderful tree. In which it gives fruit in the form of devotion and knowledge. Yoga is
not bound by country, time and caste. Yoga is for the benefit of all living beings.