Lecture Notes

In
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Fourth Year
Mechanical Design & Production Department
Computer Aided Design CAD Dr/Shaimaa Ibrahim Gad

1. Design process in CAD environment

The difference between the traditional design and computer aided design is shown
in the next figure.

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Based on the CAD one can define elements off computer aided design system off
computer aided design system

Computer aided design has many benefits:

• Simplification of the design process

• Give a wide range of synthesis
• Give a wide range of synthesis
• Increase the design efficiency and effectiveness economy of material and
labor
• Better and accurate drawings
• The design can be modified and enhanced
• Fast and the easy to obtain the optimal design
• Good representation of results

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2. Principles of software design

A software is designed as a set of instructions, procedures and rules that directs
the operation of a computer. Any software consists of three parts: data, algorithms
and structure.

• Data may be integer; real, or string variables.

• Algorithm is the steps that required to perform a certain task, written in
sequential and logic manners.
• Structure is the relation between different algorithms in one could also it is
a procedure of how handling data by algorithms.

Refer to the next figure the relation between data and algorithm is reversal one.

Algorithm
Algorithm
Data Complexity
Complexity increased
Decreased Data
Simple
Algorithm with Complex
complex and a Algorithm with
lot of Data simple Data

Software is characterized by

• Simplicity ………. simple to handle and understand

• readability ………. clear
• efficiency ………. use efficient language tools
• flexibility ………. can be modified and developed
• reliability
• portability ………. work on more than one operating system
• recoverability ………. able to self-recover

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To design a good software, five steps should be followed:

1. analysis
2. algorithm design
3. coding
4. testing
5. documentation

1. Analysis:

2. Algorithm design

Based on the objective or the function of the software, a set of a statement or steps
maybe written and followed a defined procedure. One may use algorithm or a
flowchart.

3. Coding

There are two main types of coding: top-to-down structure and modular structure.
Modular structure is more efficient and easier to handle; correct reading, writing,
development and understand. Some points should be carefully handled in modular
structure boundaries, interface arguments, local variable, and center transfer.

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4. Testing

Testing and debugging go hand in hand. Several types of errors should be tested:
syntax error, logic control error, runtime error and data format error.

5. Documentation

A good and clear technical documentation of the software should be performed to

facilitate the software in the future.

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3. General introduction to the finite element method (FEM)

3.1 Introduction

It's not possible to obtain mathematical analytical solutions for any engineering
problem. An analytical solution is a mathematical expression that gives the value
of the desired unknown quantity at any location in a body, therefore it's valid for
any for infinite not infinite number of locations and the domain of the problem.
Analytical solution can be obtained for simple problems only. For problems
involving complex geometry, materials, and boundary conditions analytics resort
to numerical methods that provide approximate, but acceptable solutions. The
finite element method (FEM) is an efficient numerical tool to solve a wide range of
boundary and initial value problems.

3.2 Preliminary

like any mechanical system a solid mechanics problem can be represented by a

domain and boundary conditions. This system is subjected to an input force which
results a certain response of as displayed in the next figure.

M
G
∅ሺ𝒙, 𝒚ሻ = 𝑹

𝐹 𝑅
𝑀, 𝐺, 𝐵𝐶𝑠

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Based on the response of the system and the dependency of the parameters of
the problem on this response, the system may be closed or open control unit. When
no effect of the response 𝑹 on the material geometry, boundary conditions, and
input force, the system is called open loop system. Such case is considered when
handling an elastic problem with a small deformation. On the other hand, when the
responses 𝑹 are affect boundary conditions BCs (like contact problems) or
geometry G (like larger deformation problems) or material M (like elastoplastic
constitutive relationship) or the input force F (like load deformation dependency)
the system becomes closed loop system i.e., nonlinear system.

Generally, the behavior of response of any structural domain can be expressed by

the mathematical operator R, such that

𝑅ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ = 𝐹1 ሺ𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑀, 𝐺, 𝐵𝐶𝑠ሻ

To get a response of a domain, some constraints should be imposed. These

constraints are called boundary conditions. Also, the boundary conditions can be
expressed by operator B such that

𝐵ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ = 𝐹2 ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ

There are two types of boundary conditions. The first is called essential,
kinematic or Dirichlet. Such type of BCs gives constraints only on the motion
̅ at some locations.
regardless the parameters i.e., ∅ = 0 or ∅ = ∅

The second type of BCs is called natural, kinetic or Newman. Such type of BCs
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
gives constraints on the motion considering stress or traction, i.e., = 0 or =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝐴.

These two types of BCs can be collected to present mixed type which is called
Cauchy type.

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̅ while the exact one is ∅ . The

Now consider an approximate solution is ∅
following definitions should be considered:

̅ = 𝜀ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ
∅−∅ = 𝜀 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
̅ ) = 𝐹1 ሺ𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑀, 𝐺, 𝐵𝐶𝑠ሻ
𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, ∅ = 𝑒1 ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ → 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝐵ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ − 𝐹2 ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ = 𝑒2 → 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶
In FEM errors 𝜀 , 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 should be maintained minimum.

3.3 fundamental concept of the finite element model

The fundamental concept of FTM is that any continuous quantity such as

displacement, temperature or pressure can be approximated by a discrete model
composed of a set of piecewise continuous functions defined over a finite number
of subdomains. The piecewise continuous functions are determined or defined
using values of the continuous quantity at a finite number of points in the domain
of the problem. In most common situation, we wish to define the value of this
quantity at certain points in the problem domain.

As shown in the figure the quantity ∅ሺ𝑥ሻ is approximated by a linear piecewise

function for each for each sub domain.

∅ ∅1

Linear piecewise function

∅2 ∅2
Subdomain ∅3 ∅3
∅ሺ𝑥ሻ
∅4 ∅4
∅5
𝑥
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

The quantity ∅ሺ𝑥ሻ may be approximated by quadratic or cubic function rather

than linear one. The same concept can be applied to 2D and 3D problems.

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3.4 General description of the FEM

In brief, the basis of the FEM is the representation of the structure or body by an
assemblage of subdomains or finite elements. These elements are interconnected
at joints or nodes. A function or polynomial is used to approximate the continuous
variable or quantify over each element. Such function is called interpolation or
shape function.

Discretization

Node

Element

The values of the quantity ∅ at nodal points of each element is approximated as

shown in figure.
∅𝑖 ∅𝑘

∅𝑗 𝑖
𝑦
(e)
𝑥 𝑘
j

The variational principle of mechanics, such as the principle of minimum potential

energy, is used to obtain a set of equilibrium equations for each element. These
equations relate the element properties to the unknown values of ∅.

Considering a loaded elastic body, the potential energy is represented by the sum
of the internal energy stored as results of the deformations and the potential
energy of the external loads.

If the body is in a state of equilibrium, this energy is minimum. This is a simple

statement of the principle of minimum potential energy.

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To illustrate this principle considered a spring of stiffness 𝑘 and loaded by tensile

force 𝐹

The internal energy due to deformation 𝑢 𝑭

1 1
𝑈= 𝐹𝑢 = ሺ𝑘𝑢ሻ𝑢 𝒖
2 2
1 𝒌
𝑈 = 𝑘 𝑢2
2
While the potential energy due to external force 𝐹
𝑊 = −𝐹 𝑢

1
The total potential energy Π = 𝑘 𝑢2 − 𝐹 𝑢
2

Equilibrium state is achieved by invoking the stationary of the total potential

energy such as that

𝜕Π
= 𝑘𝑢 − 𝐹 = 0
𝜕𝑢

i.e., 𝒌𝒖 = 𝑭 is the classical equilibrium equation of a spring.

3.5 general procedure of FEM

The general description of the FEM can be detailed in so called step-by-step

procedure. Such a procedure is explained by the following illustrative example.

Consider a rod, fixed at one end and loaded by an axial force on the other end.
It's required to get the state and other variables associated with this problem.

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Step one: Discretization of the domain

In this step the continuum is divided into finite elements. So, we discuss a discrete
model rather than a continuous model. The compatibility is satisfied only at the
nodes which interconnected elements.

1 2 3
𝑭
1 𝑬𝟏 𝑨𝟏 2 𝑬𝟐 𝑨𝟐 3 𝑬𝟑 𝑨𝟑 4

𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3

𝑭𝒊 𝑗 𝑭𝒋
𝑖 𝑥
𝒖𝒊 𝒖𝒋
𝐿𝑒

One element (e)

Step 2: Selection of the shape function

It is not possible to select an interpolation function describing the actual

variation of the displacement 𝑢 within the element. This is considered a source of
approximation in the FEM. The simplest interpolation displacement / shear
function is a linear one. However, one can select functions of higher degrees. This
depends on the type and degree of the actual displacement. Therefore, selection of
shape functions is problem dependent.

The linear shape function should be consisted of two parts. The first part
represents the rigid body motion. The second part represents the linear variation
of the displacement (constant strain). Also, shape function should satisfy the
boundary conditions, at least the essential type

𝑢ሺ𝑥ሻ = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 𝑥

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𝛼1 , 𝛼2 are generalized coefficients which we depend on the boundary conditions.

𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑢ሺ𝑥 = 0ሻ = 𝑢𝑖 = 𝛼1

𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑒 → 𝑢ሺ𝑥 = 𝐿𝑒 ሻ = 𝑢𝑗 = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝛼2 𝐿𝑒

−𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗
𝛼2 =
𝐿𝑒

−𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗
𝑢ሺ𝑥ሻ = 𝑢𝑖 + ( )𝑥
𝐿𝑒

𝑥 𝑥
𝑢ሺ𝑥ሻ = (1 − ) 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢
⏟ 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝑗
⏟
𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗

• 𝑢𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑗 are the generalized degrees-of-freedom

• 𝑁𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑗 are the general generalized shape function

𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗
1 1

𝑥 𝑥
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒

➢ The two functions 𝑁𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑗 are linear and having unity at the corresponding
node, i.e., 𝑁𝑖 = 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , and 𝑁𝑗 = 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑒 .
➢ Also, the summation of these two shape functions at any point equal to 1

∑(𝑁𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 ) = 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 0 ≼ 𝑥 ≼ 𝐿𝑒

➢ Further
𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕𝑁𝑗
∑( + )=0 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 0 ≼ 𝑥 ≼ 𝐿𝑒
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Once the shape functions 𝑁𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑗 are defined, the variation of 𝑢ሺ𝑥ሻ is also
defined within the element (e).

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Step 3: Derivation of the Element Equations

The stiffness matrix consists of coefficients of equilibrium equations derived

from material and geometry of an element. Element equilibrium equations are
obtained by using the principle of minimization of potential energy. Therefore, we
seek the total potential energy of an element.

Π𝑒 = 𝑈𝑒 + 𝑊𝑒

1
𝑈𝑒 = ∫ 𝜀𝑒𝑇 𝜎𝑒 𝑑𝑉 & 𝑊 = −𝑢𝑖 𝐹𝑖
2 𝑉

𝜕𝑢ሺ𝑥ሻ 𝜕 𝑥 𝑥 −𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗
𝜀𝑒 = = ((1 − ) 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 ) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒

𝐸𝑒 (−𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 )
𝜎𝑒 = 𝐸𝑒 𝜀𝑒 =
𝐿𝑒

Then

1 −𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 −𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗
𝑈= 𝐴𝑒 ∫ ( ) 𝐸𝑒 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝐿𝑒 𝐿 𝑒 𝐿 𝑒

𝐸𝑒 𝐴𝑒 𝐿𝑒 −𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 2
𝑈= ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 𝐿𝑒

𝐸𝑒 𝐴𝑒 2
𝑈= (−𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 )
2 𝐿𝑒

and

𝑊 = −𝐹𝑖 𝑢𝑖 − 𝐹𝑗 𝑢𝑗

So,

𝐸𝑒 𝐴𝑒 2
Π= (−𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 ) − 𝐹𝑖 𝑢𝑖 − 𝐹𝑗 𝑢𝑗 , Quadratic form
2 𝐿𝑒

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For Equilibrium

Element Equilibrium Equation

𝜕Π 𝐸𝑒 𝐴𝑒
= (𝑢𝑖 − 𝑢𝑗 ) − 𝐹𝑖 = 0
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝐿𝑒

𝜕Π 𝐸𝑒 𝐴𝑒
= (−𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 ) − 𝐹𝑗 = 0
𝜕𝑢𝑗 𝐿𝑒

In Matrix form

𝐸𝑒 𝐴𝑒 1 −1 𝑢𝑖 𝐹𝑖
[ ] {𝑢 } = {𝐹 }
⏟𝐿𝑒 −1 1 ⏟ 𝑗 ⏟ 𝑗
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚. 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚. 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚.
𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝. 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

The element stiffness matrix is a square, symmetric, and singular matrix.

If 𝑢𝑖 = 𝑢𝑗 , then 𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹𝑗

In this case the element is moved as rigid body.

Step 4 Assembly of the element equations

The derived element Eqs. represent equilibrium state for one element, and in turn,
describe the response of only one element. To get the equilibrium Eqs. for the
whole problem, these element Eqs. are collected to form the global equations of
the whole structure.

Refer to the next figure, we write the equilibrium Eqs. for each node, such that:

𝑹 𝑭
1 1 2 2 3 3 4

𝑭𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟐 𝑭𝟐𝟏 𝑭𝟐𝟐 𝑭𝟑𝟏 𝑭𝟑𝟐

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The equilibrium equations at each node are:

𝐹11 = 𝑅

𝐹12 + 𝐹21 = 0

𝐹22 + 𝐹31 = 0

𝐹32 = 𝐹

Consider these equilibrium Eqs. on the element level.

𝐸𝑒 𝐴𝑒
For simplification, consider = 𝑘𝑒
𝐿𝑒

𝑅 1 −1 𝑢1
{ } = 𝑘1 [ ]{ }
𝐹12 −1 1 𝑢2

𝐹 1 −1 𝑢2
{ 21 } = 𝑘2 [ ]{ }
𝐹22 −1 1 𝑢3

𝐹 1 −1 𝑢3
{ 31 } = 𝑘3 [ ]{ }
𝐹 −1 1 𝑢4

𝑘1 ሺ𝑢1 − 𝑢2 ሻ = 𝑅

𝑘1 ሺ−𝑢1 + 𝑢2 ሻ + 𝑘2 ሺ𝑢2 − 𝑢3 ሻ = 𝐹21 + 𝐹12

𝑘2 ሺ−𝑢2 + 𝑢3 ሻ + 𝑘3 ሺ𝑢3 − 𝑢4 ሻ = 𝐹22 + 𝐹31

𝑘3 ሺ−𝑢3 + 𝑢4 ሻ = 𝐹

The last four equilibrium Eqs. Can be written in matrix form as:

𝑘1 −𝑘1 0 0 𝑢1 −𝑅
−𝑘 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 −𝑘2 0 𝑢
[ 1 ] { 2} = { 0 }
0 −𝑘2 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 −𝑘3 𝑢3 0
0 0 −𝑘3 𝑘3 𝑢4 𝐹

which represent the Global or Overall equilibrium Eqs. of the problem. In

compact form, we have

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[𝐾 ]{𝒅} = {𝑭}

In which
➢ [𝐾] → Global stifness Matrix
➢ {𝑑} → Global displacement vector
➢ {𝐹} → Global Force vector

The global stiffness matrix, like element one; is symmetrical, square, singular, but
banded matrix.

Step 5 : Solution for the Unknown Variables

The global equilibrium equations are a system of linear Eqs. Solutions of these Eqs.
yields unknown displacement vector {𝒅}. However, the overall stiffness matrix is
singular and can't be solved without considering boundary conditions.

One method to solve the global equilibrium equations is by partition the system
as
𝑘̅ 𝑘̅12 0̅ 𝑅
[ ̅ 11 ] { } = { ̅}
𝑘21 𝑘̅22 𝑢̅ 𝐹

Where,

[𝑘̅11 ] = [𝑘1 ]

[𝑘̅12 ] = [−𝑘1 0 0]

[𝑘̅21 ] = [−𝑘1 0 0]𝑇

𝑘1 + 𝑘2 −𝑘2 0
[𝑘̅22 ] = [ −𝑘2 𝑘2 + 𝑘 3 −𝑘3 ]
0 −𝑘3 𝑘3

{0̅} = {𝑢1 } , 𝑢1 = 0

{𝑢̅} = {𝑢2 𝑢3 𝑢4 }𝑇

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{𝐹̅ } = {0 0 𝐹 }𝑇

Now:

𝑘̅21 𝑢1 + 𝑘̅22 𝑢̅ = 𝐹
−1
𝑢̅ = 𝑘̅22 (𝐹 − 𝑘̅21 𝑢1 ) → {𝑢̅}

𝑘̅11 𝑢1 + 𝑘̅12 𝑢 = 𝑅 → {𝑅}

step 6: Computation of Strains and Stresses

Once the displacement vector {𝒅} is known, one can compute strain, stress and
internal force for each element. Consider element (e)

𝜕𝑢ሺ𝑥ሻ −𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗
𝜀𝑒 = =
𝜕𝑥 𝐿𝑒

considering the material property 𝑬𝒆 , we get

𝐸𝑒
𝜎𝑒 = 𝐸𝑒 𝜀𝑒 = (−𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 )
𝐿𝑒

Knowing the element to cross sectional area 𝑨𝒆 we get

𝐴𝑒 𝐸𝑒
𝑃𝑒 = 𝐴𝑒 𝜎𝑒 = (−𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑗 )
𝐿𝑒

==============================================

The previous six-steps procedure is known as the Stiffness Method this procedure
is not exactly the FEM. In the FEM the problem is expressed by mathematical
operator on the field variables and boundary conditions,

̅)
𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, ∅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵ሺ𝑥, 𝑦ሻ

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̅ ) is a functional, the problem is in this case has extremum condition

if 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, ∅
̅ ) is a P.D.E., the
and treated as strong formulation. On contrary, if 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, ∅
problem has not extremum condition and treated as a weak formulation.

For Example:

Consider a strong formulation of heat transfer problem of a rod attached to a wall

and has a specified heat input 𝒒. The other end is free and has a convection
coefficient h and ambient temperature 𝑇∞ . The rod is insulated; therefore, no heat
loss occurs from the circumferential surface.

𝑇ሺ𝑥ሻ

𝒒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
A 1 2
Convection
1 2 3

The governing P.D.E. for temperature distribution through the rod is:

𝜕2𝑇
𝑘 2=0
𝜕𝑥

with boundary condition

𝜕𝑇
𝑥=0 𝑘 +𝑞 =0
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑇
𝑥=𝐿 𝑘 + ℎሺ𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ሻ = 0
𝜕𝑥

Calculus of variation provides an equivalent functional from the problem, such that

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Computer Aided Design CAD Dr/Shaimaa Ibrahim Gad

𝑘 𝜕𝑇 2 1
Π = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝑞 𝑇 𝑑𝐴 + ∫ ℎ ሺ𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ሻ2 𝑑𝐴
2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝑉 𝐴 𝐴

where is the minimalization provides the equilibrium equations.

For one element:

𝑻𝒊 𝑻𝒋
𝒒𝒊 𝒒𝒋
𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑒
𝐿𝑒

One element (e)

𝑇ሺ𝑥ሻ = 𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗

𝑥
𝑁𝑖 = 1 −
𝐿𝑒
𝑥
𝑁𝑗 =
𝐿𝑒
𝜕𝑇 −𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗
=
𝜕𝑥 𝐿𝑒

𝜕𝑇
Substituting of 𝑇 & in the functional form yields
𝜕𝑥

𝑘 −𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗 2 1 2
Π=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝑞 (𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 ) 𝑑𝐴 + ∫ ℎ (𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑑𝐴
2 𝐿𝑒 2
𝑉 𝐴 𝐴

𝑘 −𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗 2 𝑘 −𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗 2 𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑒 2
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑉 = (−𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗 )
2 𝐿𝑒 2 𝐿𝑒 2𝐿𝑒
𝑉 𝑉

∫ 𝑞 (𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 ) 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑞(𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 )
𝐴

1 2 ℎ𝐴𝑒 2
∫ ℎ (𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑑𝐴 = (𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇∞ )
2 2
𝐴

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Computer Aided Design CAD Dr/Shaimaa Ibrahim Gad

𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑒 2 ℎ𝐴𝑒 2
Π= (−𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗 ) + 𝐴𝑒 𝑞(𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 ) + (𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇∞ )
2𝐿𝑒 2

𝜕Π 𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑒
= (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑗 ) + 𝑞𝐴𝑒 𝑁𝑖 + ℎ𝐴𝑒 (𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇∞ )𝑁𝑖
𝜕𝑇𝑖 𝐿𝑒

𝜕Π 𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑒
= (−𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑗 ) + 𝑞 𝐴𝑒 𝑁𝑗 + ℎ𝐴𝑒 (𝑁𝑖 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇∞ )𝑁𝑗
𝜕𝑇𝑗 𝐿𝑒

which present the element heat balanced Eqs. considering input heat flux 𝑞 and
heat loss by convection.

For element No. 1:

𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑒 1 −1] {𝑇1 } = {−𝑞𝐴𝑒 𝑁𝑖 }
[
𝐿𝑒 −1 1 𝑇2 0

For element No. 2:

𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑒 1
[
−1] + [𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 ] {𝑇2 } = {ℎ𝐴𝑒 𝑁𝑖 𝑇∞ }
𝐿𝑒 −1 1 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 𝑁𝑗 𝑁𝑗 𝑇3 ℎ𝐴𝑒 𝑁𝑗 𝑇∞

𝑁𝑖 = 0 & 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 = 0 & 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗 = 0

Some of the global heat balanced Eqs. are for I format by assembly consider
𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = 𝑘 & 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴 & 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 𝐿

𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴
− 0
𝐿 𝐿 𝑇1 −𝑞𝐴
𝑘𝐴 2𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴
− − {𝑇2 } = { 0 }
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑇3 𝐴 ℎ 𝑇∞
𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴
[ 0 −
𝐿 𝐿
+ 𝐴ℎ]

[𝑲]{𝑻} = {𝑭}

Assume that;

• 𝑘 = 75𝑊/𝑐𝑚 °𝐶
• ℎ = 10 𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 °𝐶
• 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
• 2𝐿 = 7.5 𝑐𝑚

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Computer Aided Design CAD Dr/Shaimaa Ibrahim Gad

• 𝑇∞ = 40°𝐶
• 𝑞 = −150 𝑊/𝑐𝑚2
20 −20 0 𝑇1 150𝜋
[−20 40 −20] {𝑇2 } = { 0 }
0 −20 30 𝑇3 400𝜋

Solution gives

𝑇1 = 70 ℃
𝑇2 = 62.5 ℃
𝑇1 = 55 ℃

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