METHODOLOGY

Chapter Overview

• Chapter III is your thesis or project “recipe”.

• You describe the steps you took to conduct your
research or designed your project.
• How detailed should it be?
• The reader should have enough information that
he/she could replicate your research with the same
or similar population and arrive at the same results.
•Methods/techniques that are used for
conducting research are termed as research
methods or research techniques.
 Re-Introduce the Reader

• What is it again you are doing?

• Purpose statement
• Objective
• A paragraph or two.
• If the reader is interested in your methodology,
he/she does not have to go back and forth through
Chapter I to revisit the purpose and objectives.
Operational Framework

• A visual representation of your steps to complete your

research.
• Construct a flow-chart with labels.
• Make it a “figure” for your document.
• Follow APA style for formatting a “figure”.
• Be sure to have a narrative of your Operational
Framework.
• Tell the reader what occurs at each step.
Methodology

• Type of research design

• Population
• Sample & sampling
• Data gathering procedure
• Data analysis procedure
Type of Research Project

• Descriptive
• Experimental
• Historical
• Qualititative
• Project (Curriculum design)
Design

•Survey
•Interrelationships studies
•Developmental studies
•Experimental studies
Experimental Studies

•True experimental designs

•Quasi-experimental designs
•Pre-experimental designs
Data Gathering Procedures

• Instrument development
• Instrument description
• Validity
• Reliability
• How will you get the information?
• Self-administered survey questionnaire
• Mailed
• On-line
• Ask in person
• Ask over the phone
Instrument Validation

• A Research Instrument is a tool used to collect,

measure, and analyze data related to your
research interests.
• They include questionnaire, interviews,
observations, focus group discussion and
experiment
• Is the instrument valid?
• Does it measure what you want it to measure?
Population

• Describe the subjects of your study.

• What characteristics do they share that
includes them in your population of
interest?
• Will you include all members of the
population in your study? (Census).
• What is the total number? (N)
Sampling

• Is the size of our population so big that a census is too

costly, or will take too much time?
• Sample the population
• Random
• Stratification
• Proportional
• Clusters
• Purposive
• Sample must be representative of the population
Data Analysis Procedures

• Statistical procedures (ie. use of SAS, SPSS, or

another analysis software program)
• Descriptive
• Inferential
• Qualitative – transcription of interviews (coding,
categorizing, etc.)
• Use of specialized procedures
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN
• DEFINITION
• SIGNIFICANCE
• CONTENT
• PRINCIPLES
• TYPES
• COMPLETE RANDOMIZED DESIGN
• RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN
• CORRELATIONAL DESIGN
DEFINITION
•Research design is the framework of
research methods and techniques
chosen by a researcher.
•The design allows researchers to hone in
on research methods that are suitable
for the subject matter and set up their
studies up for success.
DEFINITION
•A research design is a broad plan that
states objectives of research project
and provides the guidelines what is to
be done to realize those objectives.
• It is, in other words, a master plan for
executing a research project.
SIGNIFICANCE
•Research design is significant simply because
it allows for the smooth sailing of the various
research operations, thus making research as
efficient as possible producing maximum
information with nominal expenses of effort,
time and money.
SIGNIFICANCE
• The function of a research design is to make
certain that evidence obtained allows us to
answer the initial question as unambiguously as
possible.
• Acquiring relevant evidence involves specifying
the kind of evidence required to answer the
research question, to test a theory, to judge a
programme or to precisely describe some
phenomenon.
Contents of Research Design:
• 1. Statement of research objectives, i.e., why the research
project is to be conducted
• 2. Type of data needed
• 3. Definition of population and sampling procedures to be
followed
• 4. Time, costs, and responsibility specification
• 5. Methods, ways, and procedures used for collection of data
• 6. Data analysis – tools or methods used to analyze data
• 7. Probable output or research outcomes and possible actions to
be taken based on those outcomes
Three Basic Principles of Research
Experimental Design

•PRINCIPLE OF REPLICATION
•PRINCIPLE OF RANDOMIZATION
•PRINCIPLE OF LOCAL CONTROL
The Principle of Replication

• In the replication principle, any treatment is repeated a

number of times to obtain a valid and more reliable
estimate than which is possible with one observation only.
• Replication provides an efficient way of increasing the
precision of an experiment.
• The precision increases with the increase in the number
of observations.
• Replication provides more observations when the same
treatment is used, so it increases precision.
The Principle of Randomization

• The principle of randomization involves the

allocation of treatment to experimental units at
random to avoid any bias in the experiment resulting
from the influence of some extraneous unknown
factor that may affect the experiment.
• In the development of analysis of variance, we
assume that the errors are random and independent.
In turn, the observations also become random.
The Principle of Local Control

• The replication is used with local control to reduce the

experimental error.
• For example, if the experimental units are divided into
different groups such that they are homogeneous within
the blocks, then the variation among the blocks is
eliminated and ideally, the error component will contain
the variation due to the treatments only. This will, in
turn, increase the efficiency
REFERENCES
• https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/research-design-
introduction-contents-and-types/48714
• https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-design/
• https://universalteacher.com/1/significance-of-research-design/
• https://www.formpl.us/blog/correlational-research
• https://itfeature.com/design-of-experiment-doe/randomized-
complete-block-design
 RESEARCH DESIGN

•An impactful research design usually creates a

minimum bias in data and increases trust in the
accuracy of collected data.
•A design that produces the least margin of error
in experimental research is generally
considered the desired outcome.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
The essential elements of the research design are:
• Accurate purpose statement
• Techniques to be implemented for collecting and analyzing
research
• The method applied for analyzing collected details
• Type of research methodology
• Probable objections for research
• Settings for the research study
• Timeline
• Measurement of analysis
 RESEARCH DESIGN

• Proper research design sets your study up for success.

Successful research studies provide insights that are
accurate and unbiased.
• There are four key characteristics of research design:
• Neutrality: When you set up your study, you may have to
make assumptions about the data you expect to collect.
The results projected in the research design should be free
from bias and neutral. Understand opinions about the final
evaluated scores and conclusion from multiple individuals
and consider those who agree with the derived results.
• Reliability: With regularly conducted research, the researcher
involved expects similar results every time.. You’ll only be able to
reach the expected results if your design is reliable.
• Validity: There are multiple measuring tools available. However, the
only correct measuring tools are those which help a researcher in
gauging results according to the objective of the research.
Generalization: The outcome of your design should apply to a
population and not just a restricted sample. A generalized design
implies that your survey can be conducted on any part of a population
with similar accuracy.
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE

• Qualitative research design: Qualitative

research determines relationships between
collected data and observations based on
mathematical calculations. Theories related to a
naturally existing phenomenon can be proved or
disproved using statistical methods. Researchers rely
on qualitative research design methods that
conclude “why” a particular theory exists along with
“what” respondents have to say about it.
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE

• Quantitative research design: Quantitative research is for

cases where statistical conclusions to collect actionable
insights are essential. Numbers provide a better
perspective to make critical business decisions.
Quantitative research design methods are necessary for
the growth of any organization. Insights drawn from hard
numerical data and analysis prove to be highly effective
when making decisions related to the future of the
business.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

•True experimental designs

•Quasi-experimental
designs
•Pre-experimental designs
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

• A type of experimental design where the researcher

randomly assigns test units and treatments to the
experimental groups.
• The true experimental research design relies on
statistical analysis to approve or disprove a
hypothesis.
• It is the most accurate type of experimental design
and may be carried out with or without a pretest
on at least 2 randomly assigned dependent subjects
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

• The true experimental research design must

contain a control group, a variable that can be
manipulated by the researcher, and the
distribution must be random
QUASI-EXPIREMENTAL DESIGN

• The word "quasi" means partial, half, or pseudo.

• Therefore, the quasi-experimental research
bearing a resemblance to the true experimental
research, but not the same.
• In quasi-experiments, the participants are not
randomly assigned, and as such, they are used in
settings where randomization is difficult or
impossible.
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

•In pre-experimental research design, either a

group or various dependent groups are
observed for the effect of the application of
an independent variable which is presumed to
cause change.
•It is the simplest form of experimental
research design and is treated with no control
group.
COMPLETE RANDOMIZED DESIGN

• A completely randomized design (CRD) is the

simplest design for comparative experiments, as it
uses only two basic principles of experimental
designs: randomization and replication.
COMPLETE RANDOMIZED DESIGN

• Completely randomized designs are the simplest

in which the treatments are assigned to the
experimental units completely at random.
• This allows every experimental unit, i.e., plot,
animal, soil sample, etc., to have an equal
probability of receiving a treatment.
Randomized Complete Block Design
• The randomized complete block design (RCBD) is a
standard design for agricultural experiments in which
similar experimental units are grouped into blocks or
replicates.
• It is defined by an experiment whose treatment
combinations are assigned randomly to the experimental
units within a block.
• The defining feature of the RCBD is that each block sees
each treatment exactly once.
CORRELATIONAL DESIGN

•A correlational research design investigates

relationships between variables without the
researcher controlling or manipulating any of
them.
•A correlation reflects the strength and/or
direction of the relationship between two (or
more) variables. The direction of a correlation
can be either positive or negative.
CORRELATIONAL DESIGN