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A. Roman Temple For Pagan Gods
A. Roman Temple For Pagan Gods
A. Roman Temple For Pagan Gods
Quiz
1. Which of these does not describe a basilica?
a. Roman temple for pagan gods
b. Large, enclosed space
c. Originally a courthouse
d. Transformed into a church by Christians
2. Why did early Christians have to meet in secret?
Sneferu’s Pyramids a. Too many people wanted to be Christian
b. Their beliefs were illegal
c. There was no place for religion in rome
d. It was part of their beliefs
3. What were baptistries?
a. An official residence of the bishop
Collapsed Pyramid b. Buildings for large meeting of Christians
c. Site where Christians were baptized
d. Buildings for large meetings of pagans
4. What was the reasoning behind the wealth of the
interior of the church?
Blunt Pyramid a. Kept goods safe
b. Showed the splendor of heaven
c. Showed people where their money was
going
d. Exterior was actually the ornate part of the
church
North Pyramid 5. When did Christians begin worshipping in basilicas?
a. About 500 CE
Androsphinx (human) b. From the very beginning of Christianity
Crio – ram c. After Christianity became legal in 313 CE
d. Christianity never worshipped in basilicas
Important features
- Ribbed vaults, arcades, timber trussed roof
Byzantine Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
- Roman and byzantine combination, or basically
Roman in style
- Period of rise of religious orders Gothic Architecture
- Papacy had great power and influence - Style ogivale
- Christianity resulted into erection of churches - Progressive lightening and heightening of structure
- Happened during the middle ages (flying buttress)
- Establishment of the “feudal system” - Use of pointed arch and ribbed vault
- Richly decorated fenestration
- Before this, architecture was functional. Now
architecture became beautiful
o Downspout? Gargoyle
- Abbey Church of Saint – Denis
Chartres
English gothic
Reims
- Rusticated masonry
- Dome on a drum
- Dignity and formality through symmetry
Periods
a. Early renaissance
b. High renaissance (proto baroque)
c. Baroque
Early Renaissance
- Period of learning
- Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of
Romanesque architecture
Flippo Bruneslleschi
1. Early English
- Also known as Lancet, First Pointedm or early
Plantagenet
- Lancet-shaped arches and plate tracery
2. Decorated style
- Geometrical and curvilinear middle pointed,
Edwardian, Later Plantagenet
3. Perpendicular
- Rectilinear, late pointed, or Lancastrian
- Riccardi Palace (example of the massive rusticated
- Perpendicular tracery (lacework of vertical glazing
buildings with heavy crowning cornice)
bars), intricate stonework
- The Duomo (dome of Florence cathedral)
French gothic
- Linear Perspective
Books
The Ten Books of Architecture
- By Marcus Vitruvius Polio
- Dedicated to Caesar Augustus as a guide for building
projects
- Oldest research on architecture
- Divided into ten sections or “books”
o Town planning
o Building materials
1. A lancettes o Temples and orders
- Pointed arches, geometric traceried windows o Continuation of book 3
2. Rayonnant o Civil buildings
- Circular windows, wheel tracery o Domestic buildings
- Rose windows o Pavements and decorative plasterwork
3. Flamboyant o Water supplies
- Flamboyant, flowing and flamelike tracery o Sciences
o Use and construction of machines
Renaissance Architecture
- Increased understanding of science and the arts, Durability – Firmitas
medicine and astronomy Utility – Utilitas
- Attempt to understand the ancient world, values,
Beauty – Venustas
literacy, artistic forms and architectural forms
- Renaissance man: holistic individual
On the Art of Building
- “Rebirth” of roman classical arts
- Leon battista alberti
- Renaissance had its birth in FLORENCE
- Largely dependent on Vitruvius
- Reintroduction of (5) classical roman orders
- First Italian renaissance theoretical book on the
o Tuscan
subject
o Doric
- Tells how buildings should be built
o Ionic - Includes other literary sources (e.g. Plato, Aristotle)
o Corinthian o Lineaments
o Composite o Materials
- Standardized by renowned architects (Palladio, o Construction
Vignola)
o Public works - Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired
o Works of individuals knowledge
o Ornament -
o Ornament to sacred buildings Villa Rotonda
o Public secular buildings -Andrea Palladio
o Private buildings - Transforming house into a classical temple
o Restoration of buildings - Four books of Architecture emphasized systemization of
ground plan and relationship to section and elevation of
the building
All the Works of Architecture and Perspective
- Sebastiano serlio
Gesu Church
- Eight books
- Giacomo Barozzi da
- First five books cover seraglio’s works on geometry,
Vignola (5 Orders of Arch)
perspective, roman antiquiry, orders, and church
- The Jesuit mother church in
design
Rome
- Six book: domestic designs (from peasant huts to
- Sant andrea, two small
royal palaces)
cupolas at St. Peter
- Sevent book: range of common design problems
ignored by past theorists
Farnese Palace
- Eighth book: part fantasy and part archeology, unlike
- Michaelangelo
other practical works
Buonarotti, famous
sculptor and painter of
Five Orders of Architecture
the roof ot he Sistine
- Giacomo Barozi Da Vignola
Chapel in Vatican
- Tackles the five orders in separate sections
- Finished the palace &
- Subdivided in 5 parts on colonnade, arcade, arcade
carried out Dome of St. Peter
with pedestal, individual pedestals, entablatures and
capitals
- More practical than philosophical
Donato Bramante
- Martyrium, place
of martyrdom or
shine with relics
- site where St.
Peter to have been 12 Architects of the Vatican
crucified
- considered one Synopsis of history
of the first high - Bramante, the original architect, formulated a design
renaissance in the form of a Greek cross with entrances at East
buildings in Rome end
- Giuliano da Sangallo, Fra Giocondo, Raphael were
entrusted with superintendence; altering plan to Latin
Baroque cross
- Peruzzi went back to Bramante’s plan
- Antonio da Sangallo the younger proposed a central
dome and logy campanili
- Michaelangelo restored design to Greek cross
- Dela Porta technical execution of Michaelangelo’s Mathematically precise Emphases on large masses,
plans ratios, symmetry, arches, domes, bold spaces
- Vignola added cupolas on either side of the great domes
home Naturalism, religious Groups of figures, dynamic
- Carlo Madema lengthened the nave to form a latin themes, syncretistic movement, energy of human
cross and erected present façade influences forms
- Bernini erected the fourfold colonnades enclosing the
piazza and erected baldachino
Renaissance Baroque
Origin Florence Origin Rome
15th to 16th centuries, After 16th century
transition from Middle
ages to Modernity
Naturalistic and realistic Exuberant details, grandeur
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE 11. In gothic architecture, waterspout projecting from the
roof gutter of a building, often carded grotesquely is
Quiz called a gargoyle.
1. Early Christian architecture is considered the final 12. The birthplace of Renaissance Is the city of Florence
phase of Roman architecture, primarily in church 13. Architect Frei Otto is a seminal figure in the
building (TRUE) development of tensile architecture. He veered away
2. Early Christian architecture is basically Greek and from simple geometric solutions and built organic
Egyptian in character (FALSE, basically ROMAN) free forms that could respond to complex planning
3. Like the Greek and roman temples, the purpose of and structural requirements
basilica churches is to shelter the worshippers
(FALSE, Greek and Roman temples sheltered gods)
4. The first buildings constructed during the byzantine
period were churches (TRUE)
5. The rheims cathedral, amiens cathedral, and milan
cathedral are examples of gothic cathedrals (TRUE)
14.
Dymaxion House – Dynamic MAXimum tension by
6. Partly built starting 1145, then reconstructed over 26 Buckminster Fuller
year period after 1194 fire. The church marks the 15. The statement “nothing that is not practical can be
high point of French Gothic art (A Chartres beautiful” can be attributed to Otto Wagner (father of
Cathedral, see photo) modernism in Austria)
7. The St. Peter’s Basilica architect who completed the Contemporary Architecture Styles
dome in 1590 1. Arts and crafts
a. Donato 2. Bauhaus
Bramante 3. Art noveau
b. Raphael 4. Art deco
Santi 5. Modernism
c. Michaelangel 6. Post modernism
o 7. International style
d. Domenico
Fontana Industrial Revolution
- Change from agrarian and handicraft economy to one
dominated by industry and machine manufacturing
8. The 19th century greek and Greco-roman revival in o First industrial revolution (1760-1830_ -
England is known as: confined to Britain; driven by steam engine
a. Elizabethan and mass production
b. Early Victorian o Second industrial revolution (late 19th and
c. Late Victorian 20th centuries) – primarily in UK, Germany,
d. High Victorian and United States; also in France, Italy,
9. A movement founded by a group of Dutch painters Japan; large scale iron and steel production,
and architects. It abolishes all styles and liberates art machinery, electrification
from representation and individual expression.
a. Classicism
b. Deo-classicism
c. Realism
d. De stijl
10. An architect and designer who studied in Bauhaus
and became the director of the school’s furniture Arts and Crafts Bauhaus
department in 1924. He is best known for his design
of the tubular Wassily chair. IR has made man less Art at the service of
a. Marcel Breur creative, crafts removed from industry
b. Walter Gropius process
c. Mies Van de Rohe
1860s-1920s response to 1919-1933, refused to
d. Peter Behrens
social changes work with Nazis, school
closed by faculty vote
William Morris, Philip Webb Walter Gropius
-Belief in craftsmanship -No border between artist
-Importance of nature as and craftsman
inspiration -No distinction between
-Value of simplicity, unity, applied and fine arts
beauty -Favored function and
mass production
Flourished in 1860 onward School and movement in
Germany founded by
Walter Gropius in Weimar
(1919)
Fine craftsmanship as “House of construction”
opposed to mass-produced
items
Attempt to reform design and Moved to Dessau (1925)
decoration and disbanded in Berline
(1933)
Reaction against a perceived Believed that all crafts
decline in standards could be brought together
associated with machinery and be mass-produced
International Style
- First coined by henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip
Johnson in 1932 for architectural exhibition held at
MOMA
- 1920s, mainly in Europe before US
- Le Corbusier
- Emerged as a result of Art Deco, Rockefeller Center 1939
o Dissarisfaction with decorative features
o Need to build commercial and civic
buildings
o New construction techniques using steel,
RC, glass
o Strong desire to create modern style for
modern man
- Style philosophy
o High point of modernist architecture
o Indifferent to location site and climate International Style, Corbusier House, 1927
o Universally applicable
o No reference to local history or vernacular
Quiz
Post-Modernism
Modernism
Capitol Theater, Manila
Pablo S. Antonio
- Completed architecture in 3 years
- Design grounded on simplicity (no clutter)
- “For our father, every line must have a meaning, a
purpose. For him, function comes first before
elegance or form”
Post-Modernism
International Style
Deconstructivism
- Fragmented style believed to have developed from
post modernism
- The Dancing House, 1966, Gehry Gaeity Theater
Juan Nakpil
- Believed that there is such thing as “Philippine
architecture”
- Integrated strength, function, and beauty
- Founder: PH Architects Society (1933), now PH
Institute of Architects (PIA)
Meralco Building, Pasig City
Francisco T. Manosa
- Pioneered neovernacular architecture
CCP, Pasay | Church of the Holu Sacrifice - “I design Filipino, nothing else”
Idelfonso P. Santos
- Pioneer of landscape architecture practice in the
Philippines
Pablo Antonio
International Architects
Meralco Building
IM Pei Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Gehry Le Corbusier
Zaha Hadid Renzo Piano
Philip Johnson Santiago Calatrava
IM Pei
- Pritzker Awardee (1983)
- Predilection to triangles
Renzo Piano
- Pritzker awardee (1998)
- High tech designs
Quiz
Kaufmann House
Price Tower
Paris
London Aquatics Centre (London)