Storage and Collection of

Solid Wastes
EMT 323: Week 4 and 5

Prepared by:

Francis Jhun T. Macalam

Faculty, Department of Environmental Science and Technology
College of Science and Mathematics
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Stages of Solid Waste Management

*Taken from Chandrappa and Das(2012)

• Inefficiencies in management usualy occurduring

storage and collection
STORAGEOF SOLID WASTES
• Canbe seen in the following stagesof SWM
a. after waste generation
b. after transportation of wastes

• Proper onsite waste storage

along with segregation would
lessen the need for segregation
prior to waste
processing/treatment
PROBLEMS RELATEDTO IMPROPER
STORAGE
• Dustsfrom the wastes can causeair pollution
• Some wastes can react with other wastes
hereby producing toxic fumes
• Rainwater can absorb chemicals and carry them
into the groundwater or other bodies of water
STORAGE CONTAINERS
• Important for keeping materialsseparated
• Divided into:
a. onsite storage containers
= 1st phase of storage
= can use baskets, buckets, smal bins

b. offsite storagecontainers
= 2nd phase of storage
= containers are usual y color coded
→ blue =recyclable
→ green =organic
→ black =trash
EXAMPLES OF ONSITE STORAGE
CONTAINERS
EXAMPLES OF OFFSITE STORAGE
CONTAINERS
EXAMPLES OF STORAGE CONTAINERS

Source: Chandarappaand Das (2012)

INEFFECTIVE STORAGE SYSTEM
PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF
SETOUT CONTAINERS (UNEP)
• Choose containers made of local, recycled, or readily
available materials. Sometimes designing an attractive and
uniform container can significantly alter public waste
practices and effect a change in behavior. The use of
recycling blue boxes in North America successfully
stimulated an enhanced perception of recycling and
increased the capture rate from 20% to 75% in some areas.

• Choose containers which are easy to identify, either due to

shape, color, or special markings. There is some advantage
to specifying a set of uniform containers when introducing
a new collection system, asthis communicates the official
nature of the collection and adds to the perception of
importance.
PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF
SETOUT CONTAINERS (UNEP)
• Choose containers which are sturdy and/or easy to
repair or replace. Thisis essential tosustainability of a
collection system over the longterm.

• Consider identification of containers with generatorsby

address or name or code number. Sometimes having a
name or address on a container introduces a greater
sense of responsibility and a tendency to keep the
container clean and/or retrieve it promptly after
emptying from the point of set-out.
PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF
SETOUT CONTAINERS (UNEP)
• Choose containers that are matched to the collection
objectives:easyto open and empty to facilitate waste
picking; large enough for storage of materials between
collection days; smal enough for manual loading if
necessary; etc.

• Choose containers that are appropriate to theterrain:

on wheels where there are regular paved streets;
waterproof where it rains a lot; heavy where there are
strong winds, etc.
THINGS TO REMEMBER TO HAVE
AN EFFECTIVE STORAGE SYSTEM
• Consistency in the use of colorsassigned to
storage containers
• Proper signage of containers
• Proper segregation of wastes
• Accessibility of locations ofstorage containers
• Containers/facilities should be large enoughto
handle amount of wastes being discarded in
between collection times
• Containers should be well – protected fromthe
rain or snow (if any)
WASTECOLLECTION
• Collection of solid waste from the point of
production (residential, industrial, commercial,
institutional) to the point of treatment or
disposal

• According to the report of World Bank in 2012:

= Since the amount of MSW varies by
region/areas/cities and income, collection
will also based on theseparameters
= Collection rates can vary from 41% (low
income areas) from 98%(high income areas)
WASTECOLLECTION
• Col ected MSW can be separated or
mixed depending on local regulations
– Generators can be required to
separate their waste at source into
“wet” (food wastes, organicmatter),
“dry” (recyclables) and“residuals”.
– Unsegregated wastes can be
separated into organic and recyclable
materials at a sorting facility.
– In developing countries, MSW is
usualy not sorted but recyclablesare
removed by waste pickers before
collection, during collection, and at
disposal sites.
• Collection should be done during off-
peak traffic hours.
FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
WASTE COLLECTION PATTERNS
1. Variations in climate andseasons

Cold and DrySeason Rainy Season

Least production of Higher production of
foul odor from wastes foul odor from wastes
Wastes only have their Wet wastes due to rain
inherent moisture (increase in weight)

Summer Season
Presence of flies, insects, rodents etc inthe
wastes
FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
WASTE COLLECTION PATTERNS
1. Variations in climate and seasons(cont.)
= wastes should be collected more frequently
during the rainy and summerseasons
FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
WASTE COLLECTION PATTERNS
2. Density or population in a given
area
= more wastes are being
produced in areas
that are more populated
= wastes per capita per area is
higher in areas
with multi-story buildings
like schools and offices
FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
WASTE COLLECTION PATTERNS
3. Nature ofthe street and city planning
= some cities have well-defined dumping
places for MSW
= storage containers usual y occupy a certain
portion of the
streets
*Taken from Chandrappa and Das(2012)
FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
WASTE COLLECTION PATTERNS
4. Frequency of transporting the collectedwastes
to a specified storage or treatmentsite
= transportation of wastes is said the most
expensive part of MSW management(Nag
and Vizayakumar, 2005)
*Taken from Chandrappa and Das(2012)
METHODS OF COLLECTING WASTES

1. Backyard Collection
= other names: House-to-House
Door-to-Door
= waste collectors visit each individual houseto
collect garbage thus pace of collection is
slow
= usual y makes use
of carts to collect
garbage
METHODS OF COLLECTING WASTES
1. Backyard Collection (cont.)

Advantages Disadvantages
Highly convenient for High labor cost
the house owner (near more collectors)
Low or no fuel cost Slow pace of collection
Some owners object
for collectors to enter
their territory
Usual y needs to
paya fee to
the collector
METHODS OF COLLECTING WASTES
2. Community Bins
= Owners bring their garbage to bins that are
placed at fixed points in a neighborhood or
locality
= MSW is picked up the municipality at a
designated schedule
METHODS OF COLLECTING WASTES
3. Curbside Pick-up
= Owners bring their garbage directly outside
their homes according to a garbage pick-up
schedule set by the LGU
METHODSOFCOLLECTINGWASTES
4. Setback or Setout
= not popularly used since additional tasks
involved for home owners andcollectors
Collector
Collector
Owner puts empties
empties
SWin closed container of SW
collected SWs
container onto cart and
at designated
outside returns
community
home container
bins
outside home
METHODS OF COLLECTING WASTES
5. Self-delivered
= waste generators directly deliver the wastes
to disposal sites or transferstations
= generators can also hire third – party
operators to deliver the waste for them

6. Contracted or Delegated Service

= Businesses hire firms who arrangecollection
schedules
= Municipalities often license private operators
to collectwastes
METHODS OF COLLECTING WASTES
5. Self-delivered
= waste generators directly deliver the wastes
to disposal sites or transferstations
= generators can also hire third – party
operators to deliver the waste for them

6. Contracted or Delegated Service

= Businesses hire firms who arrangecollection
schedules
= Municipalities often license private operators
to collectwastes
WASTE COLLECTION RATES BY INCOME

*Taken from WBreport in 2012 entitled “What aWaste”

WASTE COLLECTION RATES BY REGION

*Taken from WBreport in 2012 entitled “What aWaste”

ESTIMATED COLLECTION COST PER INCOME

*Taken from WBreport in 2012 entitled “What aWaste”

TYPES OF COLLECTION AND HAULING
VEHICLES
1. Handcarts
= usual y used to collect household and
commercial wastes
= due to their smal size, they can be usedfor
wastes placed in narrow streets
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND HAULING
VEHICLES
1. Handcarts (cont.)
= open box type (2 or 3 wheels) is themost
commonly used
= can carry about 200 kg of SW
= can easily be operated by worker aslong as
in good working condition
= operational distance: about 1 km
= the presence of a nearby transfer station is
needed to remove the collectedwastes
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND
HAULING VEHICLES
2. Pedal Tricycles
= can collect wastes at a faster rate (i.e.
reduces travelling/collection time)
= can be used to travel longer distances
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND
HAULING VEHICLES
3. Motorized Tricycles
=has larger capacity than handcarts and
pedal tricycles
=can carry more wastes
=can be used over great distances (about 10
km) at a faster speed
=does not operate well on rough roads (i.e.
wastes collection inside landfills)
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND
HAULING VEHICLES
4. Tractor -trailer vehicle
= ideal vehicle to be used inside landfills due
to its large tiresand high torque
= cheaper than larger vehicles (i.e. trucks)
and easier to maintain
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND
HAULING VEHICLES
4. Tractor -trailer vehicle (cont.)
= the cheapest method used to collect
wastes since large volume of wastes canbe
collected per trip
= trailer can be detached and can serve asa
transfer station
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND
HAULING VEHICLES
5. Ship/Boat
= used if the waste hasto be collectedacross
or along the surface ofa water body
= if the country or region has well established
network of canals which is used for
transportation then the ship/boat can
replace trucks
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND HAULING
VEHICLES
6. Pneumatic refuse collection system
= introduced in Singapore in 1998
= costly with capital cost of $2000 perflat
and operating cost of $13/flat/month
TYPES OFCOLLECTION AND HAULING
VEHICLES
Pneumatic waste collection system

Source:http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/suck-it-roosevelt-island-s-pneumatic-trash
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND
HAULING VEHICLES
Type Advantages Disadvantages
Muscle-powered • Work well in densely • Old-fashioned or
vehicles (i.e. populated areas with shameful
handcart, pedal modest street • Limited travelling
tricycles) accessor unpaved range
streets, in unlawful • Slower compared to
residential settlements, fuel-powered
on hilly wet, or rough vehicles
terrain, and relatively • Animals pulling such
low volume of waste vehicles leave waste
from a relatively large which must be
number of densely cleaned up
settled housing units • Effect of weather
• Vehicle is exposure on humans
inexpensive and animals
• Problems of animal
temperament,
health, etc.
MUSCLE-POWEREDVEHICLES
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND HAULING
VEHICLES
Type Advantages Disadvantages
Non-compactor trucks • Usually employed in • government officials
the following cases: view non-compactor
✓ Wet or dense trucks as having low
waste status
✓ Labor is relatively • equipment
inexpensive salesmen
✓Limited accessto recommend
skilled compactor trucks as
maintenance the only method for
✓Collection routes proper waste
are long and transport
sparsely • donor agencies from
populated industrialized
• More efficient and countries tend to
cost-effective in recommend
small cities compactor trucks
NON-COMPACTOR TRUCKS
TYPES OF COLLECTION AND HAULING
VEHICLES
Type Advantages Disadvantages
Compactor trucks • allows waste • high capital cost
containers to be • sensitive hydraulic
emptied into the mechanisms which
vehicle from the rear, must be well
the front, or theside maintained in order to
• compacts the waste to function
a high density using • these can break when
hydraulic or an attempt is made to
mechanical pressure compact waste that is
• removes the waste already dense
from view quickly • high fuel usageand
• inhibits vectors and operating cost
insects from reaching • moderate skill level to
the waste during operate
collection and • at least two persons
transport needed to operate
under most conditions.
COMPACTOR TRUCK
PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF
COLLECTION VEHICLES (UNEP)
• Select vehicles which use the minimum amount of energy and
technical complexity necessary to collect the targeted materials
efficiently. High energy prices and vehicles that are difficult to
repair both raise the cost of collection. Thetrade-offs heredepend
significantly on the relative cost of capital and labor.

• Choose locally made equipment, traditional vehicle design, and

local expertisewhenever possible,supplementedifnecessary by
assistancefrom nationalor international experts.This is the core
of sound practice for developing countries, where there is a long
history of internationally provided vehicles that are not
appropriate for the waste stream, do not work well in the climate,
and break down after only a few months of service.
PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF
COLLECTION VEHICLES
• Selectequipment that can be locallyservicedand repaired,and
for which parts are available locally. This is especial y true for
developing and transition countries, where half of the collection
vehicles are often out of service due to lack of parts (sometimes
due to foreign exchange constraints) or limited repair capabilities.
Selection of local equipment is less important in industrialized
countries, aslong asreplacement parts are readily available.

• Choose muscle- and animal-powered or light mechanicalvehicles

in crowded or hilly areas or informal settlements in developing
countries.

• Choose non-compactor trucks, wagons, dump trucks, or vans

where population is dispersed,or waste is alreadydense. These
trucks are lighter, more fuel-efficient, and easier to maintain. In
addition, these trucks generaly offer lower capital and operating
costs in return for higher labor requirements. In developing and
transition countries, in particular, this maybe anadvantage.
PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF
COLLECTION VEHICLES
• Consider the advantagesof hybridsystemswhere
appropriate: satellite muscle-, electric-,or propane-powered smal
vehicles feeding a larger slow-moving or stationary compactor
truck or container. Many cities combine an old city center with a
modern commercial center, wealthy outskirts, and poor
neighborhoods. The appropriate collection vehicles for each of
these areas differ greatly.

• Consider compactor trucksin industrialized urban areas where

roads are paved, collection routes serve many generators, and
waste is not dense or too wet.
PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION OF
COLLECTION VEHICLES
• Choose European-style automated collection vehicles in
industrialized countries when automated collection is desired, and
when sidewalks and streets are suitable for containers to be
wheeled from the household tothe curb or the corner. Theseallow
for the use of the relatively large 120- to 240-liter rolling carts,
which in turn makeit possible to collectless frequently.

• Select dual collection vehicles in industrialized areas where

separate collection of organics or other recyclables is a priority.
Theuseof dual vehicles allows for the efficient collection of two
material streams.

• Select specialized recycling collection vehicles for collection of

commingled recyclables in industrialized countries or in highly
industrialized cities in developing countries. The last ten years
have seen rapid development of these specialized vehicles, which
may provide compaction for plastics, dry storage of paper, and a
provision for collection of separatecolors or gradesof glass,metal,
and plastic.
TYPICAL STAFF REQUIREMENT FOR
VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

Source: Chandarappa and Das(2012)

STANDBYVEHICLESfor replacement of vehicles which may breakdownor

meet with accidents should be equal to 30% of number ofvehicles
COLLECTION SYSTEM
CATEGORIES
1. Primary Collection
= usual y done at the household level

2. Secondary Collection
= usual y carried out by the municipality or
private contractors
COLLECTION SYSTEM CATEGORIES
*Taken from Chandrappa and Das(2012)
SYSTEMS FORTHECOLLECTIONOFSOLIDWASTE

Source: Tchobanoglous and Kreith (2002)

SYSTEMS FOR THE COLLECTION OFSOLID WASTE

Source: Tchobanoglous and Kreith (2002)

SYSTEMS FOR THECOLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

Source: Tchobanoglous and Kreith (2002)

 SYSTEMS FOR THE COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

Source: Tchobanoglous and Kreith (2002)

SYSTEMS FOR THE COLLECTION OFSOLID WASTE

Source: Tchobanoglous and Kreith (2002)

SYSTEMS FOR THE COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

Hoist-truck Tilt-frame dox boxesor roll offcontainers

Trashtrailer vehicle
Source: Tchobanoglous and Kreith(2002)
OPERATIONALDATA FOR EQUIPMENT AND LABOR
REQUIREMENTS OFCOLLECTIONSYSTEMS

Source: Tchobanoglous and Kreith (2002)

THINGSTO CONSIDER FOR ROUTE
DESIGN AND OPERATION
SERVICEAREAis the region orarea which falls under
the responsibility of a government, public authority,
or private company. Within the service area,
collection is organized into routes.

ROUTE is the path followed by a singlecollection

vehicle for waste collection on a singleday.

COLLECTION EFFICIENCY depends on several factors

including volumetric capacity of the vehicle, capital,
labor, time, distance between households, waste
storage.
THINGS TO CONSIDER FOR ROUTE
DESIGN AND OPERATION
COLLECTION FREQUENCYis designedconsidering
the following factors:
✓ appropriate volume for containers
✓ the needs and desires of the areaor
neighborhood
✓ the public health risks that wouldarise from
infrequent collection
✓ avoidance of odors from uncollectedwaste
✓ necessity of scheduling collection attimes when
streets are not crowded
THINGS TO CONSIDER FOR ROUTE
DESIGN AND OPERATION
Crew Sizeand Description
Makeup
Single driver-collector All vehicles, whether
muscle-driven or
mechanical, require a
driver, and one crew
model is that the driver
does the collection as
well.
Driver separate from The driver remains in the
collection crew cab, on the bicycle seat,or
at the head of the animal
and does no collection. A
crew of one or more
people walks or rides
between set-outs and
does all the work of
picking up the material.
Sound Practice
• the size and volume of the set-outs
is small
• not every stop has set-out materials
• the distance to be traveled is
relatively long in relation to the
quantity of materials to becollected
• in relatively dense areas
• where the distance from one stop to
the next is too short for the driver to
get out, load the material, and get
back in, but easyfor the crew to
walk
• where the volume of waste ishigh
in relation to the distance to be
traveled
• where the drivers are in a separate
union category that does not permit
them to handle waste, although it
can be useful to renegotiate such
rules
THINGS TO CONSIDER FOR ROUTE
DESIGN AND OPERATION
Crew Size and Makeup
Interchangeable driver and crew
Individual operators who collectfees
Description
The most common and a generally sound
practice, involves a revolving crew, where more
than one member can drive, and the drivers also
assist with the loading.
In caseswhere the collectors pay for material,
there is more interaction with the generators
during collection, and handling the money is a
significant part of the work of collection. These
casesfrequently involve a single individual with
his or her own vehicle or carrying pack, and
usually depend on nearby middlemen to buythe
collected materials.
LAYOUT OF COLLECTION
ROUTE
Four general stepsin establishingcollection
routes:
1. Preparation of location maps showing
pertinent data and information concerningthe
waste generation sources.
2. Data analysis and, asrequired, preparation of
information summary tables.
3. Preliminary layout of routes.
4. Evaluation of the preliminary routes and the
development of balanced route bysuccessive
trials.
LAYOUT OF COLLECTION ROUTE
Heuristic Guidelines (Shuster and Schur,1974):

• Existing policies and regulations related to such itemsasthe

point of collection and frequency of collection must be
identified.

• Existing items, such as crew size and vehicle types must be

coordinated.

• Wherever possible, routes should be laid out so that they

begin and end near arterial streets, using topographical and
physical barriers asroute boundaries.

• In hilly areas,routes should start at the top of the grade and

proceed downhill as the vehiclebecomes loaded.
LAYOUT OF COLLECTION ROUTE
Heuristic Guidelines (Shuster and Schur,1974):

• Routes should be laid out so that the last container to be

collected on the route is located nearest to the disposal site.

• Wastesgenerated at traffic-congested locations shouldbe

collected asearly asin the day aspossible.

• Sources at which extremely large quantities of wastes are

generated should be serviced during the first part of the day.

• Scattered pickup points where smal quantities of solid waste

are generated that receive the same collection frequency
should, if possible, be serviced during one trip or on the
sameday.
SAMPLE COLLECTION ROUTE

(a) Route with overlap shownby

the dotted lines

(b) Route without overlap

Source: Tchobanoglous and Kreith (2002)
WASTE COLLECTION EXERCISE

Determine the number of hauled container trucks required

to serve a shopping center producing 113 yd3 of waste per
day.Containers are picked up daily and are 9 yd3 each and
are 70%full. Use the following data:
Totalcollection time (Y):8hours
Off route time (f+g): 1.6 hours
Time to drive to and from the garage (a + e): 30 min
Timeto drive to and from disposal facility (round trip): 12
minutes
Time to unload at the disposal facility: 11 min
Time to pick up container:5 min
Time to unload container:5 min
Time to drive between containers:4 min
WASTECOLLECTION EXERCISE

Use the following equation:

Y= a +b + c(d) +e + f +g

Where:
Y= total collection time
a +e =time to drive to the garage
f +g =off-route time
b =(pick up +put down time)*c + drive between
time*(c-1)
c = number of trips per day
d =drive to disposal site +time at site
WASTE COLLECTION EXERCISE

Use the following equation:

Y=a + b + c(d) + e + f +g

Given:
Y= 8 (60 mins) = 480 mins
a + e = 30 mins
f +g = 1.6 (60 mins) = 96 mins
b = (5 mins +5 mins)*c +4mins*(c-1)
d = 11 mins + 12 mins = 23 mins
WASTE COLLECTION EXERCISE

Solving for c:
480 = 30 + 14c – 4 + 23c + 96
c = 9.7
c ~9 trips (or container)/day possible
WASTE COLLECTION EXERCISE

Tocalculate the number of trucks needed:

𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦∗𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
113𝑦𝑑3/𝑑𝑎𝑦
=
9𝑦𝑑3
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟∗0.70
= 17.9 containers/day

Since, c = 9 container/day per truck

Hence, 2 trucks must be used.
1y3=0.765m3
113=86.40md3