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2023 Tăng Áp Lực Nội Sọ
2023 Tăng Áp Lực Nội Sọ
2023 Tăng Áp Lực Nội Sọ
1
Nội dung
2
Áp lực nội sọ và tăng ALNS
1. Áp lực nội sọ Table 1 Normal intracranial pressure values
Age group Normal range (mm Hg)
Adults <10–15
Children 3–7
w Áp lực nội sọ bình thường < 15 mmHg.
Term infants 1.5–6
n
n
ICP > 20 mmHg
ICP nặng > 40 mmHg
i24*
w Thể tích nội sọ ở người lớn bình thường 1700 ml
P
n Não (80%): 1400 ml
n DNT (10%): 150 ml Cri$cal Care Management and Monitoring of Intracranial Pressure, J Neurocrit Care 2016;9(2):105-
112
6
TABLE 10. (Continued). Cerebral Perfusion Pressure: Summary of Evidence
preterminal data; the rest ofStudy
Reference
the reports
Design
do not discuss whether
2019 by the Society of Cri2cal Care Medicine and the World
Thresholds for CPP these
Type data
of Trauma
Geographic
are included
Center or excluded.
n
Age (yr) Federa2on of Pediatric Intensive and Cri2cal Care Socie2es
Recommendations Taken together, caution should be applied whenData
Location Outcomes
interpret-
Class Results
Class 3
Strength of Recommendations: Weak ingNarotam
(60)
et al
the results fromTreatment
n the
= 16
series
pediatric TBI CPP studies and apply- Mortality
Uncontrolled Mean CPP was 81.52 ± 16.1 mm Hg for survivors vs
Level II trauma series 50.33 ± 31.7 mm Hg for nonsurvivors (p < 0.033).
ing the
center information to
Age: treatment
mean, 14; strategies
1.5–18
range, for TBI. GOS
Levels I and II Omaha, NE Mortality, GOS at 3 mo All survivors had good outcome.
postinjury
There was insufficient evidence to support a level I or II recom- Evaluation
Stiefel et al of theTreatment
Evidenceseries Class 3 Mortality
(84)
mendation for this topic. Quality
Level I trauma
of the Body
n=6
of Evidence.
Age: mean, 12; range, 6–16
Studies included
series
for this
Uncontrolled 1 in 6 died
Mean daily CPP in survivors was 75.63 ± 11.73 mm Hg.
topic addressed theMortality,
center
Philadelphia, PA
questions about GOS
discharge what are the minimum GOS
4 of 6: 5
Level III thresholds and target ranges for managing CPP; are ranges 1 of 6: 3
To Improve Overall Outcomes. III.1. Treatment to maintain a age-specific, and what is the target threshold for infants? Mul- 1 of 6: 1
Adelson et al Randomized controlled trial Class 3 GOS
CPP at a minimum of 40 mm Hg is suggested. tiple
(40)class 3 studies provided low-quality
of hypothermia therapyevidenceNo supporting
control for Average CPP was 69.19 ± 11.96 mm Hg for favorable
Multicenter: Analysis of average CPP confounders vs 56.37 ± 20.82 mm Hg for unfavorable (p = 0.0004)
a minimumPA;target of over
III.2. A CPP target between 40 and 50 mm Hg is suggested to Pittsburgh, 40 mm theHgfirstand
5 d use of age-specific
of care in CPPranges outcome groups.
Sacramento, analysis (for
ensure that the minimum value of 40 mm Hg is not breached. CA; (Table 11).FL;AlthoughnAge:
Miami,
= 102
onemeanclassage
2 study provided
in two part
data support-
hypothermia,
Percent time with CPP > 50 mm Hg was 94.2%
± 16.9% for favorable vs 87.3% ± 29.5% for
Salt Lake City, this is a class 2 unfavorable (p = 0.0001).
There may be age-specific thresholds with infants at the lower UT; ing Hershey,
use of age-specific ranges,
study
Range: 0–13
6.89itandwas not
6.95 yrconsidered sufficient
study) Mean CPP on day 1 was higher in the hypothermia
PA; Seattle, WA
end and adolescents at or above the upper end of this range. (level to make a level II recommendation
I pediatric Dichotomized GOS (79). at 6 moEvidence from two group (70.75 mm Hg) than the normothermia group
(64.84 mm Hg), p = 0.037.
trauma center) postinjury
Changes From Prior Edition. There are no content changes small class 3 studies was insufficient to make a recommenda- No significant differences between groups on days 2–5,
and GOS was not assessed in relation to differences
w theÁp
from lực
Second tưới
Edition to the máu não:Of the 15 tion specific to infants (73, 80) (Table 9).
recommendations. in CPP on day 1.
Treatment series Class 3 GOS
included studies (30, 40, 44, 52, 60, 61, 73, 74, 79–85), four are Chambers
(30)
et
alApplicability. Twelve
n = 84
of the 15 studies were published
Uncontrolled
since Poor outcome in all eight cases with CPP < 40 mm Hg;
CPP
new to thisn edition. One CẦN ĐẠT
new class 2 (79) 50new class 3 Neurosurgical
and three 2000 (30, 40, 44, 60,Age:
Centre at
61,mo73, 74, 79,1081,
median,
to 16 yr
83–85).3 The series
yr; range, body of evi- more patients had good outcome than poor outcome
when mean CPP was > 40 mm Hg.
– 60 mmHg.
retrospective observational dence included multisite
studies were added to the evidence Newcastle
General Hospital
studies and atuse6 mo
GOS dichotomized
postinjury
of registry data from
7
MAP target?
Muzevich, 2009
Levi, 1993; Licina, 2005.
w 50-90% of adults with cervical SCI require fluid resuscitation
and vasoactive infusions to achieve the adult parameters
recommended
w (MAP 85-90 mm Hg for 7 days)
Tối ưu hóa tưới máu bằng dịch và vận mạch khi trẻ không
sốc???????????
MAP:70-80 mmHg
Muzevich, 2009
Levi, 1993; Licina, 2005.
a
Corrected chi-square test.
b
Fisher exact test.
c
Composite poor outcome defined as severe neurodisability or death.
All data are presented as number of patients with the specified outcome/total nu
CPP hay ICP Neurodisability grading: Mild neurodisability (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Ca
level, but grade perhaps not appropriate for age due to possibility of mild neurolo
cerebral function for age-appropriate independent activities of daily life, school-a
and severe neurodisability (PCPC score 4: conscious, dependent on others for
75 Range of
*
C
hypoperfusion
i2
50
A
B
25 N ormal autoregulation
Disrupted autoregulation
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
125 80 mmHg
PaCO2
50 mmHg
CBF
PaO2
20 mmHg
Giảm paO2 gây dãn mạch, tăng CBF , paO2
25 mm Hg CBF có thể tăng đến 300%
0
CPP 125
w Đau đầu
l Tăng khi ho, tiểu hay đại tiện
w Nôn, buồn nôn (buổi sáng, tăng dần, giảm đau đầu sau nôn)
w Thay đổi tri giác, tính tình, hành vi
w Biểu hiện khu trú tuỳ nguyên nhân, vị trí chèn ép
15
Triệu chứng
16
Triệu chứng
PT
C RI
w Papilledema: có thể biểu hiện vài
US
ngày sau
AN
w Gai thị bờ mờ, lồi lên
M
D
w Tỷ lệ ĐM/TM < ½, tĩnh mạch dãn
TE
EP
w Xuất huyết
C
w Tổn thương khi teo không hồi
AC
phục
17
Chẩn đoán sớm/ khẩn
5. Cushing
18
Vai trò của siêm âm đường kính dây thần kinh thị
FIGURE 4. The majority of the hemorrhage along the optic
nerve sheath was intradural and subdural, with a small
amount being subarachnoid (hematoxylin and eosin, 100!)
Chẩn đoán hình ảnh (black arrow indicates dura, white arrow indicates subarach-
noid membrane).
w Siêu âm não giúp đánh giá di lệch
đường M.
ubarachnoid hemorrhage was present along en-
w Ở
spinal trẻ nhũ nhi, siêu âm xuyên thóp
cord.
giúp đánh giá tình trạng phù não,
xuất huyết não.
w Siêu âm mắt
n Đo đường kính bao dây thần kinh thị:
gợi ý tăng ALNS khi đường kính >4-
4,5 mm
Evalua&on of Op&c Nerve Sheath Diameter and Transcranial Doppler As Noninvasive Tools to Detect
Raised Figure
Intracranial2.
Pressure
The in Children,
area underPediatr
theCrit Care Med
curve 2020; 21:959–965
of receiver operating
22
(C) cutoff values reflecting intracranial pressure greater th
PPV = positive predictive value.
of
Sh
TABLE 4.Diagnostic Performance Measures Pr
of Ultrasound Measured Optic Nerve Te
Sheath Diameter Compared to Invasive
V
Measures of Intracranial Pressure
S
Variable Estimate (95% CI)
S
Sensitivity 88.6% (63–97%)
D
Specificity 73.6% (47–90%)
P
Diagnostic odds ratio 21.82 (2.48–191.88)
L
Positive likelihood ratio 3.36 (1.36–8.31)
1
LR– 0.15 (0.04–0.68)
A
1/LR– 6.48 (1.48–28.49)
Area under the receiver 0.87 (0.84–0.90) I
operating characteristic curve
LR–
I 2 3% (0–100%)
LR– = negative likelihood ratio. co
Ultrasonographic
(28), and it would notOp2c Nerve
be Sheath Diameter Measurement
possible to Detect Intracranial
to estimate Hypertension in Children CO
pressures
from imaging. However,With Neurological Injury: A Systema2c Review, Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020; 21:e858–e868
multiple published meta-analyses In
on this topic have these issues of ONSD threshold vari- sou
23
Điều trị
2. Điều trị cắt cơn co giật và các rối loạn khác nếu có
3. Điều trị giảm áp lực nội sọ
4. Điều trị nguyên nhân
24
Mục tiêu Điều trị
25
Hỗ trợ hô hấp
n Thở oxy
n Chỉ định đặt nội khí quản thở máy khi:
l Ngưng thở, thở hước hay không duy trì được thông 1. RLTG
thoáng đường thở
26
Đặt NKQ
27
Thở máy
n PaCO2
l Tăng thông khí giữ PaCO2 35-38 mmHg, trừ khi tụt não
l Giảm PaCO2 có tác dụng nhanh và hiệu quả co mạch máu não, giảm lượng máu lên não.
28
An thần, giảm đau
w Tư thế đầu cao 15-30o nhằm giúp máu từ não về tim dễ dàng.
w An thần, giảm đau:
n Kích thích, đau và chống máy có thể làm ALNS tăng lên.
29
Sốc
CBF: (CPP = MAP – ICP)
30
Dịch truyền ở BN tăng ICP
31
Thuốc điều trị tăng ICP
1. Mannitol
2. Natri ưu trương
3. Lợi tiểu
4. Steroid
32
Mannitol
w Khởi phát tác dụng < 5 phút, đỉnh 15-45 phút sau và kéo dài 1,5- 6
giờ.
w Chú ý: Không truyền chung với đường truyền máu hay chế phẩm
máu vì gây kết cụm hồng cầu.
34
Natri ưu trương 3%
2019 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive
and Critical Care Societies
w Ưu điểm hơn mannitol khi bệnh nhân có sốc, suy thận hay osmol máu > 320 mmosmol/kg. Tác
dụng tăng osmol máu, do đó giảm phù tế bào não.
w Liều 2 -5 ml/kg natrichlorua ưu trương 3% truyền trong 10-20 phút, có thể lặp lại mỗi 6-8 giờ
nếu cần. Hay 0,1-1 ml/kg/giờ Dùng tối đa 7 ngày.
w Tác dụng phụ: tăng chlor, tăng Na máu, rebound, thoái hoá myelin cầu não, giảm K máu, suy
thận.
w Theo dõi Na máu mỗi 2-4 giờ, khi đạt MT theo dõi mỗi 12 giờ.
35
two The disability burden is reflected through the
2019 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive
and Critical Care Societies
w Trơ: ICP > 20mm Hg > 5 phút không đáp ứng với an thần, giảm đau, thông khí giữ
CPP và dãn cơ.
39
Nghiên cứu 2020 so sánh NaCl3% và Mannitol
trong tăng ALNS trẻ em do nhiễm trùng TKTƯ
Mannitol Natri ưu trương
Cách cho 0,25-1 g/kg mỗi 4-6 giờ 2-6 ml/kg Nacl 3%
Thời gian tác dung 1,5-6 giờ Cho qua đường trung tâm
41
Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score, median (IQR) 21 (18–26) 21 (18–25) 22 (17–26) 0.94d
Seizure, n (%) 51 (89.5) 25 (86) 26 (93) 0.67c
w 29 BN NaCl 3% và 28 BN Mannitol 20%
Status epilepticus, n (%) 24 (42.1) 10 (34) 14 (50) 0.24b
Modified Glasgow Coma Scale score, median (IQR) 6 (4—6) 5 (5—6) 6 (4—6) 0.79d
n NaCl 3% 10 ml/kg/20 phút, 0,5-1 ml/kg/giờ,
Meningeal signs, n (%) 45 (79) tăng 25
0,1(86)ml/kg/giờ
20 (71)nếu0.17
ICP không b
giảm >Papilledema,
25%. n (%) 52 (91.2) 26 (90) 26 (93) 0.67 b
Figure 2. The trend of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) during the first 72 hr of the study period in the two study groups. A, Mean (± SE) MABP in
the mannitol group was 80 ± 1.6 mm Hg and in hypertonic saline group 79 ± 1.6 mm Hg (p = 0.749). B. MABP in percentile. stat = statistic.
HTS administration is associated with favorable cerebrohe- edema due to mixed etiology (28). They found that the du-
w BNeffect
modynamic dùngprofilethuốc vận mạch
due to intravascular volumeNaCl
expan- 3%
ration20 (69)and&mortality
of coma Mannitol 20%
was lower 24 (85.7)
in patients who re-
sion, increase in the global cerebral perfusion, improvement in ceived 3%-HTS-group. A systematic review on the role of
w by
oxygen Điểm
the rightsố
shiftvận mạch:
of oxygen 33.7curve,
dissociation 6.9 & 35.2
± increase ± 6.3
osmotherapy in children with acute encephalopathies found
in cerebral compliance, and decrease in ICP due to decrease that HTS as a continuous infusion was associated with
of cerebral edema (27). HTS is less permeable than mannitol a more significant reduction in ICP, sustained effect for a 44
TABLE 3. Outcome in the two study groups
Hypertonic Mannitol Relative
Saline Group Group Risk
Outcomes Variables (n = 29) (n = 28) (95% CI) p
Primary outcome
Trend of mean ICP, mm Hg (baseline to 72 hr), mean ± SE 14 ± 2 22 ± 2 — 0.009a
Trend of mean CPP, mm Hg (baseline to 72 hr), mean ± SE 65 ± 2.2 58 ± 2.2 — 0.032a
Change in-ICP (delta-ICP), –14.3 ± 1.7 –5.4 ± 1.7 — < 0.001a
mm Hg (baseline to 72 hr), mean ± SE
Change in-CPP (delta-CPP), 15.4 ± 2.4 6 ± 2.4 — 0.007a
mm Hg (baseline to 72 hr), mean ± SE
Number of patients with target average 23 (79.3) 15 (53.6) 1.48 (1.01—2.19) 0.039b
ICP (< 20 mm Hg), n (%) adjusted hazard ratio
2.63 (1.23—5.61)
Secondary outcome
Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020; 21:1071–1080
45
Severe 7/23 (31) 11/18 (61) 0.50 (0.24–1.02) 0.049b
Composite poor outcome, n (%) At the time of PICU discharge 13/29 (45) 21/28 (75) 0.55 (0.33–0.91) 0.020b
Other outcome variables
Number of patients requiring short-term hyperventilation, n (%) 20 (69) 24 (85.7) 0.66 (0.40–1.10) 0.21e
Number of ICP spikes per patient requiring
hyperventilation, median (IQR)
First 72 hr 4 (1–8) 14 (4–28) — 0.003c
Over total stay 4 (2–10) 18 (5–52) — 0.009c
Cumulative duration of hyperventilation, minutes; median (IQR)
First 72 hr 5 (2–8) 13 (5–36) — 0.002c
Over total stay 5 (2–10) 24 (6–68) — 0.005c
Number of patients with rebound raised ICP, n (%) 5 (18) 14 (50) 0.42 (0.19—0.92) 0.009b
ICP = intracranial pressure, IQR = interquartile range, m-GCS = modified Glasgow Coma Scale.
Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020; 21:1071–1080
a
Repeated measures analysis of variance. 46
Các điểm chính
w CPP đạt > 60 mmHg (50).
w MAP 80 (70) mmHg
w Thuốc vận mạch (noradrenalin hay adrenalin được dung để duy
trì MAP).
w NaCl 3% ưu thế hơn Mannitol
n 10 ml/kg/20 phút
n 0,5-1 ml/kg/giờ, tăng 0,1 ml/kg/giờ nếu không đạt.
n Na < 160 Meq/L
Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020; 21:1071–1080
47
Điều trị co giật và ngừa co giật
w Co giật:
n Tích cực điều trị
n Midazolam, propofol, phenobarbital, valproate
w Ngừa co giật
n Phenobarbital
l Ngừa co giật
48
Co giật
n Thông đường thở
n Oxy
n Lập đường truyền
n Dextrostix
Hạ đường huyết
Diazepam/ Midazolam
0,2-0,3 mg/kg x 3 lần, cách 5 phút
Phenobarbital
20 mg/kg 15-30 phút, lặp lại 1 lần nếu
Tìm & điều trị còn co giật
nguyên nhân
Điều trị phù não Midazolam 0,2-1 mg/kg/giờ
Propofol
49
Điều chỉnh khác
51
52
Biến chứng của NaCL ưu trương
Gonda et al
w Na< 160 mEq/L
Summary of the Associated Complications of Children Treated With Continuous
TABLE 2.
Hypertonic Saline
Sustained Peak Serum Sodium Level (mEq/L)
p p
Complica2ons Associated With Prolonged Hypertonic Saline Therapy in Children With Elevated
equal to 170 mEq/L was the variable most associated with each Pressure,
Intracranial p < 0.001) (Table
Pediatr Crit2). The
Care prevalence
Med of thrombocytopenia was
2013; 14: 610–620 53