Central Bicol State University of Agriculture

San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur

College of Veterinary

Medicine

Anthelmintic effects of Areca Nut (Areca catechu),

Ipil- ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and

Garlic (Allium sativum) as a

natural dewormer for

Native chicken

Albaniel, Ivy

Aquino, Raven

Aquino, Sheena

Roldan, Erica Joyce

Trogo, Charlotte Jasmin

DVM 2A
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Parasitism ranks high among factor that threaten village chicken production

factors among which malnutrition, poor management and the absence of biosecurity are

outstanding, and parasitism causes reduced growth, egg production, emaciation, and

anemia as well as mortality, and it is caused by a parasitic organism. A parasite is an

organism that lives in or on another organism (referred to as the host) and gains an

advantage at the expense of that organism. The two types of internal parasites that

affect poultry are worms and protozoa. Usually, low levels of infestation do not cause a

problem and can be left untreated. Clinical signs of a parasite infestation include

unthriftiness, poor growth and feed conversion, decreased egg production, and, in

severe cases, death. Also, parasites can make a flock more susceptible to diseases or

worsen a current disease condition.

As we know, poultry farming is the most progressive animal enterprise today. It is

one of the world’s major and fastest producers of meat, while in the Philippines; it has

been a significant contributor to the country’s agriculture sector. Recently this 2015, the

Philippines produced one billion broilers which is higher than the recent year’s level.

Furthermore, poor genetic potential due to lack of selection and predation are also

potential threats to productivity. Chicken is a common choice for food production.

Keeping a productive flock means taking care of your chickens' health. Worms can refer
to a wide range of internal parasites in chickens, many of which can cause serious

harm, loss of production and even death.

Problems may occur if internal parasites are not eliminated, or even just

controlled. The prevalence of internal parasitism in chicken is considered a major

constraint in livestock production. Fortunately, we can use several natural methods to

worm the chickens and several technologies have been tested and shown to improve

the productivity of chickens. However, most of these require financial and technical

inputs that are beyond the capacity of farmers. Areca nut and ipil-ipil seeds will be used

as an alternative dewormer for chicken broilers instead of chickens. It will serve as a

treatment for flocks that have shown evidence of harboring internal parasites. Since

parasitism ranks high among factors that threaten small chicken production factors

among which malnutrition, poor management and the absence of biosecurity are

outstanding and parasitism causes reduced growth, egg production, emaciation, and

anemia as well as mortality.

Small poultry farm owners will benefit most from this study. The high cost of

commercial and veterinary anthelmintics and its unavailability at the barangay level also

prompted the researchers to conduct this study. Furthermore, birds which rely entirely

on commercial dewormers are also threatened by widespread occurrence of drug

resistance. With the use of available ethno botanicals in a locality, the parasitic burden

can be reduced to tolerable levels. These plants contain potential constituents that can

serve as cheap sources of anthelmintic to complement the commercially manufactured

parasitic drugs.
 The emergence of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is now a worldwide

phenomenon and the increased awareness of consumers about drug residues that

potentially enter the food chain have stimulated investigation into alternatives to

commercially available anthelmintics, such as medicinal plants. Their persistence in

various environments and the wealth of information available from ethno veterinary

sources in many parts of the world has resulted in medicinal plants attracting attention

from the scientific community. In an attempt to utilize as effectively as possible the

information available from ethno veterinary and medicinal reports on the anthelmintic

activity of plants, there is a current trend to validate such plants under controlled

experimental conditions. The variety of methodologies used for this purpose includes

the provision of fresh, conserved, or dried plants or plant parts to parasitized animals

(Schillhorn, 1997).

Statement of the problem

This study aimed to determine the Anthelmintic effects of Areca Nut (Areca

catechu), Ipil- ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and Garlic (Allium sativum) as a natural

dewormer for native chicken. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. Are Areca Nut, Ipil- ipil, and Garlic effective as a natural dewormer for

native chicken?

2. What is the best amount of the alternative dewormer that the chicken will

intake?
 3. How many internal parasites can the dewormer expel?

4. What recommendation can be made based on the findings of the study?

Objectives

The general objectives of this study are to differentiate the efficacy of Areca Nut
(Areca catechu), Ipil- ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and Garlic (Allium sativum) as a
natural dewormer for Native chicken.

Specifically this study aims to:

1. To compare the efficacy of Areca Nut (Areca catechu), Ipil- ipil (Leucaena

leucocephala) and Garlic (Allium sativum) pure powder as anthelmintic in native

chicken.

2.

Significance of the study

This study will lead to an effective and practical method of controlling internal

parasites in chickens, reduce production cost, lessen mortality, thus improve

productivity, increase the income of the raisers, and consequently help in food security

and alleviating poverty in Region V.

The study aims to determine the efficacy of combined formulated ethnobotanical

anthelmintics in controlling the internal parasites of the chickens. With this homemade

dewormer, poultry raisers in the rural communities will be able to control parasite
infection in chickens and will help produce healthy chickens for family consumption and

income. This study aims to benefit the following:

Poultry Industries. It will help the poultry industry because this study about

dewormers will help them produce good chicken meat.

Consumer. It will benefit the consumers because with the dewormer the chicken

will produce good and healthy meat.

Researchers. It will benefit the researchers in terms of their requirements.

Scope and limitation of the study

This study focused mainly on the proving that natural dewormer made by the

researcher is effective in terminating internal parasites of chicken. The study also aims

to know the effective amount of the dewormer (g/kgBW). The said dewormer will be

tested after examining and counting the number of intestinal parasites in the feces of

the chickens in Sta. Maria, Iriga City. The alternative dewormer will then be distributed

to local chicken raisers who are personally known by the researchers themselves after

proving the effectiveness of it.

Definition of Terms

Areca Nut: the seed of areca palm and commonly referred to as betel nut. It is used to

expel wind, kill worms, remove phlegm, subdue bad odors, beautify, induce purification

and kindle passion.

Cecal Worms: a type of internal parasite that infests the ceca. They are extremely

common and thrive on the ground or litter of poultry hens. Cecal worms have a direct

life.

Emaciation: an extreme weight loss and unnatural thinness due to a loss of

subcutaneous fat. It is the predominant symptom of malnourishment.

Garlic Cloves: a bulbous plant. It produces hermaphrodite flowers. It is pollinated by

bees and other insects.

Ipil-ipil seeds: a small tree with hairy rachis. It is used sometime as a shade tree in

coffee and cacao plantations and as a support for bananas, vanilla, and yams. The

leaves are useful for cattle fodder as it is comparable.

Mimosine: a toxic non-protein amino acid chemically similar to tyrosine. Also known as

leucenol that is a compound.

Protozoa: diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Is a single-celled organism

with animal-like behaviors.

Roundworms: are parasites that can infect people. They usually live in the intestines of

many organisms. Roundworm infections happen more often in warm, tropical climates.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to (Dawe and Hofacre, 2002) Adult roundworms (Ascaridia galli) are

commonly diagnosed by necropsy in native flocks from 4 to 9 weeks of age (depending

on slaughter weight), and in breeder pullets and young males from 4 to 25 weeks of

age, but rarely older. Infestations cause diarrhea, enteritis, poor absorption of nutrients,

stunting, and death. The life cycle is simple and direct. Eggs hatch in the proventriculus

or duodenum, larvae live freely in the duodenum for 9 days, then penetrate the mucosa

and cause hemorrhages. Young worms enter the duodenum by 17 or 18 days where

they reach maturity and begin producing eggs at 28-30 days, which are shed in the

feces, and become infective in 10-12 days. Eggs remain viable in the litter for long

periods of time. The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA), issued by

FDA/CVM in 1994, allows the veterinarian to prescribe certain drugs in an extralabel

fashion. “Extralabel use of a drug may include a route, dosage, duration, frequency,

indication or species not included in specific product labels.” AMDUCA permits

extralabel use when an animal’s health is threatened, or the animal is suffering. A

veterinarian may use a drug approved for a food animal, in an extralabel manner, if he

or she has determined there is no approved animal drug for such use that contains the

same active ingredient in the required dosage form and concentration. The practitioner

must take steps to make a diagnosis, establish a substantially extended withdrawal

period, assure the identity of treated animals, and assure that time frames for

withdrawal are met so that no illegal drug residues occur.

 Veterinarians can meet their responsibilities regarding withdrawal by adequately

informing their clients. Maintaining a record of prescriptions written, with detailed

instructions on use as part of the script, is advisable. Dr. Elizabeth Curry-Galvin, DVM,

Assistant Director of the Scientific Activities Division of the American Veterinary Medical

Association states that “The AMDUCA final rules include a provision for approved

animal drugs that, in certain circumstances, are judged ineffective. When, in a particular

case, a veterinarian judges an approved drug to be clinically ineffective for its intended

use and the practitioner has a basis for coming to this conclusion, extralabel use of that

drug or another approved drug is allowed.” In the case of piperazine, this interpretation

allows a veterinarian to recommend a use rate of piperazine higher than the label

indications, or to substitute another wormer if he/she has met the above criteria. Once

again, establishment of an extended withdrawal time based on the label for other

species and other available data is required of the practitioner when prescribing

extralabel in a food animal species. AMDUCA allows the veterinarian to prescribe extra

label use in this situation. We advise that each practicing poultry veterinarian become

familiar with AMDUCA. There are several highly effective products available for other

food animals. These products can be used as long as the prescribing veterinarian can

ensure an adequate period of tissue withdrawal prior to slaughter, and destruction of

eggs destined for human consumption for a period of time that insures absences of

residues.
Prevalence of ovine haemonchosis and associated risk factors in Jimma

municipal abattoir

Small ruminant livestock, such as sheep and goats, are extremely susceptible to

internal parasites, especially gastrointestinal nematodes. Haemonchus contortus

(Rudolphi) Cobb, better known as barber pole worm or red worm, is a pathogenic

nematode that uses sheep as a host and causes haemonchosis, an infection

characterized by anemia and digestive disturbances. H. contortus is active mainly in

warm, humid climates in the summer months. Adult worms colonize the abomasal

mucosa of the sheep and feed on their blood. The eggs they produce are secreted in

the feces, hatch, and are ingested by the sheep through the consumption of grasses –

especially those that are short and/or covered in dew (Machen et al.,1998; Burke,

2005).

Life cycle of Haemonchus contortus

The H. contortus life cycle takes 21 days to complete. It begins when larvae in

the infective (L3) stage are ingested by a sheep on pasture. They then travel to the

animal's abomasum, or fourth stomach. Development to the adult stage takes about

three weeks in the gut; the worms then attach to the sheep's abomasal mucosa and

feed on their blood. The eggs produced during this stage are secreted in the animal's

feces, hatch if the conditions are right, and develop through the immature developing

(L1 and L2) stages. Once they reach the infective (L3) stage, they travel on to the

pasture where they are re-ingested by the sheep through the consumption of grasses).
The adult female can lay up to 5,000 eggs daily and together the worms can consume

up to 1/10th of an animal's blood in 24 hours (Machen et al., 1998; Hepworth et al.,

2006; Besier, 2009).

H. contortus has evolved to respond to the lambing cycle, taking advantage of

the temporary lapse in immunity. Responding to environmental changes in the late fall,

like changes in forage composition and temperature, the worms go into hypobiosis, a

state of metabolic inaction, inside the sheep instead of molting into the adult stage

which allows them to overwinter in the animal's intestines. In this state they do not lay

eggs and do no damage to their hosts. Several months later, conditions such as the

greening of grasses, rain following a drought, and/or increased estrogen levels in

females all act as indicators of spring. When these conditions arise, especially when

increased estrogen levels indicate the sheep are pregnant, the worm returns to its cycle.

This phenomenon, called the “periparturient rise,” immediately exposes vulnerable new

lambs to highly infected pastures. The mother ewe is often responsible for much of the

larval infection to which her lamb is exposed (Barger, 1999; Hepworth et al., 2006;

Machen et al., 1998).

Responding to chemical anthelmintic resistance, many studies are looking into

alternative options for parasite management. The first area of investigation is natural

anthelmintics and dewormers. As previously described, chemical anthelmintics utilize

specific mechanistic pathways to kill H. contortus. Some natural dewormers, like

chemical anthelmintics, target and kill the parasite. These natural anthelmintics have the

potential to decrease parasite resistance because they likely use non-specific

mechanisms to kill the worms (Mali and Mehta, 2008). A study by Sustainable
Agriculture Research & Education (SARE) tested pumpkin seeds, garlic, ginger and

papaya seeds for anthelmintic properties. Papaya did not show signs of anthelmintic

properties. Though garlic and ginger showed traces of success, the data were ultimately

inconclusive. Pumpkin seeds were the most promising anthelmintic, especially when

administered as a drench – an oral liquid medication. There is little to no scientific data

on and investigation into the mechanisms of these natural anthelmintics, especially as

they pertain to parasitic nematodes in sheep (Jackson-O'Brien, 2012).

Garlic as an antibacterial

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a known antibacterial that likely derives its success in

treating for H. contortus by making the host's digestive tract healthier (Londhe et al.,

2011; Noon, 2003).

Others are promoting the use of the McMaster's method, a veterinary practice for

determining H. contortus egg counts in sheep feces using microscopes and grid-lined

McMaster's slides (Lyndal-Murphy, 1985; Burke, 2005).

Anthelmintic effects of processed mature betel nut as dewormer to native chicken

and small ruminants (sheep and goats)

Betarmos (2002) in his research stated that betel nut could be suitable to native

chicken using 2 grams per kilogram body weight. Betel nut is also a good alternative

dewormer for tapeworm only. He further revealed that commercial and herbal medicine
are very effective by using 2 grams betel nut and one caplet of piperazine plus

niclosamide in deworming native chicken but using betel nut is more economical.

According to Canja and Parami (2003) revealed that betel nut is commonly

cultivated throughout the country. The nut is purgative, the young ones make very

effective laxative, mature seeds are vermifuge, good for urinary disorders, and are

reported to have aphrodisiac properties. It is used in Tincture forms as an astringent

gargle for mouth sores. Fresh areca nuts are sometimes intoxicating to some people.

Powdered nuts are used as anthelmintic, antiseptic, alkaloids abundant in the kernel

and leaves, traces of amygdalin in leaves. Encyclopedia Americana, (1988) revealed

that betel nut, the seed of the betel palm (Areca catechu), is chewed as a stimulant

throughout southern Asia. The betel nut is about 2 inches (5cm) long and is mottled

brown and gray in color. The ripened seeds are gathered between August and

November, boiled in water, cut into slices, and dried in the sun, giving them a dark

brown or reddish color. Each dried nut is then wrapped, together with a piece of shell

lime, in a leaf of the betel pepper and chewed.

Anthelmintic activity of Leucaena glauca (Ipil-ipil) seed and leaf extract in an

Ascaridae model

Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms in which one organism, the

parasite, is dependent on the other, the host. It often involves a highly specific

relationship which is associated with metabolic dependence of the parasite to its host.

Infections caused by parasites usually happen for a long time and may result in the
death of its host (Gunn and Pitt, 2012). Leucaena spp. (Ipil-ipil seeds) is rich in crude

protein (25-35%) and some other alimentary contents). Its seeds and leaves contain

32.16% and 28.75% crude protein, 39.53% and 36.22% carbohydrates, and 55.76%

and 51.024% organic carbon respectively (Aijaz et al.). Though these plants are rich in

chemical contents, they also contain toxic substances like mimosine and tannin. The

latter reduces digestibility of proteins which results in marked low metabolizable energy

(ME) value of Leucaena leaf meal in poultry while mimosine and its metabolites are the

main obstruction which blocks the usage of the plant as animal feed (Bandyopadhyay,

2007). Mimosine provides 14.8% to the overall nitrogen content of Leucaena seeds.

Next only to immature tender leaves, the seeds have higher concentration compared to

other parts of the Ipil-ipil seeds (Chanchay and Poosaran, 2009). The bark and leaves

also contain 16.3% and 3% tannin respectively. Furthermore, the leaves also include

quercitrin (0.08%). Beta and alpha-aminopropionic acid are reported to be identical with

mimosine (from Mimosa pudica). Stachyose is also reported to be present in the seeds

(Khare, 2007). According to Adama et al. (2012), these findings may be due to the

active substances present in the extracts that would cross more easily in the shell of

eggs than the cuticles of larva. It was also found out that the seeds are more ovicidal

than the leaf extract, as assessed in the ED50 of 47 mg/ml. This result was probably

because Ipil-ipil seeds have higher concentration of mimosine, an active alkaloid but

toxic component which results to impaired growth and alopecia on ruminants. According

to Ademola, Akanbi and Idowu (2005), the most active fraction of the Leucaena seed

are polyphenols, namely flavonoids and tannin, which in the absence of alkaloids,
means that the most potent anthelmintic principles of the seed can be obtained without

the risk of mimosine toxicity.

Anti-parasite Complex

Garlic's uses extend far beyond dipping sauces, Italian food, and Caesar salad.

Garlic has been used as a natural remedy since the beginning of recorded history. Still

today, it is used in alternative medicines as a natural, organic solution to many diseases

and medical conditions. When people complain about digestive problems, it's either

because they have acquired infections or have become hosts to various parasites.

These digestive problems may be treated with garlic because of its antibacterial, anti-

inflammatory, and anti-parasitic properties.

Anthelmintic Effects of Processed Mature Betel Nut as Dewormer to Native

Chicken and Small Ruminants (Sheep and Goats)

According to Tangalin (2011) the study aimed to determine the anthelmintic

effects of processed mature betel nut (Areca catechu) and commercial dewormer to

native chicken, sheep and goats. The study consisted of four treatments. The result of

the study reveals that after thorough laboratory examination of the feces, it was found

out that roundworms, tapeworms and parasite eggs were expelled by the processed

mature betel nut. Among the treatments used, Treatment I, 1g processed nut per 1 kg

body weight is the most effective. However, those administered with 2 and 3 grams of
powdered betel nut is also effective but the chickens showed unhealthy condition. While

in Goat and Sheep; Treatment I, administered with 20g/20 kg.BW; Treatment II,

administered with 30g/20kgLW; Treatment III, administered with 240g/20kgLW; and

Treatment IV, administered with 1 ml/10 kgBW using albendazole, a commercial

dewormer. The result of the study revealed that the processed native betel nut can

expel eggs and adult parasites like roundworms and tapeworms, while commercial

dewormers can expel only roundworms. Among levels of powdered betel nut used,

Treatment II, 30g/20kgBW showed better results.

Adverse effects on health posed by consumption of Areca nut (Areca catechu L.,

family: Palmaceae)

Areca nut contains bioactive components like alkaloids and tannins which have

been demonstrated to elicit inhibitory effects in selected microorganisms. Areca nut is

used against anemia, fits, leucoderma, leprosy, obesity and worms. In combination with

other ingredients, it is also a purgative and an ointment for nasal ulcers. Kernels of

green and mature fruits are chewed as an astringent and stimulant, often with the

leaves of Piper bette and lime. Areca nuts are chewed with betel leaf for their effects as

a mild central nervous system stimulant. The effect is thought to be due to one of its

contents known as arecoline that leads to alertness, increased stamina, a sense of well-

being and euphoria. It is known to stimulate salivation and thus aid in digestion.
Areca nut and its role in oral submucous fibrosis

According to traditional Ayurvedic medicine, chewing areca nuts is a good

remedy for deworming and along with betel leaf it prevents halitosis. It has also been

reported that areca nut extract exerts a direct antimicrobial effect against oral bacteria,

including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Candida albicans and

Fusiform nucleatum. Tannic acid concentrations varying from 1.8-18 mg/ml inhibited

growth of E. corrodens, Prophyromonas gingivalis, C. rectus and Fusiform nucleatum.

Areca was touted as a medicine for digestive and dental health. It was used to facilitate

bowel movements and reduce intestinal worms.

Ethnobotanical Dewormer Composition for Free Range Native Chickens

The present high cost of commercial veterinary anthelmintics and its

unavailability at the barangay level reduces the potential of native chicken in Western

Visayas. However, control which relies entirely on commercial dewormers is being

threatened by widespread occurrence of drug resistance (Ozaraga et al., 1991 and

2004). These circumstances require every possible effort to utilize ethnobotanicals

available in the locality. Its utilization can reduce the parasitic burden to a tolerable

level. These plants contain potential constituents as cheap sources of anthelmintics to

complement the commercially manufactured parasitic drugs against internal parasitism

(Ozaraga et al., 1991 and 2004). The chicken has been and is still an important source

of high-quality protein food and additional income to small rural farmers. Among the

gaps to enhance production and utilization of the native chicken are information related
to management systems, feeding and occurrence of parasites and diseases, and the

utilization of ethnobotanicals against internal parasites. This information is vital input to

the health program and control of parasitic diseases affecting the free-range native

chickens (PCARRD, 2003).

Herbal remedies in animal parasitic diseases in Nigeria: A review

The use of plant parts for medicines has long been in existence and is widely

documented in records kept in ancient China, India and Egypt. These ancient

indigenous practices were discovered by a series of “trial and error” which then could

not be substantiated by proven scientific theories. However, these practices have

produced results of proven efficacies compared to conventional modern medicine. In

recent times, herbal medicines have become indispensable and are forming an integral

part of the primary health care system of many nations (Chopra et al., 1956).

In vitro anthelmintic effect of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) extract on parasitic

nematode, Marshallagia marshalli

For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to combat parasitism, and in

many parts of the world are still used for this purpose. In ethnoveterinary medicine,

which draws inspiration from traditional practice, there seems to be a range of plant/s or

plant extract suitable for treating almost every parasitic disease of livestock

(International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR, 1994).

Medicinal plants for helminth parasite control: facts and fiction

It has been found by Guarrera (1999), seeds of garlic, onion and mint have been

used to treat animals that suffer from gastro-intestinal parasitism, whereas extracts of

the tobacco plants have been used to treat the skin of livestock afflicted with external

parasites. Leaves, dried flowers and oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides, a shrub that

originated from Central America and has been distributed around the world, have all

been used as anthelmintics since the early 1900s.

Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms in which one organism, the

parasite, is dependent on the other, the host. It often involves a highly specific

relationship which is associated with metabolic dependence of the parasite to its host.

Infections caused by parasites usually happen for a long time and may result in the

death of its host (Gunn and Pitt, 2012).

Anthelmintic activity of Leucaena glauca (Ipil-ipil) seed and leaf extract in an

Ascaridae model

In the Philippines, according to the Department of Health (DOH, 2011),

parasitism persists because of poverty, poor sanitation, and hygiene practices

especially in areas where there is low economic and human development scale

(Agbakoba, 2009). There are three major causes of intestinal parasitism in the

Philippines namely: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura and hookworm. These

worms are collectively known as soil-transmitted helminths (Balolong, 2011). Among the
different studied plants are Leucaena glauca (Ipil- Ipil), commonly known as Leucaena

leucocephala. It is an herbal plant under the family of Mimosaceae, comprising the

tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs and is usually seen in the plains of India

(Khare, 2007). It is an essential foliage crop particularly on resource-limited farms in

tropical countries. This plant also played a significant role in fodder supply, soil fertility

improvement and fuel wood production in many parts of Africa. Its leaves revealed that

it can also be an alternative source of protein in swamp buffaloes, Thai Brahman cattle,

goats and laying hens.

The genome and developmental transcriptome of the strongylid nematode

Haemonchus contortus

Given these studies, the researchers aimed to further determine the nematocidal

activity of the combined anthelmintic. Its genome is rich in peptidase linked to the

penetration and degradation of host tissues. Therefore, this genome provides a

comprehensive resource to the scientific community and underpins the development of

new interventions such as drugs, vaccines, and diagnostic tests against ascariasis and

other nematodiasis (Hall et al., 2011).

CHAPTER III
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents and describes the kind of research adopted in the study,

the instruments and techniques that were utilized in gathering the data needed.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research study employed an experimental-quantitative research design to

identify and prove the Anthelmintic Effects of Areca Nut, Ipil-ipil seeds, and Garlic as

chicken dewormers. The researchers wanted to know if the combination of the three

ingredients would improve its quality as a dewormer for chickens.

The study also uses a Time-series experiment which gives a series of tests. It

involves daily observation of the control and the experiment within a week.

DATA GATHERING TOOLS

To further justify the data that was gathered in the study, the researcher applies

various tools. The significant tool that was used in data gathering was through

experimental and treatment, observation, and data analysis.

Experimental Treatment. Using the Completely Randomized Design (CDR), the 15

infested chickens were divided into three groups: treatment 1 (1g/kgBW), treatment 2

(2g/kgBW), and treatment 3 (3g/kgBW). These chickens will be put in different cages to

carefully monitor its behavior and in getting the manure for the fecal analysis or

fecalysis.
A sack will be put under the cages to easily get the manure of the chicken. Each group

consists of five (5) chickens which are separated into three (3) cages. Before and after

the intake of the dewormer, the manure will be collected by the researchers for

fecalysis.

Petri Dish Method was used in counting the reduction of intestinal parasites. A

tablespoon of the fecal samples was put into a petri dish added with water and set aside

for 10-15 minutes. After the allotted time was finished, the petri dish was turned upside

down. The remaining mixture was swabbed with cotton buds and put into a slide. Then,

it was observed using a microscope.

Observation. In the conduct of the experiment, the whole process won’t be enough to

carry out the view resources needed by the researcher, and to further collect data and

be able to analyze it. To daily monitor the effects of the dewormer, the researcher will

get the feces and analyze it. An observation was a method of collecting research data,

involving observing and systematically recording the results of the number of worms

terminated before and after the consumption of the dewormer. Hence, in the conduct

observation, the researchers could gather data because of the real sight in the vicinity of

the study.

Documentary. The use of various gathering instruments was not enough to complete

the study. The use of documentary analysis to accumulate requirements amid a project

as it collects documents of related systems to extract relevant data. The documents

were taken, were analyzed and interpreted with the help of a professional.
Statistical Tool and Analysis. Analysis of Variance is obtained by using the following

formula:

TSS =

SSB =

WSS = TSS – SSB

dft = N – 1

dfb = K – 1

dfw = N - K

MSB =

MSW =

F=

where:

TSS stands for Total Sum of Squares

SSB stands for Sum of Squares Between

WSS stands for Within the Sum of Squares

n = row column

dft stands for total degrees of freedom

dfb stands for degrees of freedom between

dfw stands for degrees of freedom within

MSB stands for Mean Square Between

MSW stands for Mean Square Within

F is the computed value

The data on the numbers of parasites expelled was subjected to Analysis of Variance

(F-test), where difference among treatment means was analyzed. The result was

interpreted at one percent of significance.

References:

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA), 21CFR, Part 530. 1994.

Curry-Gavin, Elizabeth. ˝ Know the Rules, Large Animal Practice, pp. 14-15,

March/April, 1997.

Pankavich, J.A., G.P. Poeschel, A.L. Shor, and A. Gallo. Evaluation of levamisole

against experimental infections of Ascaridia, Heterakis, and Capillaria spp. in

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