MODULE 1

CONCRETE

Types of concrete:

1. Lightweight concrete
2. High density concrete
3. Mass concrete
4. Ready-mix concrete
5. Shotcrete

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Since concrete is brittle material strong in compression but weak in tension,

reinforcing steel bars are used concrete to provide the tensile resistance. The Steel
must have appropriate deformations (lugs) to provide strong bond and
interlocking of both materials. When completely surrounded by the hardened
concrete mass, it forms an integral part of two materials, known as reinforced
concrete.

Steel reinforcements
Rebar (short for renforcing bar) also known as reinforcing steel, is a steel bar or
mesh of steel wires used primarily as a tension device in reinforced concrete and
reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. In
some instances, rebars are also used as compression reinforcements.

BASIC LOAD COMBINATIONS (NSCP 2015 Sec 203.3.1)

Where load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions thereof
shall resist the most critical effects from the combinations of factored loads:

1.4(D+F)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(L or R)
1.2D+ 1.6(L or R) + (f1L OR 0.5W)
1.2 D+ 1.0W+ f1L + 0.5(L or R)
1.2+ 1.0E+ f1L
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

Where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load
F = load due to fluids well- defined pressure and maximum heights
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
P = ponding load
R = rain load on the undeflected roof
T = self straining and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials,
movement due to differential settlement, or combination thereof
W = load due to wind pressure
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8kPa, and
for garage live load.
f1 = 0.5 for other live loads
The common load combinations for most applications are the following:

1.2D+ 1.6L
1.2D+ f1L + 1.0W
1.2D + f1L + 1.0E
0.9D + 1.0W
0.9D + 1.0E

Note that in equations (2) and (3) maximum wind load and earthquake forces are
applied simultaneously since both are extreme and the statistical probability of
these two occurring simultaneously is nil.
The latter two load combinations are applied for tall structures and retaining walls
to ensure stability against overturning

EXAMPLE:
Determine the design moment for beam shown with a dead load of 35kN/m and
a live load of 15kN/m. The beam span length is 7m
WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS (ELASTIC BEHAVIOR)

Allowable Stresses (NSCP 2015, 429.4.1) (NSCP 2010, 424.4.1)

Concrete
1. Flexure
Extreme fiber stress in compression 0.45f′c
2. Shear
Beams and one-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete, vc (1/11)f′c
Maximum shear carried by concrete plus
(3/8)f′c
shear reinforcement, vc
Joists:
Shear carried by concrete, vc (1/11)f′c
Two-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete, vc but not greater
(1/12)(1+2/βc)f′c
than (1/6)f′c
3. Bearing on loaded area 0.3f′c

Steel Reinforcement
1. Grade 280 reinforcement 140 MPa
2. Grade 420 reinforcement or greater and
170 MPa
welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)
3. For flexural reinforcement, 10 mm or less in
diameter, in one-way slabs of not more than 4 0.50fy
m span but not greater than 200 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete(NSCP 2015 Sec 419.2.2.1) (NSCP 2010 408.6.1)

For weight of concrete, wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3

Ec=wc1.50 0.043f′c (MPa)

For normal weight concrete

'
Ec=4700 f c
(MPa)

Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Reinforcement (NSCP 408.6.2)

For non-prestressed reinforcement
Es=200000 MPa
Modular Ratio (NSCP 2015 Sec 429.6.4) (NSCP 2010 Sec 424.6.4)

It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio,

n=Es/Ec as the nearest whole number (but not less than 6).

Modular Ratio for Beams with Compression Steel (NSCP 2015 Sec 429.6.5) (NSCP
424.6.5)

In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective modular ratio of 2n shall

be used to transform compression reinforcement for stress computations.
 WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS

Assumptions in WSD

1. Plane section remains plane before and after bending.

2. Concrete stress varies from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the
extreme fiber.
3. Concrete do not carry tensile stress. All tensile stress will be carried by steel
reinforcement.
4. The steel and concrete are perfectly bond so that no slippage between
the two will occur.

Consider a relatively long simply supported beam shown below. Assume the load
wo to be increasing progressively until the beam fails. The beam will go into the
following three stages:

1. Working Stress Analysis – Uncracked Stage

At this stage, the gross section of the concrete will resist the bending which means
that the beam will behave like a solid beam made entirely of concrete.
The beam will behave elastically and remains uncracked. The tensile stress of
concrete is below rupture.

Cracking Moment (NSCP 2015 Sec. 424.2.3.5) NSCP 2010, Section 409.6.2.3

Modulus of rupture of concrete, fr  0.62λ fc' (MPa)

fr=7.5 f′c (psi)

 fr Ig
Cracking moment, Mcr  (NSCP 2015 Sec. 424.2.3.5)
yt

Where
Ig = Moment of inertia of the gross section neglecting reinforcement
yt = distance from centroid of gross section to extreme tension fiber

2. Working Stress Analysis – Cracked Stage

Transformed Section Stress strain diagram

The location of the neutral axis is determined by summing of the moments of the
areas above and equating this to the sum of moments of the area below the
neutral axis
ΣMoment of area above = ΣMoment of area below
bc(c/2)=nAs(d−c)
b 2
c  nAs c  nAs d  0
2
By quadratic equation:
 nAs  (nAs )2  4(b/2)(nAs d)
c
b
As
But steel ratio, ρ  or As  ρbd
bd

c  (nρ  (nρn2  2nρ ) d

Moment of Inertia of the transformed section:

bc 3
INA   nAs(d  c)2
3
Bending stresses or flexural stresses:
fb=Mc/I

fc = M c/INA (concrete)
fs/n = M(d−c)/INA (Tension steel)

3. Ultimate Stress Stage - Beam Failure

DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS (WSD)

Doubly reinforced beams are called as such because aside from tension
reinforcements there are also compression reinforcements as shown where the
section is subjected to positive moment, tension at the bottom and compression
at the top.Doubly reinforced sections are resorted to when large moments have
to be resisted but there are limitations to the beam size. Thus, additional moment
capacity is provided by introducing compression bars together with an increase in
the tension bars.

Creep flow is the plastic flow of concrete that occurs slowly over a long period of
time when the concrete member is under a constant compressive stress.

Concrete will undergo additional shortening or contraction.

Creep flow = 2n

Compression Area:
(bc - As’) + (2n As’)
(bc) +(2n - 1) As’

Therefore, the two terms above can now be considered as two regular polygons.

Flexural Stress:

fs’/2n=M(c - d’) / INA (compression steel)

A rectangular reinforced concrete beam with width of 250 mm and effective
depth of 500 mm is subjected to 150 kN·m bending moment. The beam is
reinforced with 4 – 25 mm ø bars. Use modular ratio n = 9.
What is the maximum stress of concrete?
What is the maximum stress of steel?
What is the total compressive force in concrete?
A reinforced concrete beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 600 mm.
It is reinforced with 4-32 mm diameter bars for tension. f’c = 21 MPa and fy =
275 MPa. Find the moment capacity of the beam. Assume cracked stage.
Assume the sections have cracked and used the transformed area method to
compute the stresses for the beam loaded shown.
Determine the flexural stresses using transformed area method. Compute also the
compressive force on the concrete.
A beam has a simple span length of 8.5m. Find the maximum deflection due to a
uniform load of 15kN/m and the beam weight. Use fc’ = 20Mpa and unit weigh of
concrete = 24Kn/m^3.
Example: determine the maximum concrete and steel stresses for the section
shown when subjected to a positive moment of 170Kn-m. Use fc’ 0f 30Mpa.
Compute the allowable resisting moment of the section shown. Assume
fc=1600psi, fs=fs’=24000 psi and n=9.
Determine the cracking moments of the sections shown:

1.
2.
3.
MODULE 2
DESIGN OF BEAM USING ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

METHOD BASED ON THE NSCP2015

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

a  β1c

The value of β1 has been established by the NSCP as follows:

(NSCP 2015 Sec 422.2.2.4.3)

F x 0
C c  Ts
'
0.85fc A c  A s fy
'
0.85fc ab  A s fy

M  0
 a
Mn  (C c or Ts ) d  
 2

According to the NSCP(Table 421.2.2), the usable portion of the nominal moment
capacity is only 90% or a reduction factor = 0.90. This is applicable to tension
controlled classification where the tensile strain of the rebar exceeds 0.005
Also, USD requires that Mu (ultimate moment)

Mu  φMn
Flexural members are required to be ductile. These members are designed to
undergo ductile failure when their ultimate capacities are reached. Ductile failure
is preferred over brittle failure because failure for the former is slow in developing
and more than adequate tell-tale manifest before the section collapses. In
contrast, brittle failure is sudden with little or no warning leading to disastrous
consequences.

Maximum steel ratio, ρmax:

In order to ensure that the flexural member will be ductile, the amount of the
tension reinforcement is controlled. The NSCP ensures that the flexural member
will be under reinforced by prescribing a minimum strain of 0.004 for the tensile
Reinforcement(NSCP 2015 Sec 409.3.3.1). It must be noted that under reinforced
beam sections will have larger strains in the tensile rebars.

From the stress strain diagram:

c 0.003 3
 
d 0.003  0.004 7

From equilibrium equation:

C c  Ts
'
0.85fc ab  A s fy
'
0.85fc ab A s fy

bd bd

As
Introducing the notation ρ 
bd

0.85β1fc'  c 
ρ  
fy  d

0.85β 1fc'  3 
ρ max   
fy 7
Minimum steel ratio, ρmin:

Also, the code has a minimum steel ratio with the same objective of making the
beam section ductile. If the steel reinforcements are too few, then the effect of
the steel reinforcements is no longer felt as if the section is pure concrete only.
Concrete being a brittle material, will lead to brittle failure if the amount of
tension reinforcement is negligible. Therefore, there is a need to provide a
minimum amount of steel reinforcements. This is specified in NSCP 2010 410.6.1.
where

0.25 fc' b w d
Minimum Area of steel, As min 
fy

0.25 fc'
ρ min 
fy

However the NSCP stipulates further that this steel ratio should not be lower than
1.4/fy.
Analysis of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

The analysis procedure is outlined below:

1. Determine the ρmin and ρmax

2. Determine the actual steel ratio ρact

3. Compare the actual steel ratio ρact with ρmin and ρmax
if ρact > ρmax then use ρ = ρmax
in this situation the existing reinforcement exceed the NSCP maximum limit. Thus,
only the amount of reinforcements corresponding limit is valid
if ρact < ρmin then use ρ = ρmin or ρ = (4/3)ρact
in this situation, the existing reinforcement also are below the NSCP minimum limit.
However the NSCP has a provision (Art. 409.6.1.3) that states that the minimum
steel requirement can be waived if an additional 1/3 of the required
reinforcement is provided. Conversely, for an existing beam section with
reinforcements below the NSCP limit, then only 4/3 of the actual reinforcements
will be counted
if ρmax > ρact > ρmin then use ρ = ρact
this is the case where the NSCP steel reinforcement limits are complied
with and thus no reduction in the actual reinforcements is made

4. solve for area of steel, A s  ρbd

5. C = T and solve for “a” (with assumptions, if steel will yield(fs < fy) or steel does
not yield(fs ≥ fy)

6. Check assumptions

7. Solve for reduction factor

8. Determine the moment capacity

Design of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

The design of beams to resist the factored moment is made up of two parts:

1. Determining the required section size defined by bd2 which is similar to

the section modulus
2. Determining the amount of reinforcements

The NSCP requires that

Mu  φMn

Mu  φMn

Mu
 Mn
φ

Mu  a
 Ts d  
φ  2

Mu  a
 As fy  d  
φ  2

Mu  As fy 
 As fy  d  
φ  1.7fc'b 

Mu  As fy 
 As fy 1 d
φ  1.7fc'bd 

Mu As fy  As fy  2
 1 bd
φ bd  1.7fc'bd 

Mu  ρ fy  2
 ρfy 1 bd
φ  1.7fc' 

 ρ fy 
Rn  ρfy 1 
 1.7fc'  …………coefficient of resistance

Mu  φRnbd 2

0.85fc'  2Rn 
ρ 1 1 
fy  0.85fc' 

The design procedure can be formulated as follows:

1. Solve for Rn
2. Solve for ρ, ρmin, ρmax
3. Solve for As
4. Compute for a and c
5. Check if tension controlled
6. If no, designed as DRB
7. If yes, designed as SRB and compute the number of bars
A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties
Beam width, b = 320 mm
Effective depth, d = 640 mm
fc’ = 25 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
Service dead load moment, Mdl = 250 kN-m
As = 4-25mm RSB
Determine the service live load moment if the beam is to be designed as singly
reinforced. USE 2015 NSCP
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with b = 300mm,
d = 500mm, As = 9-28mm. Assume fc’ = 34 MPa, fy=414 MPa. USE 2015 NSCP
Given the following properties of a rectangular concreten beam, b=280mm, d
=480mm, fc’ = 21 MPa, fy =415 MPa. The beam is reinforced for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
A. When the beam is reinforced with 3-25mm diameter bars
B. When the beam is reinforced with 4-25mm diameter bars
C. When the beam is reinforced with 7-25mm diameter bars
A simply supported beam shown is to support a total dead load of 5kN/m.
Determine the live load that the beam can resist in accordance with the
requirements of NSCP2015. Use fc’ = 35Mpa and Grade 40. The reinforcements
shown are 5-16mm bars.
A 350mm x 500mm rectangular beam is reinforced for tension only with 5-28mm
bars. The beam has an effective depth 0f 446mm. The beam carries a uniform
dead load of 4.5kN/m including its own weight, a uniform live load of 3kN/m and
a concentrated dead load of P and 2P as shown below. Assume fy=414MPa,
fc’=34.5MPa. Calculate the following
A. The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m
B. The maximum value of P in kN.

2P P

2m 2m 2m
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth to
tension bars of 600mm. Compression reinforcement if needed will be placed at a
depth of 60mm below the top. If fc’=30MPa and fy=414MPa, determine the
tension steel area if the beam is to resist an ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth of
550mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6m and is used to carry a
uniform dead load of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of 4o kN/m. Assume
fc’=21MPa and fy=312MPa
A. Determine the maximum tension steel area for singly reinforced condition
B. Determine the required tension steel area
C. Determine the required number of 25mm diameter tension bars.
MODULE 3
BEAMS WITH IRREGULAR SECTIONS (T-BEAMS)

Effective width “be” of T beams (Sec 406.3.2 NSCP 2015)

Analysis of Irregular Sections
Analyses of irregular sections are common. For shapes with several webs, these
webs can be moved transversely and combined as a single web. However the
effective width of the concrete compression flange should be determined
beforehand.

The procedure is outlined and discussed below:

1. Determine the effective width “be” based on NSCP requirements

2. Check As min using NSCP requirement (Sec 409.6.1)
3. Solve for the area of concrete, Ac(with assumptions: if steel will yield or will not
yield)
4. Compute the area of flange, Af and compare it to Ac
5. Solve the value of a and c, check assumptions
6. Solve for the reduction factor
7. Calculate the capacity, Mu= Mn
The beams are supported by 300mm x 300mm, columns on both ends 8 m apart,
center to center. All units in the figure is in millimeters.
Find the effective flange width of the Tsection of Beam A
Find the effective flange width of the Tsection of Beam B
Refer to the T-beam shown. The material strengths are f’c = 28 MPa for concrete
and fy = 415 for steel.
A. What is the ultimate capacity if tension steel used are 6-28 mm φ bars
B. What is the ultimate capacity if tension steel used are 6-32 mm φ bars
Given the following properties of a T beam
Flange width = 900mm
Flange thickness = 120mm
Width of web = 400mm
Effective depth = 580mm
fc’=30MPa
fy=345MPa
As = 8500mm2
Mdl=50kNm
Compute the factored live load moment
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown . Assume fy = 345MPa
and fc’ = 21MPa

775mm

3-25mm

75mm

375mm
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown . Assume fy = 345MPa
and fc’ = 21MPa
Compute the moment capacity of the beam shown. Assume fy=345MPa, fc’ =21MPa

125 125 125

125

500

4-32mm

75

Compute the required As of the beam shown. Assume fy=345MPa, fc’ =21MPa, d’ =
75mm
A. Mu = 200 KN-m
B. Mu = 500 KN-m

125 125 125

125

500

4-32mm

75
A hollow beam shown below has fc’=28MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Assume d’=75mm
Calculate the required tension steel area when Mu = 800 kN-m
Calculate the required tension steel area when Mu = 1200 kN-m

150

500

150

125 250 125

Given the following properties of a T beam:
Effective flange width = 800mm
Width of web = 260mm
Effective depth = 500 mm
Flange thickness t = 125mm
Concrete compressive strength = 24 MPa
Steel yield strength = 345MPa
Determine the required tension steel area for the following load combinations
A. Mdl = 150 kN-m, Mll = 160 kN-m
B. Mdl = 250 kN-m, Mll = 250 kN-m
Given the following properties of a T beam
Effective flange width = 1200mm
Width of web = 300mm
Effective depth = 550 mm
Flange thickness t = 115mm
Concrete compressive strength = 23 MPa
Steel yield strength = 414MPa
The beam is reinforced with 8-16mm bars.
Determine
A. the balanced steel area
B. The ultimate moment capacity of the beam
 MODULE 4

Doubly reinforced Rectangular Beams

Consider a doubly reinforced section under positive moment shown

The tension reinforcement is required to yield by the NSCP. Thus, the tensile force
is always,

Ts  Asfy

The concrete compression force is:

Cc  0.85fc'(ab - As')

The steel compression stress is:

Cs  As' fs'

Where fs’ is the compression stress of the steel

fs'  Es εs'  fy

From the strain diagram:

εs'  c - d' (0.003)

c

c - d'
fs' (0.003)(200 000)
c

c - d'
fs' (600)  fy
c

From the equilibrium equation:

Cc  Cs  Ts

0.85fc'(ab - As')  As' fs'  Asfs  Asfy

0.85fc' ab - 0.85fc' As'As' fs'  Asfy

0.85fc' ab  As'(fs'-0.85fc' )  Asfy

Therefore,

Cc  0.85fc' ab
Cs  As'(fs'- 0.85 fc' )

 a
Mn  Cc d    Cs(d  d' )
 2

Maximum steel requirements

To ensure that the beam will be ductile, the NSCP requirement for a minimum
tensile strain of 0.004 still has to be complied with.

0.85fc' ab  As'(fs'-0.85fc' )  Asfy

Dividing both sides of the equation by “b d fy”:

0.85fc'ab As'(fs'-0.85fc') Asfy

 
bdfy bdfy bdfy

Then substituting:
a  β1c
c 3

d 7
As
ρ
bd
As'
ρ' 
bd

 fs'0.85fc' 
ρmax  ρ'    ρ ; assuming fs’=fy
 fy 

 0.85fc'   0.85fc' 
ρ max  ρ - ρ'  1  ρ max  ρ - ρ'  1 
 fy   fy 

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

The analysis procedure for a doubly reinforced beam is outlined below:

1. Determine β1 and ρmax
0.85β1fc'  3 
2. Determine ρ  As/bd and compare with ρ max   
fy 7

If ρ < ρmax then analyze as a singly reinforced rectangular beam and

follow the procedure for singly. The compression bars are conservatively
neglected in the analysis

However if ρ > ρmax then analyze as doubly and follow the steps discussed below

3. Determine ρ'  As' /bd

 0.85fc' 
4. Compare ρmax with ρ - ρ' 1 
 fy 

 0.85fc' 
ρ - ρ' 1 
 If  fy 
> ρmax
then consider only the amount of tension steel satisfying the code requirements

  0.85fc' 
As  ρmax - ρ' 1 bd
  fy 

 0.85fc' 
ρ - ρ' 1 
 If  fy  < ρmax
the original As is fully effective

5. Take equilibrium Cc  Cs  Ts (with assumptions)

6. Solve for a and c
Check assumptions
7. Solve for reduction factor
8.
9. Compute the design capacity Mu= Mn

The beam shown has a height of 600mm and a width of 300mm. determine the
maximum safe live load that the beam can carry. The dead load is the beam
weight plus a superimposed load of 15kN/m. The stirrup size is 12mm, the top bars
are 2-20mm and the bottom bars are 5-28mm. the clear distance between layers
of bottom bars is the bar size, 28mm. Use fc’ = 30Mpa, grade 60 reinforcements
and concrete cover of 50mm.
 MODULE 5

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Flexural members have two bending forces, moment and shear. Thus the design of a
beam is completed by designing it for shear. By the time that a beam is to be
designed for shear, the beam section dimensions (b and d) are already known as well
as the details of the main reinforcements.

Diagonal Tension
The diagonal tension σt is the cause for shear cracks shown. The diagonal tensile stress
can be expressed as

σt =  sinθ +  cosθ

Shear Strength

The NSCP requirement for shear capacity is that this should be greater than the
factored shear force (NSCP 422.5.1.1)

Vu  φVn

Vu = factored shear force at the section considered (NSCP 409.4.3.2)

= shear strength reduction factor (0.75 from NSCP Table 421.2.1)
Vn = nominal shear strength

Nominal Shear

In NSCP 422.5.1.1, the total nominal shear capacity is the sum of the contribution
of concrete and reinforcement shear capacities.

Vn = Vc + Vs

Minimum shear reinforcement

The minimum reinforcement requirement is cited in NSCP 409.6.3, it shall be the

greater of

bws
Av min  0.062 fc' or
fyt
bws
Av min  0.35
fyt

Maximum Shear Requirement

The NSCP has an additional requirement for maximum spacing, NSCP 409.7.6.2.2, the
additional maximum requirements are set.

If Vs  0.33 fc' b w d (the maximum spacing is lesser of d/2 or 600mm)

If Vs  0.33 fc' b w d (the maximum spacing is lesser of d/4 or 300mm)

ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

In analysis problem, the following data are given:

A. Beam dimension, bw and d
B. Material properties, fc’ and fy
C. Shear reinforcements in terms of stirrup diameter, number of vertical legs and stirrup
spacing.

The outline of the analysis procedure is discussed below:

1. Compute the value of Vc based on NSCP 422.5.5.1

2. Solve for s’ from the stirrup spacing formulas for minimum shear reinforcements as
per NSCP table 409.6.3.3. Adopt the lesser value from the two formulas.

Avfy
s'1 
0.062bw fc'

Av fy
s'2 
0.35bw

3. Solve for the threshold spacing s” from NSCP TABLE 409.7.6.2.2

Avfy
s" 
0.33bw fc'

4. Compare s, s’ and s”

A. If s > s’, the NSCP requirements for minimum shear reinforcements are violated,
thus the shear capacity is
Vu  φ 0.50Vc

B. If s” < s < s’, in this situation two more possible cases will arise based on the
comparison between the actual spacing s and the maximum spacing s max (the
least of s’, d/2 and 600mm)

i. If s > smax, this means that the actual spacing again violates the maximum
spacing requirement
Vu  φ 0.50Vc
ii. If s < smax, then the contribution of shear reinforcement Vs is needed
Vu  φ (Vc  Vs)

Av fy d
Vs 
s

C. If s < s”. In this situation, the NSCP requirements in table 409.7.6.2.2 changes the
maximum spacing of shear reinforcements as follows: smax is the least of s’, d/4
and 300mm. Again in this situation two possibilities arise.

i. If s > smax, the maximum spacing is violated. The contribution of shear

reinforcements is now reduced to
Vs  0.33 fc' b w d
 Vu  φ (Vc  Vs)
ii. If s < smax, therefore the actual spacing complies with the maximum spacing
requirements
Vu  φ (Vc  Vs)

Av fy d
Vs 
s

DESIGN PROCEDURE

Based on NSCP 418.6, there are at least three different types of spacing will be
adopted to incorporate the requirements

A. The first spacing “s0” will be 50mm (as per NSCP 418.4.2.4)
B. The second spacing “s1” will be used from 50mm to 2h from the face of support.
C. The third spacing “s2” will be used from 2h to the rest of the length of the beam
towards midspan.

The design procedure is now outlined based on the above discussions.

1. Compute the value of Vc using simplified or detailed formula.

2. Solve for Av = n (п /4)dbs2

3. Solve for s’ and s”

4. Solve for Vu at distances “d” and “2h” from the support.

5. Determine the required spacing at distance “d”

Av fy d
s
Vs
6. Determine smax

i. If s > s”, then smax =min(s’, d/2, 600mm)

ii. If s < s”, then smax =min(s’, d/4, 300mm)

7. Determine the spacing which is lesser of the required s and smax. The resulting value is
rounded down to the nearest centimeter and designate as “s1”

8. Determine “x1” equals 2h - 50mm. It is over this distance where spacing s1 will be
adopted.

9. Repeat steps 5 to 8 for Vu at a distance 2h to determine the required s 2

A 7.2m simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load has an effective
depth d=430mm and a width b=250mm. It has 2 legged 10mm diameter stirrups
spaced at 130mm on centers all throughout the beam length. Determine the
maximum ωu that the beam can carry based on the shear capacity of the beam. Use
fc’=21MPA and Grade 276 rebars.
 Determine the shear reinforcement spacing of the beam shown within and beyond 2h
from the support using 10mm diameter two legged stirrups. The beam width is
300mm, height is 700mm and effective depth of 630mm. Use fc’= 24MPa and Grade
414 stirrups

Pu=250kN

ωu=70kN/m
500kN-m
600kN-m
4m 3m
Determine the spacing of vertical stirrups near the left support of the 3m beam loaded
as shown below. The concentrated load is placed 0.5m from A. Use 10mm diameter 3
legged stirrups.
b=305mm
d=590mm
fc’=25MPa
fy=275MPa
PD=110kN
PL=140kN
wD=30kN/m
wL=34kN/m
PD, P L

w D, wL

A
B
 MODULE 6

ONE WAY SLAB

Floor systems are made up of slabs and stringers. Stringers are beams that are
supported and frame into other beams.

Slabs are classified into 2 types: one-way slabs and two-way slabs. For one-way slabs,
the action is in one direction only, namely the short direction. The load applied in the
slab will be directly transmitted in the short direction only. In contrast, the best example
for a two way slab is for a slab panel which is square in dimension. The load applied at
the center of the slab will be transmitted in two directions.
One way slabs and two way slabs are distinguished using L/S ratio as the basis. One
way slabs are for slabs having panel dimension L/S ratios greater than 2.0, whereas
two way slabs are for slabs with L/S ratios less than or equivalent to 2.0.

The floor system carries the live load directly. Therefore, these structural components
which are in the forefront in carrying live loads will have the lightest loads. Thus, the
required sizes of these flexural members will be small when based on strength
requirements only.

However, the NSCP code requires that the design should satisfy not only the strength
requirements but also the equally important serviceability requirement. Thus, for floor
system members , the NSCP Sec 407.3.1.1 requires that the serviceability requirement
be met by prescribing a minimum thickness for the slabs.

PATTERN LOADING FOR LIVE LOADS

ACI MOMENT COEFFICIENTS

One way slabs are analyzed as continuous beams over several spans. The analysis is
done by considering a slab with one meter strip which is conveniently used for SI UNITS.
The code provides empirical formulas to determine the design moments in a very
quick manner using moment coefficients. The coefficients are listed in NSCP Table
406.5.2
MAXIMUM SPACING REQUIREMENTS

From NSCP 407.7.2.3, The maximum spacing for the main reinforcements is lesser of 3
time the slab thickness or 450mm.

In the same article, the maximum spacing for the temperature bars is lesser of 5 time
the slab thickness or 450mm
MINIMUM MAIN REINFORCEMENTS REQUIREMENTS

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS

The provisions for shrinkage and temperature reinforcements are found in NSCP 424.4

Design a one way slab based on the figure shown below. The slab has a
superimposed dead load of 2.5 kPa and live load of 2.0 kPa. Use 10mm diameter bars.
Also used fc’=22MPa and fy=276MPa. Assume that the slab is indoors. Unit weight of
concrete=24 kN/cu.m.
 0.30m 2.70m 0.50m 2.70m
0.30m