Chapter 1 - Differential Equations (Part 3)

Phys 203:
Mathematical Physics
Professor Dr M Mahbubur Rahman

Department of Physics
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342
Email: M.Rahman@Juniv.edu
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Chapter 1: Differential
Equations
Solutions of DE by the
Method of Separation of
Variables Method
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Equations
3
Equations
Equations Soluble by Separation of Variables
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Home Work on
Separation of Variables
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Equations
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Details of PDEs, Laplace

Equation, and Coordinate
Systems
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Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)
Linear second order PDEs are important
sets of equations that are used to model
various systems in numerous fields of
sciences and engineering.
✓Each category relates to specific engineering

problems.
✓Different approaches are used to solve these
categories. 21
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Important Examples:
✓Laplace Equation
✓Heat Equation
✓Wave Equation
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Pierre-Simon Laplace
(A French Scholar)
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Laplace Equation from Poisson’s Equation
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Thus, we see that the Laplace equation is a

special case of Poisson’s equation.
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Laplace Equation
 2u ( x , y , z )  2u ( x , y , z )  2u ( x , y , z )
+ + =0
x 2
y 2
z 2
✓ Used to describe the steady state distribution of

heat in a body.
✓ Also used to describe the steady state distribution of
electrical charge of an object.
27
Equations
Heat Equation
 u ( x, y , z , t )   2u  2u  2u 
=   2 + 2 + 2 

t  x y z 
The function u(x, y, z, t) is used to represent the
temperature at time t of an object at a point with
coordinates (x, y, z).
 is the thermal diffusivity. It is sufficient to consider
the case  = 1.
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Equations
Simpler Heat Equation
 T ( x, t )  T ( x , t )
2
= x
t x 2
T(x, t) is used to represent the temperature

at time t at a point x of the thin rod.
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Wave Equation
 2u ( x , y , z , t )   2
u  2
u  2
u 
= c 2
 + 2 + 2 
t  
 x y z
2 2

The function u(x, y, z, t) is used to represent the
displacement at time t of a particle whose position at
rest is (x, y, z).
The constant c represents the propagation speed of
the wave.
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Classifications of Linear Second Order PDEs
A second order linear PDE (2-independent variables)
is given as,
(1)
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Example 1
Eq. (1) can be written as,
……………………….(2)
………….(3)
Comparing Equations (2) and (3), we get
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Hence, the Laplace equation is elliptic.
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Example 2
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Example 3
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Example 4
 T ( x, y )  T ( x, y )
2 2
+ = f ( x, y )
x 2
y 2
T :steady state temperature at point (x, y)

f ( x, y ) : heat source (or heat sink).
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 T ( x , y )  T ( x, y )
2 2
+ = f ( x, y )
x 2
y 2
A = 1, B = 0, C = 1
B − 4 AC = −4  0 Elliptic
2
✓Temperature is a function of the position (x and y).

✓When no heat source is available → f(x, y)=0
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Details on Various Coordinate

Systems
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✓ Locations on the Earth's surface are measured and
represented in terms of coordinates.
✓ There are a number of coordinate systems that help

locate or identify objects or elements in the space.
✓ A coordinate system is a set of two or more numbers

that specifies the position of a point, line, or object in
relation to some reference system.
✓ The simplest coordinate system known is the Cartesian

Coordinate System, named after the mathematician
and philosopher René Descartes (in the 17th century).
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Cartesian Coordinate System
A Cartesian coordinate system, is defined in terms of (x, y, z) based on 3 axes
that are all perpendicular to each other and any point can be defined by these
(x, y, z).
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Cartesian Coordinate Systems
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Equations
Cylindrical coordinates are obtained by replacing
the x and y coordinates of Cartesian coordinates system by
r and θ (and leaving the z coordinate unchanged).
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Transformation between Cartesian
and Cylindrical Coordinate Systems
From Cylindrical coordinates to Cartesian:
From Cartesian coordinates to Cylindrical:
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Spherical Coordinate Systems
The coordinates used in spherical coordinates are ρ, θ,
and ϕ (rho, theta, and phi). ρ is the distance from the
origin to the point. θ is the same as the angle used in
polar coordinates. ϕ is the angle between the z-axis
and the line connecting the origin and the point.
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Transformation between Cartesian
and Spherical Coordinate Systems
From Spherical coordinates to Cartesian:
From Cartesian coordinates to Spherical:
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Transformation between Cylindrical
and Spherical Coordinate Systems
From Spherical coordinates to Cylindrical:
From Cylindrical coordinates to Spherical:
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Coordinate Systems
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-RUZIboBeE 47
Intro to Spherical Coordinate
Coordinate Systems
You can go to the following Youtube Link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-
RUZIboBeE
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Coordinate Systems
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Coordinate Systems
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Coordinate Systems
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Coordinate Systems
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Coordinate Systems
Cylindrical & Cartesian Coordinate System
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Cylindrical & Cartesian Coordinate
System
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System
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System
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System
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System
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Equations
Laplace Equation in Different

Coordinate Systems
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Solutions of Laplace Equation

in Different Coordinate
Systems
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Class Work
Solution of Laplace Equation in

2D Cylindrical Coordinate System
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nk You for Listenin
ha g
Physics is hopefully simple but Physicists are not
65

Chapter 1 - Differential Equations (Part 3)

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Phys 203:

Professor Dr M Mahbubur Rahman

Details of PDEs, Laplace

✓Each category relates to specific engineering

Thus, we see that the Laplace equation is a

✓ Used to describe the steady state distribution of

T(x, t) is used to represent the temperature

Comparing Equations (2) and (3), we get

Hence, the Laplace equation is elliptic.

T :steady state temperature at point (x, y)

✓Temperature is a function of the position (x and y).

Details on Various Coordinate

✓ There are a number of coordinate systems that help

✓ A coordinate system is a set of two or more numbers

✓ The simplest coordinate system known is the Cartesian

From Cylindrical coordinates to Cartesian:

From Cartesian coordinates to Cylindrical:

From Spherical coordinates to Cartesian:

From Cartesian coordinates to Spherical:

From Spherical coordinates to Cylindrical:

From Cylindrical coordinates to Spherical:

You can go to the following Youtube Link

Laplace Equation in Different

Solutions of Laplace Equation

Solution of Laplace Equation in

Physics is hopefully simple but Physicists are not

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