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1 This is a three-dimensional diagram of a plant cell.

(a) Name the structures labelled A, B, C, and D.

(4)
A ....................................................................................
B ....................................................................................
C ....................................................................................
D ...................................................................................
(b) Structure E is a chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are not found in animal cells.
(i) Give the letter of another structure shown in the diagram but not found in animal cells.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain why some plant cells contain many chloroplasts, some plant cells contain few chloroplasts
and some plant cells contain no chloroplasts.
(3)
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(c) Ribosomes are found in plant cells and in animal cells.
Name the process that occurs at the ribosomes.
(1)
......................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
2 The photograph shows a type of fish called a salmon.

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Some humans eat salmon as a source of protein.
Protein is a component of a balanced diet.
(a) Which statement describes what happens to salmon protein in the human stomach?
(1)
A it is digested into amino acids
B its surface area is increased by bile
C its pH is raised by hydrochloric acid
D it is absorbed by villi
(b) The table lists other components of a balanced diet and their functions.
Complete the table by giving a function of each component.
The first one has been done for you.
(3)

(Total 4 marks)
3 This apparatus can be used to show osmosis.

(a) Explain what happens to the level of the sucrose solution in the glass tube.
(3)
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(b) Describe how this apparatus could be modified to measure the rate of osmosis at
different temperatures.
(3)
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......................................................................................
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(Total 6 marks)
4 The diagram shows a sperm cell from a rat.

(a) (i) Describe the role of a sperm cell.

(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Describe the structures found in part B.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Explain why part A contains many mitochondria.
(2)
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
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(b) Nicotine is a chemical found in cigarettes.
A scientist investigates how nicotine affects sperm cells.
The scientist gives male rats different concentrations of nicotine.
He then calculates the percentage of damaged sperm cells in the semen
produced by each rat.
The table shows his results.

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(i) The sample of semen from a rat given a nicotine concentration of 1.0 mg per kg
contains 5.8 × 10 7 sperm cells.
Calculate the number of damaged sperm cells in this sample.
(2)

number = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The scientist concludes that cigarette smoking could make male humans infertile.
Discuss this conclusion.
(5)
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(Total 12 marks)
5 (a) A student investigates the sugar content of four different fruit juices.
This is the student’s method.
• add 5 cm 3 of fruit juice to a boiling tube
• add 5 cm 3 of Benedict’s solution to the boiling tube
• place the boiling tube in a water bath at 70 °C for three minutes
• remove the boiling tube and record the colour of the solution
The student uses this method for each of the four fruit juices.
The table shows the student’s results.

(i) Give two variables that the student controls in his investigation.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................

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(ii) Give the juices A, B, C and D in order of sugar content, from highest to lowest.
(2)

(iii) The student is now given sugar solutions with concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10% and 20%.
Explain how the student could use these solutions to estimate the concentration of sugar in the four
fruit juices.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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(b) Some fruit juices contain high concentrations of sugar.
These fruit juices increase the number of bacteria in the mouth.
This may lead to an increase in tooth decay.
(i) Suggest why high concentrations of sugar may increase tooth decay.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain another health risk to children who drink fruit juices with high concentrations of sugars.
(2)
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(Total 11 marks)
6 A scientist investigates the effect of exercise on breathing rate.
She measures the breathing rate in breaths per minute of two people, P and Q, every
5 minutes for 30 minutes.
This is her method.
• measure their breathing rate every 5 minutes while they exercise for 20 minutes
• measure their breathing rate every 5 minutes for a further 10 minutes while
they recover from the exercise
The table shows her results.

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(a) (i) Plot a line graph of the results for person P and person Q.
Use a ruler to join your points with straight lines.
(6)

(ii) Explain the change in breathing rate during exercise.

(3)
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(iii) Explain why the breathing rates of persons P and Q remain high for five minutes
after they have finished exercising.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The time taken to recover from exercise is often a good measure of fitness.
The scientist concluded that person P is much fitter than person Q.
Comment on the validity of this conclusion.
(4)
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(Total 15 marks)
7 (a) Animals produce hormones to communicate between cells.
(i) Which hormone causes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls?
(1)
A adrenaline B oestrogen
C progesterone D testosterone
(ii) Which hormone causes an increased blood flow to the muscles during exercise?
(1)
A adrenaline B insulin
C progesterone D testosterone
(iii) Which of these is a correct statement about hormones?
(1)
A they always produce short-term changes B they are carried by neurones
C they are transported in the plasma D they always produce a rapid response
(Total 3 marks)
8 Bags made from starch are better for the environment than plastic bags made from fossil fuels.
Bags made from starch are decomposed by microorganisms such as soil fungi.
(a) (i) Which of these is a feature of fungi?
(1)
A chloroplasts in the cytoplasm B starch stored in the cytoplasm
C thread-like hyphae D walls made of cellulose
(ii) The soil fungi release an enzyme called amylase that digests the bag.
What is the product of this digestion?
(1)
A amino acids B fatty acids
C glycerol D maltose
(Total 2 marks)

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9 The diagram shows a nephron from a human kidney, with parts labelled A, B, C and D.

(a) Use the diagram and your knowledge of kidney function to answer these questions.
(i) Where does ultrafiltration take place?
(1)
A B
C D
(ii) Where does reabsorption of glucose take place?
(1)
A B
C D
(iii) Which part responds to a change in ADH?
(1)
A B
C D
(b) A kangaroo rat is a mammal that lives in hot desert regions of America.
(i) In kangaroo rats, the tissue surrounding the collecting duct contains a high
concentration of ions.
Explain how this feature enables kangaroo rats to survive in the desert.
(3)
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(ii) Kangaroo rats stay underground during the day and only come out to feed at night.
Explain how this behaviour enables kangaroo rats to survive in the desert.
(2)
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......................................................................................
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(iii) Kangaroo rats rarely drink water.
Suggest where they get their water from.
(1)
......................................................................................
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(Total 9 marks)
10(c) Human females generally reach puberty between the ages of 11 and 16.
At puberty, hormonal changes occur that cause females to start ovulating.
(i) The table lists the four hormones involved in controlling the menstrual cycle.
It also shows the source of secretion and a function of each hormone.
Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(4)

(ii) The chart shows the changes in the levels of the four hormones during the menstrual cycle.

Each letter, P, Q, R and S, represents a different hormone.

Give the correct letter for each hormone.
(3)
FSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oestrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Progesterone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total 7 marks)
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11 The surface area of a lung is increased because there are many small alveoli rather thanone large
one.
(a) A student uses cubes as a model to estimate the additional surface area gained
by having many small alveoli.
He uses this method.
● calculate the volume of a large cube with side length 20 cm
● calculate the number of small cubes with side length 1 cm that have the same total volume as the
large cube
● calculate the surface area of the large cube
● calculate the total surface area of all the small cubes
The student assumes that the small cubes are not touching so all their surfaces are exposed.
The table shows the student’s results.
(i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the ratio of the total surface area of the small cubes to the surface
area of the large cube.
(1)

ratio = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Evaluate the student’s model as a representation of the lungs.
(2)
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
......................................................................................
................................................................................... ..
(c) The results show that many alveoli increase the surface area, which will increase
the rate of diffusion.
Explain three other ways that alveoli are adapted to maximise gas exchange.
(3)

1 ....................................................................................
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......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
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3 ....................................................................................
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(Total 8 marks)

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12 (a) Diagram 1 shows a section through an eye with parts labelled A to F.

(i) Give the letter that labels the cornea.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Give the letter that labels a jelly-like fluid.
(1)
......................................................................................
(iii) Give the function of part A.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Diagram 2 shows a section through the eye of a person with a detached retina.

Suggest how a detached retina could affect vision.

(2)
......................................................................................
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(Total 5 marks)

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13 Sperm cells are involved in fertilisation.
(a) The diagram shows a human sperm cell.

(i) Label the nucleus of this sperm cell.

(1)
(ii) State the number of chromosomes in the nucleus of this sperm cell.
(1)
......................................................................................
(iii) State what is meant by the term fertilisation.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
14 Pneumoconiosis is a lung disease caused by breathing in coal dust particles.
The X-ray shows the lungs of a person with pneumoconiosis.

Coal dust particles collect in the alveoli and cannot be removed.

Cells grow around these coal dust particles, forming tissue that traps the particles.
(a) State what is meant by the term tissue.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Suggest why pneumoconiosis reduces the ability of a person to exercise.
(5)
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......................................................................................
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(c) In the UK, in 2013, breathing in dust particles resulted in diseases that caused 260 000 deaths.
The graph shows the number of these deaths caused by breathing in dust particles
of asbestos, coal and silica.

(i) Calculate the number of deaths in the UK, in 2013, caused by breathing in
dust particles other than asbestos, coal or silica.
(2)

number of deaths = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give two conclusions that can be made from the data in the graph.
(2)
1.....................................................................................
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.....................................................................................
2.....................................................................................
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(Total 10 marks)
15 Yeast is a fungus used in the production of beer.
(a) (i) Name the part of a yeast cell that is made of chitin.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Name the carbohydrate stored in the cytoplasm of a yeast cell.
(1)
......................................................................................

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(b) In beer production, yeast releases carbon dioxide as a waste product.
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the effect of temperature on
carbon dioxide production in yeast.

The student counts the number of carbon dioxide bubbles released per minute at
different temperatures.
The table shows the student’s results.

(i) Describe how the student could change the temperature of the water during
the investigation.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Describe how the student makes sure that the yeast cells respire anaerobically.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Give the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)
......................................................................................
(iv) Give three ways in which the student could improve this investigation.
(3)
1.....................................................................................
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2.....................................................................................
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3.....................................................................................
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(Total 8 marks)
16 (a) The table lists descriptions of what happens in different human organs.
Complete the table by giving the correct organ for each description.
The first one has been done for you.
(4)

(b) Describe the structure of the kidney.

Refer to the structure of the nephron in your answer.
(5)
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(Total 9 marks)

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17 The diagram shows the human circulatory system, with blood vessels labelled A to N.

(a) The table lists some of the blood vessels in the human circulatory system.
Complete the table by giving the correct letter for each blood vessel.
The first one has been done for you.
(4)

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(b) Use letters from the diagram to answer these questions.
(i) Which blood vessel contains blood with the highest concentration of oxygen?
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Which blood vessel carries blood at the highest pressure?
(1)
......................................................................................
(iii) Which blood vessel is an artery that carries blood with a high concentration of
carbon dioxide?
(1)
......................................................................................
(c) Scientists have developed a synthetic material that can be used to replace damaged arteries.
State two properties that this synthetic material should have so that it can act as a
suitable replacement for damaged arteries.
(2)
1.....................................................................................
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2.....................................................................................
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(Total 9 marks)
18 The body controls its internal environment.
One example of this is control of the concentration of the blood.
(a) (i) Give the name for controlling the internal environment.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Give the name for controlling the concentration of the blood.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) A person entering a warm environment may become dehydrated as the concentration
of the blood changes.
Explain how the concentration of their blood is restored.
(4)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
....................................................................................

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(c) A person’s response to a changing environment involves communication by nervesand by
hormones.
State three differences between communication by nerves and communication by hormones.
(3)
1.....................................................................................
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2.....................................................................................
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3.....................................................................................
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(Total 9 marks)
19 The passage describes carbohydrates used in different organisms.
Complete the passage by writing a suitable word in each blank space.
(10)
Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plant cell walls are made of the carbohydrate, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Plants store
carbohydrate as starch. The starch in plant cells is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,so it has no osmotic
effect on the cell. The simple test for starch is to add a few drops of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If the test is positive, the solution changes colour from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The storage carbohydrate in animals is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., which is
found mainly in the muscles and in the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. If the blood glucose
concentration increases then the hormone, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., is releasedby the . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This causes the conversion of blood glucoseinto the storage
carbohydrate.
(Total 10 marks)
20

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 (3)
A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(1)
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(Total 10 marks)
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21

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1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................................................................
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..................................................................................
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................................................................
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(Total 10 marks)
22

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(Total 7 marks)

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23 The diagram shows the alimentary canal of a rabbit with some parts labelled.

(a) The table lists descriptions of some parts of the alimentary canal.
Complete the table by giving the correct part from the diagram to match each description.
One has been done for you.
(3)

(b) Explain how the liver helps digestion in the alimentary canal.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
(c) Rabbits eat grass.
The diagram shows the cell wall of a leaf cell from a grass plant.
Complete the diagram by drawing and labelling other structures in this leaf cell.
(3)

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 (d) Grass cell walls are made of cellulose.
Rabbits cannot digest cellulose.
Bacteria living in the large intestine of rabbits can digest cellulose into glucose.
Rabbits eat their own faeces to obtain this glucose.
(i) Give two differences between the structure of bacterial cells and the structure
of plant cells.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(ii) Describe a test to show that rabbit faeces contain glucose.
(3)
......................................................................................
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(Total 14 marks)
24 Human blood contains red blood cells and white blood cells.
Different situations can cause changes in the numbers of these blood cells.
The table shows some of these changes.

(a) Explain why poor diet can cause a change in the number of red blood cells.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
(b) Suggest why athletes often live at high altitude before competing in a long distance race.
(2)
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(c) Explain how the change in the number of white blood cells during therapy for
cancer could be a risk to the patient.
(4)
......................................................................................
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(Total 8 marks)
25 All living cells contain enzymes.
(a) Describe the role of enzymes in cells.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The table lists some enzymes, where they are produced and their function.
Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(5)

(c) Explain how changes in temperature affect the activity of an enzyme.

(4)
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
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(Total 11 marks)
26 The diagram shows a nephron from a human kidney.

(a) Name the structures labelled A, B, C and D.

(4)
A ...................................................................................
B ....................................................................................
C ...................................................................................
(b) The nephron produces urine that flows out of tube A to the bladder.
Explain how changes in the composition of this liquid are brought about
when a person is dehydrated (short of water).
(6)
......................................................................................
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(Total 10 marks)

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27 Human lungs and plant leaves both contain gas exchange surfaces.
These gas exchange surfaces have a number of features in common.
(a) The diagram shows a cross-section through human lung tissue.

Explain, with reference to features shown in the diagram, how lung tissue enables
efficient gas exchange.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
(b) Explain how the structure of a leaf is adapted for efficient gas exchange.
(4)
......................................................................................
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(Total8 marks)
28 The diagram shows a section through the skin.

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 (a) Name the structures labelled A, B and C.
(3)
A ...................................................................................
B ....................................................................................
C ...................................................................................
(b) Explain the changes that occur in structures B and C when a person responds to
being in a cold environment.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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(Total 8 marks)
29 A meal contains different food components.
(a) The table lists some of the components in the meal.
Complete the table by giving the function of each component.
One has been done for you.
(4)

(b) Describe a test to show that the meal contains glucose.

(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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(c) The meal also contains lipids and proteins.
(i) Give the three chemical elements found in lipids and also found in proteins.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) The table lists two substances involved in the digestion of lipids.
Complete the table by naming an organ that produces each substance.
(2)

(Total 10 marks)
30 (a) When a person touches the spine of a cactus plant, they quickly withdraw their hand.
The diagram shows the reflex arc involved in this response.

(i) Give the name of neurone P.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Describe what happens at R.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Draw a labelled diagram of the motor neurone involved in this response.
(3)

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(iv) Explain the role of the motor neurone in this response.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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(Total 7 marks)
31 The diagram shows a yeast cell.

(a) (i) Give the letter of the part made of chitin.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Give the letter of the part made of glycogen.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells produces a gas.
Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast cells.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(c) A student uses this apparatus to investigate the effect of temperature on

anaerobic respiration in yeast.

The student uses the water bath to control the temperature of the yeast in glucose solution.
He measures the rate of anaerobic respiration by counting the number of gas bubbles produced in
one minute.
The table shows the student’s results.

Page | 30
 (i) Plot a graph to show the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines.
(5)

(ii) Explain the role of the liquid paraffin in this investigation.

(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Explain how the student could modify his method to improve his results.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 31
(iv) Explain the results obtained at 20ᴼC and at 52ᴼC.
(4)
20ᴼC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
52ᴼC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 17 marks)
32 If a person drinks a lot of water, the water content of their blood will increase.
(a) Describe how the water content of their blood is regulated.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(b) Explain why red blood cells would be damaged if the water content of the blood increased.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)

Page | 32
33 (a) The diagram shows part of the human thorax.

(i) Give the names of structures P, Q and R.

(3)
P ....................................................................................
Q ...................................................................................
R ....................................................................................
(ii) Explain the role of structure S when a person breathes out.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Asthma is a disease that narrows the airways in the lungs.
A peak flow test is used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
The test measures how fast you can blow air out of your lungs.
The test involves blowing as hard as you can into a small device called a peak flow meter.
Blowing into the peak flow meter moves a slider along the measurement scale.

These instructions are provided to help measure peak flow.

Step 1 Sit or stand still
Step 2 Set the meter to zero, make sure your fingers are not touching the slider
and that the meter is horizontal
Step 3 Breathe in as deeply as you can, then breathe out as quickly and as hard
as you can into the peak flow meter
Page | 33
 Step 4 Record the measurement when you have finished breathing out
Step 5 Repeat the procedure three times
(i) Suggest the unit that is used to measure peak flow.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the instructions in step 2 are necessary.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the instructions in step 5 are necessary.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Bronchodilators are drugs that reduce the symptoms of asthma.
Suggest how bronchodilators might improve the peak flow of a person with asthma.
(2)
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
......................................................................................
....................................................................................
(Total 13 marks)
34 The passage describes hormones and coordination.
Complete the passage by writing a suitable word in each blank space.
(9)
Hormones are chemicals that are produced by endocrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .and
are secreted into the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The hormones are thentransported to target
cells in another part of the body. Males have testes that produce the sex hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
that causes body hair to grow. Females have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that produce the
sex hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and progesterone.
The pancreas produces hormones that regulate blood glucose. One of these hormones,called . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., stimulates the conversion of blood glucoseto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
in the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Another hormone causes the heart rate to increase in response to danger.
This hormone is called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total 9 marks)

Page | 34
35 Substances move in and out of cells using different processes.
(a) Complete the table by giving the process used for each example of substance movement.
(3)

(b) Explain how the structure of the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption of substances.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)
36 The diagram shows a section through the human heart.

(a) (i) Give the letter of the part known as the vena cava.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Give the letters of the chambers where oxygenated blood is found.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) Describe how the structure of the aorta is adapted for its role.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The table shows the speed of blood flow in three blood vessels.
Page | 35
 (i) Blood has to travel 20 cm from a person’s heart to their renal artery.
Calculate the time taken for blood to flow from this person’s heart to their renal artery.
Show your working.
(2)

time = . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s
(ii) Explain how the speed of blood flow in the lung capillary affects gas exchange.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
37 The diagram shows part of the human breathing system.

(a) (i) Name the structures labelled A, B, and C.

(3)
A...................................................................................
..B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C....................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why the lung structure is sometimes referred to as a tree.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) Describe how ventilation of the lungs occurs when a person breathes in.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
Page | 36
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Smoking cigarettes inside public buildings has been banned in many countries.
(i) Suggest why governments have banned smoking cigarettes inside public buildings.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why children are particularly at risk from breathing in smoke from
other people’s cigarettes.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
38 A student investigates the movement of substances from the gut into the blood
using a model.
The Visking tubing bag represents the gut and water represents the blood. Visking tubing
is permeable to small molecules.

The student puts different solutions of various substances into the bag.
After 20 minutes he carries out food tests on the water.

(a) (i) Complete the table to show the results obtained by the student.
One has been done for you. (3)

Page | 37
(ii) Explain how the volume of the bag would change when it only contains starch solution.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Describe the test the student should use to find out if glucose is present in the water.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Explain how you could use this apparatus to investigate the effect of bile on the
digestion of lipid.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
39 (a) A student reads the following statement.
“the father determines the sex of a baby”
Explain why this statement is true.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows sperm cells, viewed using a microscope, from two different men.

Page | 38
Use the information in the diagram to give two reasons why man A is more fertile than man B.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The graph shows how smoking may affect the movement of sperm.

(i) The average (mean) sperm count in the semen from non-smokers is
55 million in 1 cm 3 .
Calculate the number of moving sperm in 1 cm 3 of semen from the non-smokers.
(2)

number of moving sperm = . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Use the information from the graph to explain why smoking could affect male fertility.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)

40 The diagram shows a cell from the human nervous system.

Page | 39
 (a) (i) Name the structure labelled A.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Name the structure labelled B.
(1)
......................................................................................
(iii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of a nerve impulse.
(1)
(b) Describe the role of this neurone in a simple reflex arc.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Nervous communication differs from hormonal communication.
State three ways that nervous communication differs from hormonal communication.
(3)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)

41 The passage describes how different organisms are classified into groups.
Page | 40
Complete the passage by writing a suitable word or words in each of the spaces.
(10)
Plants are multicellular organisms. They have chloroplasts to carry out
photosynthesis and cell walls made of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . They store carbohydrate as . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or as sucrose. Animals are also multicellular but do not carry out
photosynthesis. They are able to move from place to place and are always described as . . . . . . . . . .
infood chains. They store carbohydrate as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bacteria are single-celled
organisms. They do not have a nucleus. Instead, they contain a circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and smaller circles of DNA called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most bacteria feed off other living
or deadorganisms but some bacteria can make their own food by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Examples of bacteria include Lactobacillus, used in the production of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
from milk, and Pneumococcus, that acts as a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .causing the disease . . .
..............................
(Total 10 marks)
42 The diagram shows a section of a human eye.

(a) (i) Explain how part X prevents damage to the retina in very bright light.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain why damage to part Y would affect the ability to see.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(b) In some people the lens in the eye becomes cloudy.

Page | 41
 A cloudy lens is called a cataract.
(i) Explain how a cataract would affect the ability to see.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) The population of the USA is 322 million, of which 47.0% are over 40 years of age.
17.2% of the people over the age of 40 develop a cataract.
Calculate the number of people in the USA over the age of 40 who develop a cataract.
(2)

number of people = . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Cataracts develop when proteins in the lens clump together.

Lanosterol is a chemical that helps to break up these clumps of protein.
In 2015, scientists investigated the ability of lanosterol to cure cataracts. They put
drops of lanosterol solution into the eyes of rats with cataracts.
After six days of treatment they counted the number of rats with a clear lens and
the number of rats that still had cataracts.
The graph shows the results.

One conclusion from this investigation is that lanosterol cures cataracts in humans.
(i) Explain why some people might agree with this conclusion.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Give two reasons why some people do not agree with this conclusion.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................

Page | 42
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
43 Components of blood have different functions.
(a) Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(4)

(b) When a person is vaccinated, their immune system produces memory cells.
Describe the role of memory cells.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)
44 (a) Name the process that maintains a constant internal environment in the body.
(1)
......................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows a section through human skin.

Page | 43
(i) Explain how part A helps a person to maintain a constant body temperature
when they enter a warm place.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain how part B helps a person to maintain a constant body temperature
when they enter a warm place.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The body controls the water content of the blood.
(i) Name this process.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Name the organ that controls the water content of the blood.
(1)
......................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
45 (c) The deer runs away when it sees the wolf.
(i) Name the effector in this response.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) The deer releases a hormone when it sees the wolf.
Explain how this hormone helps the deer to run away.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 44
(d) The owl uses its eyes to find prey.
The diagram shows a section through the owl’s eye.

(i) Name the parts labelled A and B.

(2)
A....................................................................................
B....................................................................................
(ii) Describe the function of part A.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(iii) Describe the function of part B.

(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
46 Chemotherapy is often used to help people with cancer. Chemotherapy kills cancer cells
but may affect haemoglobin production in the body.
A drug called EPO increases haemoglobin production in the body. Scientists investigated
the effect of EPO on patients who had received chemotherapy.
They injected EPO into these patients and blood samples were taken for several months to measure
their haemoglobin levels.
The table shows the results.

Page | 45
(a) Plot a line graph to show the relationship between time and average haemoglobin level.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines.
(5)

(b) (i) Name the dependent variable in this investigation.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain how the scientists made sure their results were reliable.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(iii) The scientists controlled biotic (living) factors so their results would be valid.
Name two biotic factors that the scientists should have controlled.
(2)
1....................................................................................
2....................................................................................
(c) Cancer patients often complain of tiredness after chemotherapy.
Explain how EPO helps to reduce tiredness in these patients.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 46
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) The scientists obtained blood samples using a needle attached to a syringe.
Explain which type of blood vessel they should use to obtain the blood samples.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 17 marks)
47 (a) A person touches a sharp pin.
The diagram shows the reflex arc involved in the response to this stimulus.

(i) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.

(4)
A....................................................................................
B....................................................................................
C....................................................................................
D....................................................................................
(ii) Explain how this reflex arc protects the body.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 47
(b) Reflexes in animals and phototropism in plants are both responses to stimuli.
(i) Give two similarities between the mechanisms involved in each response.
(2)
1.....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2.....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(ii) Give two differences between the mechanisms involved in each response.
(2)
1.....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2.....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)

48 A student carries out an experiment to investigate the effect of different concentrations

of a food dye on diffusion.
(a) Describe what is meant by the term diffusion.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The student adds a different concentration of coloured food dye to each of five wells
in an agar plate.
The diagram shows the agar plate at the beginning of the experiment and after 24 hours.

Page | 48
The student does the experiment using three plates.
For each plate he measures the diameter of each circle to see how far the food dye
has diffused.
The table shows his results.

(i) Calculate the average diameter for 0.2% concentration of food dye.
(2)

average diameter = . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . cm
(ii) Describe the effect of food dye concentration on diffusion.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Explain the relationship between food dye concentration and diffusion.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) State two variables that the student should control in this experiment to ensure
that the results are valid.
(2)
1....................................................................................
2....................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
49 The passage describes human reproduction.
Complete the passage by writing a suitable word or words in each blank space.
(10)
During sexual intercourse the male’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is inserted intothe vagina. The male
gametes, known as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., arereleasedfrom the male urethra into the vagina.
The male gametes carry on swimming until onemeets a female gamete, known as the . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page | 49
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This process isfertilisation and takes place in a tube called the . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The fertilised female gamete, also known as the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., moves
down this tube. It undergoes the type of cell division called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and is now known as an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This structure may then become implanted in
the wall of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The number of chromosomes in the fertilised female
gamete is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the number found in the unfertilised gamete and is known
as the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . number.
(Total 10 marks)
50 The diagram shows some ciliated cells and goblet cells lining the wall of the
bronchioles in the lungs.

The small hairs on the surface of the ciliated cells are called cilia.
The goblet cells produce mucus. This mucus is moved by the cilia.
(a) Suggest how ciliated cells and goblet cells protect the lungs from infection.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Chemicals in cigarette smoke reduce the movement of the cilia.
Suggest why people who smoke cigarettes often have to cough.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) A scientist investigates the effect of two brands of cigarette, brand A and brand B,
on the movement of cilia.
He uses a single-celled organism called Paramecium as a model for cilia movement.
The diagram shows a Paramecium, which uses cilia on the outside of its body to move
through water.

Page | 50
The scientist obtains solutions for each brand of cigarette by placing the tobacco
into test tubes of water for 20 minutes.
Chemicals in the tobacco dissolve in the water.
• he places a Paramecium in the solution from brand A
• he places a Paramecium in the solution from brand B
• he also places a Paramecium in a control solution
• he uses a light microscope to observe the movement of the Paramecium
The graph shows his results.

(i) Describe the effects of the solutions on the movement of the cilia.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) What should the scientist use as a control solution?
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) The scientist concludes that smoking reduces the movement of cilia in human lungs.
Another scientist suggests this may not be a valid conclusion.
Give four reasons why this conclusion may not be valid.
(4)
1.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
3.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
4.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)

Page | 51
51 The structure of a bacterium differs from the structure of a virus.
(a) Name two structures found in a bacterium that are not found in a virus.
(2)
1....................................................................................
2....................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows a white blood cell and some pathogenic bacteria.

Explain how this white blood cell helps to prevent the bacteria from causing disease.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total = 5 marks)
52 Lipase is an enzyme that digests lipid into fatty acids and glycerol.
(a) Name a part of the digestive system where lipase is released.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) A drug, X, that inhibits lipase is used to help people lose weight.
Explain how inhibition of lipase helps people to lose weight.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) A scientist wants to investigate the inhibition of human lipase using different
concentrations of drug X.
The diagram shows the apparatus the scientist uses.

In the investigation one concentration of drug X is added to food containing lipid.

The percentage inhibition of lipase is measured after 10 minutes.
This is repeated using different concentrations of drug X.

Page | 52
Explain which temperature of water should be used in the apparatus throughout the investigation.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) A chemical extracted from dandelion plants also inhibits lipase.
The scientist repeats his experiment using the same range of concentrations of
this chemical.
The graph shows the scientist’s results for drug X and the chemical from dandelion plants.

(i) Calculate the difference between the concentration of drug X and the concentration
of chemical from dandelion plant extract that produces 50% inhibition.
Show your working.
(2)

difference = . . . . . . . . . . . .. . µg per cm 3
(ii) Explain how the scientist could use the apparatus from part (c) to tell if the
lipase had been inhibited.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 53
(iii) Why is drug X used at a maximum concentration of 8 µg per cm 3 ?
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 11 marks)
53 Humans need to balance the input and output of water in their bodies.
The diagram shows the various sources and average (mean) volumes of input and
output of water.

(a) Give the name of the process by which water balance in the body is maintained.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) Use the diagram to calculate the percentage of water input that comes from respiration.
Show your working.
(2)

percentage of water input = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(c) A person moves from a cold place to a hot place.
Explain how this would affect the volume of water the person loses in sweat and
the volume of water the person loses in urine.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)

Page | 54
54 The diagram shows an animal cell called a neurone.

(a) Name the three structures found in a plant cell that are not found in a neurone.
(3)
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Neurones are involved in the reflex arc that helps humans respond to stimuli.
The diagram shows a reflex arc with parts labelled A, B, C, D and E.
The arrows show the direction of the nerve impulse.

(i) Complete the table by naming each part of the reflex arc.
One has been done for you.
(4)

(ii) There is a small gap between neurone B and neurone C.

What is the name of the small gaps between neurones?
(1)
......................................................................................

Page | 55
(c) Nerve impulses can travel along neurones at 120 m/s.
The distance between the spinal cord and the foot of a human is 90 cm.
Calculate the time, in seconds, that it would take a nerve impulse to travel from
the spinal cord to the foot of this human.
Show your working.
(2)

time = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seconds
(Total 10 marks)
55 Fish and beef cattle are farmed to provide a source of protein for humans.
The graph shows changes in the global production of farmed fish and beef cattle since 1950.

(a) (i) Describe the changes in the global production of farmed fish and beef cattle since 1950.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) By 2020, the production of farmed fish is expected to be six times greater than
in 1990. Calculate the mass of farmed fish expected to be produced in 2020.
Show your working.
(2)

mass of farmed fish = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliontones

(b) Describe what happens to fish protein in the human stomach.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 56
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Many molecules in the human body are made from protein.
The table lists some protein molecules, the function of each molecule and the
place where each molecule is made.
Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(6)

(Total 15 marks)
56(b) Thesparrowhawk uses its eyes to see its prey. The photograph shows a
sparrowhawk’s eye.

(i) Name the parts labelled A and B.

(2)
A....................................................................................
B....................................................................................
(ii) The table describes other parts of the eye.
Complete the table by naming each part that is described.
(3)

(Total 5 marks)
Page | 57
57 During the cloning of mammals unfertilised eggs are collected from the female.
These unfertilised eggs are stored in a special nutrient solution before they are fertilised.
Design an investigation to find the best storage temperature for the survival of the unfertilised eggs.
Your answer should include experimental details and be written in full sentences.
(6)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
. (Total 6 marks)
58 (a) An experiment was carried out to look at the effect of exercise on heart rate.
The experimental results were collected from a group of children, both boys and girls.
The children’s heart rate was measured three times.
● at rest
● just before exercise (in anticipation of exercise)
● immediately after carrying out one minute of exercise

Page | 58
(i) Calculate the average (mean) for the student data after exercise.
Show your working.
(2)

average (mean) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . beats per minute

(ii) Name the child with an anomalous result in the data for heart rate just before exercise.
(1)
......................................................................................

(iii) Suggest why the mean value of heart rate just before exercise is different to
the mean value at rest.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iv) Name two variables that should be controlled in this experiment.
(2)
1.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(b) Long distance runners and cyclists usually have a lower than average resting heart rate.
Suggest why a low heart rate has developed in these people.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 11 marks)

Page | 59
59 (a) The table shows features found in three groups of living organisms.
Complete the table using a tick ( ) to show that the group of living organisms
shows the feature and a cross ( ) if the feature is absent.
(4)

(b) Some bacteria, fungi and protoctists are pathogens.

(i) Name another type of pathogen.
(1)
......................................................................................

(ii) Give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist.

(1)
......................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
60 The diagram shows the structure of the female reproductive organs.

(a) Name the structures labelled in the diagram.

(4)
P....................................................................................
Q....................................................................................
R....................................................................................
S....................................................................................
(b) The graph shows changes in the hormones oestrogen and progesterone during a
woman’s menstrual cycle.

Page | 60
On the graph indicate using
(i) a letter O, the day when ovulation is most likely to occur.
(1)
(ii) a letter M, the day when menstruation is likely to start.
(1)
(iii) Describe the changes that take place in structure R during the menstrual cycle.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Some women only have sexual intercourse at certain times of their menstrual cycle
in order to avoid pregnancy.
Explain why this may not be a reliable method of birth control.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) Describe the role of oestrogen at puberty.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 14 marks)
61 (a) The average gestation period of an animal is the time from fertilisation to birth.
The table contains data about the length of the average gestation period and the
average mass of the different species rather than an individual female deer.

Page | 61
 (i) Describe the relationship between mass and gestation period.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) In one of the species of deer the embryo stays dormant for some months
before it starts to develop in the uterus.
Using the information in the table, explain which species of deer this is.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The placenta supplies the embryo with nutrients during the gestation period.
Describe the role of the placenta in the development of the embryo.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
62 The eye can respond to changes in light intensity.
The diagram below shows how pupil size changes in different levels of light.

(a) Use a ruler to measure the change in pupil diameter between bright light and a dark room.
(1)

change in diameter = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Page | 62
 (b) Where in the eye are the cells that detect the change in the stimulus to cause this response?
(1)
......................................................................................
(c) Explain the changes that take place in the pupil as a person moves from bright
light into a dark room.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)

63 A student adds oil (lipid) to water.

He then puts drops of the mixture onto a microscope slide.
The diagram shows oil droplets floating on the water, as seen using a microscope.

The student then adds different solutions to four separate samples of oil droplets floating
on the water.
Diagrams A, B and C show the possible appearance of the oil droplets after each solution
is added.

(a) (i) The table lists the solutions added to the oil and water mixture.
Complete the table to show which diagram the mixture would look like after
each solution is added.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
One has been done for you.
(3)

Page | 63
 (ii) Explain why no droplets are seen after bile and lipase solution is added to the
oil and water mixture.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(b) Starch is digested in the small intestine. The small intestine contains many structures
that absorb glucose.
The diagram shows one of these structures.

(i) Name this structure.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain how this structure is adapted to absorb glucose.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 13 marks)

Page | 64
64Listeriosis is an illness caused by eating food containing the bacterium Listeria.
(a) The diagram shows the cell wall of one of these bacteria. Other structures found
in the bacterium are not shown.
Draw and label three other structures that would be found in the bacterium.
(3)

(b) Many different foods have been found to contain Listeria.

A study was carried out in the USA over a two-year period. The table shows the number
of people who became ill with listeriosis after eating different types of food. It also shows
the number of people who died as a result of becoming ill with listeriosis.

(i) Plot a bar graph to show the number of people who became ill and the number of
people who died from listeriosis after eating the different types of food.
(5)

(ii) The likelihood of a person dying from listeriosis depends on which food the
bacterium came from.
Use the information in the table to determine which type of food is most likely to cause a bacterial
infection that leads to death.
Page | 65
Show your working.
(2)

type of food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Explain how the immune system protects most people from becoming ill with listeriosis.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 15 marks)
65 The diagram shows the heart and circulation system of a fish.

(a) The circulation system and heart structure of a fish have similarities and differences
to those of a human.
Use your knowledge of human circulation and heart structure to answer these questions.
(i) What type of blood vessel is vessel A?
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) What type of heart chamber is chamber Y?
(1)
......................................................................................

Page | 66
(iii) Describe how the structure of a fish heart differs from that of a human heart.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The concentrations of the gases in the blood leaving the fish heart are different from
the concentrations of the gases in the blood leaving the human heart in the aorta.
Explain the differences in the concentrations of gases.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Explain why the pressure of the blood returning to the fish heart is lower than the
pressure of the blood returning to the human heart.
(2)
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(Total 11 marks)
66 Bacteria, fungi and protoctists can cause disease and have features common to all
living organisms.
Viruses can cause disease but are not classified as living.
(a) (i) Explain why viruses are not classified as living.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Name a disease caused by a virus.
(1)
......................................................................................

(b) A new group of pathogens called prions was discovered in the 1980s.
Page | 67
 Prions are simple proteins.
All known prion diseases can be fatal because the immune system does not
recognise prions as foreign.
Suggest two ways in which prions differ from viruses.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
67 A group of students investigate the effect of exercise on breathing rate.
They measure their breathing rate at rest by counting breaths per minute.
They then exercise by running on the spot.
After exercise they measure their breathing rate by counting breaths per minute.
These are their results.

(a) Display these results in a table.

(2)

(b) Explain why breathing rate is higher after exercise.

(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(c) Explain how the students could improve their investigation.

Page | 68
 (2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
68 A scientist uses this apparatus to find out if body size affects the rate of respiration in
hamsters, which are small mammals.

She puts a small hamster into a bell jar and measures the time taken for the
hydrogen-carbonate indicator to change colour in flask Y.
She then repeats the experiment with a bigger hamster.
(a) (i) State the colour that the hydrogen-carbonate indicator would be in flask X
and flask Y at the end of each experiment.
(2)
flask X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
flask Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain the colour change of the hydrogen-carbonate indicator in flask Y at
the end of each experiment.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The table shows the scientist’s results.

(i) Hamsters need to maintain a constant body temperature.

Use this information and your knowledge to explain the difference in these results.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(ii) Explain why hamsters need to maintain a constant body temperature.

Page | 69
 (2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The scientist’s results are not reliable and might not be accurate.
(i) Explain why her results are not reliable.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(ii) Explain why her method might not produce accurate results.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) Give three variables that the scientist should control in her experiments.
(3)
1 ...................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................
......................................................................................
3 ...................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
69 Living organisms share some basic characteristics.
Draw a straight line from each characteristic to its correct description.
The first has been done for you.
(4)

(Total 4 marks)
70 The diagram shows a section through a rat. Some of the rat’s organs have been
labelled.
Page | 70
(a) (i) What is meant by the term organ?
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Name the organ labelled in the diagram that is part of the circulation system.
(1)
......................................................................................
(iii) Name three other systems shown in the diagram.
(3)
1 ....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................
(iv) Name a system that is not shown in the diagram.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) The table lists several processes that take place in the organs of a rat.
Complete the table by naming the correct organ for each process.
(5)

(Total 11 marks)
71 This warning appears on the side of a cigarette packet.

Page | 71
 (a) Describe how smoking damages the lungs.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) If a pregnant woman smokes cigarettes it will increase the risk of her producing a
smaller baby. This is because cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide.
Suggest how carbon monoxide will increase the risk of producing a smaller baby.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
72 (a) A student is given two samples of carbohydrates.
He tests to see if one is glucose and the other one is starch.
Describe the two chemical tests he should use to identify each carbohydrate.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(b) Different groups of organism store carbohydrate as different molecules.

Page | 72
 Complete the table to show an example from each group of organisms and the
molecule they use to store carbohydrate. (4)

(Total 8 marks)
73 The data shows the number of heart attacks in men and women of different ages
from 1969 to 1998 in one area in England.

(a) Plot a bar graph to show the data in the table.

(6)

(b) Describe how the data differs for men and women.

Page | 73
 (2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Give an explanation for the change in the number of heart attacks from 1969 to 1998.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) Explain why reducing the blood supply to the heart muscle cells can cause a heart attack.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
74 The diagram shows the male reproductive organs.

(a) Name the structures labelled A, B and C.

(3)
A ....................................................................................
B ....................................................................................
C ....................................................................................
(b) A couple want to control their fertility.
The man has an operation to cut tube B.
Explain how this operation would prevent his partner from becoming pregnant.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 74
(c) The woman could also have an operation to cut her oviducts to prevent pregnancy.
Suggest why the operation to cut tube B in males is much more common than
the operation to cut the oviducts in females.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) Structure C produces a hormone.
Name this hormone and describe its functions.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)
75 Farmers in Asia add fertiliser to their crops to increase the yield.
Fertilisers usually contain nitrate, phosphate and potassium.
The table shows the farmers’ crop yield when the crops are given a fertiliser lacking
one of these three minerals.
A figure of 100% is the maximum yield with all three minerals given.

(a) (i) State the mineral that has the greatest effect on crop yield.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain why this mineral has the greatest effect on crop yield.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 75
(b) Which crop is most affected by the lack of potassium?
(1)
......................................................................................
(c) Suggest why the minerals had different effects on lowland rice and upland rice.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) The yield is the mass of the useable part of the crop and is measured in kg per m 2 .
The yield is often measured in dry mass rather than fresh mass.
(i) Suggest why dry mass is used.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Suggest how the dry mass of 10 kg of fresh potato tubers could be determined.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(e) The table gives data as a percentage of the yield with all minerals present.
Explain why a percentage is used rather than changes in kg per m 2 .
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(f ) A farmer grew another crop with all three minerals added. The maximum yield
obtained was 12 kg per m 2 . He grew the same crop with no nitrate and the yield
was 5 kg per m 2 .
Calculate the percentage of the maximum yield when the crop was grown with no nitrate.
Show your working.
(2)

Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %
(Total 12 marks)

Page | 76
76 The table shows the results of an investigation into the rate of sweating of a person
when resting or running at different air temperatures.

(a) Suggest why the investigation was carried out with the same person resting and running.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Compare the effect of increasing air temperature on sweat production when resting
and when running.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Suggest why the rate of sweating changes when a person does exercise, such as running.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 77
(d) Suggest a method that you could use to measure the rate of sweating.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 11 marks)
77 The passage describes some of the roles of components found in human blood.
Complete the passage by writing a suitable word or words in each blank space.
(6)
The body uses white blood cells to combat infection. One type of blood cell ingests invading bacteria
and are called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . After ingesting bacteria theyproduce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
that digest the bacteria breaking them down. Other white blood cells are called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and they release specific molecules that bind to antigens on the surface of the pathogen. Other
components of the blood are also involved in helping wounds to heal.Small cell fragments called
platelets help the blood to . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .This seals the wound to prevent further . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and prevent entry of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total 6 marks)
78 A calorimeter is a piece of apparatus used to calculate the energy content of a food sample.
The diagram shows a calorimeter.

Food is placed in the dish and burnt in air with high levels of oxygen.
The temperature rise of the water is measured using the thermometer.
The energy content of the food is measured in joules per gram of food.
(a) (i) The oxygen gas inlet allows the food to burn in air with high levels of oxygen.
Suggest why this gives a more accurate value of the energy content than burning food in normal air.
(1)
......................................................................................

Page | 78
(ii) Suggest why the calorimeter has an insulated outer container.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Table 1 shows the mass of fat in five different types of food. The mass is measured
in grams of fat per 100 grams of each food.

A student measures the energy content of the five different foods.

Table 2 shows her results.

The student wrote three conclusions in her notebook.

(i) The student is wrong to believe that ‘the energy in food is all contained in fat’.
Name two other large insoluble molecules in food that contain energy.
(2)
1 ...................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................
(ii) Explain whether the student’s results support her conclusion that food with more fat contains
more energy.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 79
(iii) The student states that her results are reliable because she did not get an anomaly.
What is meant by the term anomaly?
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)
79 (a) The table lists the effects of some hormones.
Complete the table by naming each hormone and its source.
The first one has been done for you.
(5)

(b) Cells do not store glucose. Instead it is converted into glycogen to be stored.
Suggest why cells do not store glucose.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The graph shows changes in the relative level of glucose, glycogen and insulin
before and after a meal.

Page | 80
Give the letter of the line which represents changes in the relative level of glycogen.
(1)
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
80 A student takes two strips from the epidermis of an onion and places one in distilled
water and the other in concentrated salt solution.
She then uses a camera to photograph a sample of these cells under a microscope.

(a) Suggest why a red onion is often used when carrying out this investigation.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) (i) The differences in the appearance of the plant cells are due to osmosis.
Explain what is meant by the term osmosis.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the cells in distilled water look different when compared to the cells in salt solution.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) If red blood cells are placed in distilled water and examined under a microscope no cells are seen.
Explain why no red blood cells would be seen.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
81 A student investigates the effect of temperature on the rate of starch digestion by

Page | 81
amylase. He carries out the first trial of his investigation at a room temperature of 20 ᴼC.
He carries out the following steps in his investigation.
1 He puts one drop of iodine suspension into each of 12 wells on a spotting tile.
2 He then takes up 10 cm 3 of 10% starch suspension into a syringe.
3 He adds one drop of the starch suspension from the syringe to the first well
in the spotting tile and records the colour change.
4 He rinses the outside of the syringe with water from a tap.
5 He then takes up exactly 5 cm 3 of 5% amylase suspension into the same
syringe containing the 10% starch suspension.
6 He starts a stopwatch.
7 He then rocks the syringe containing the mixture gently backwards and
forwards for one minute.
8 He adds one drop of the mixture from the syringe to the next well in the
spotting tile and records the colour change.
9 He repeats this at intervals of one minute until he has added starch and
amylase mixture to all of the wells.
10 He then repeats steps 1–9 but this time he uses iodine, amylase and starch
suspension that have been stored in a water bath at 40ᴼC.
11 He also keeps the syringe containing the mixture in the water bath at 40ᴼC
between drops.
The photograph shows his results for 20ᴼC at the end of the experiment when all the
wells have mixture added.

(a) (i) Give one safety precaution the student should take when carrying out this investigation.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) How many minutes do the samples of mixture added to the spotting tile in
the photograph represent?
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) Explain the purpose of the following steps in the student’s experiment.
(i) step 4
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) step 7
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 82
(iii) step 11
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) (i) Identify two variables that the student controls in his experiment.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
(ii) Name the independent variable that the student is investigating.
(1)
......................................................................................
(d) Using the photograph, explain how many minutes it took for the reaction to be
completed at 20 ᴼC.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(e) The results for the spotting tile at 40 qC would be different from the trial carried
out at 20 ᴼC.
(i) Describe how the appearance of the results will be different.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain the difference in the appearance of the results.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total ] 15 marks)
82 Arteries and veins are important blood vessels in the circulatory system.
(a) Describe two ways in which the structure of an artery differs from the structure of a vein.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
Page | 83
 (b) The diagram shows the human circulatory system.
The blood vessels are labelled with letters.

(i) The table names some of the blood vessels in this circulatory system.
Complete the table by giving the letter for each blood vessel.
The first one has been done for you.
(4)

Page | 84
(ii) The plasma in the blood vessels can contain different concentrations of substances.
Complete the table by giving the letter for the blood vessel that matches the contents.
(3)

(Total 9 marks)
83 In digestion large food molecules are broken down into small food molecules by enzymes.
(a) Use this information to complete the table.
(5)

(b) The small food molecules can be absorbed into the blood by villi in the small intestine.
Give three ways in which villi are adapted to absorb small food molecules.
(3)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
84 Bacteria, fungi and viruses have different structures.
The table lists some structures.
In each box, place a tick (9) if the structure is present or a cross ( 8 ) if the structure is absent.
One has been done for you. (3)

(Total 3 marks)

Page | 85
85 The table shows the energy requirements (in kilojoules) for females at different ages
and different levels of activity.

(a) Plot a line graph on the grid below to show how age affects the energy
requirements at each level of activity.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines. (5)

(b) Describe how increasing age changes the energy requirements of females.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
Page | 86
 (c) Explain the effect that the level of activity has on the energy requirements of females.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)
86 (c) The graph shows the effect of different temperatures on the rate of urease activity.

(i) Explain the change in rate of urease activity from 10 °C to 36 °C.

(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain the change in rate of urease activity from 36 °C to 50 °C.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
(Total 5 marks)

Page | 87
87 (a) The table contains names and descriptions of processes involved in the digestive system.
Complete the table by filling in the missing names and descriptions. (5)

(b) Describe the process of digestion in the mouth.

(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) A student carried out some food tests on two samples of food, A and B. The table shows the
results.

The student concluded that both samples of food contained carbohydrates.

Do you agree with this conclusion?
Give reasons for your answer.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total10 marks)
88 The table shows the number of deaths in the United Kingdom in 2010 caused by
cancer, lung diseases and circulatory diseases. The table also shows the number of
these deaths caused by smoking.

Page | 88
 (a) (i) What is the total number of deaths caused by all three diseases?
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the percentage of the total number of deaths that are caused by smoking.
Show your working.
(2)

percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . %
(b) Chemicals in cigarette smoke cause mutations in cells which can lead to cancer.
What is meant by the term mutation?
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Emphysema is a lung disease that is usually caused by smoking. The diagram shows
a cross section through two alveoli X and Y. Alveolus X is from a non-smoker and
alveolus Y is from a smoker suffering from emphysema.

Use the diagram to suggest and explain the effect of emphysema on gas exchange.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) Smoking can increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
Explain how coronary heart disease can cause death.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 89
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
89 Scientists investigated the effect of altitude (height above sea level) on the mass of
haemoglobin found in human blood. Blood samples were taken from humans living
at different altitudes. The results are shown in the table.

(a) (i) Plot a graph on the grid to show how the average mass of haemoglobin
changes with altitude. Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines. (5)

Page | 90
(ii) Use the graph to describe how altitude affects the mass of haemoglobin in human blood.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why a long distance athlete who trains at high altitude may have a
better chance of winning than a long distance athlete who trains at sea level.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Scientists obtain blood samples from an athlete’s vein. To do this they use a
sterile needle attached to a syringe.
(i) Suggest two reasons why scientists obtain blood samples from a vein rather
than from an artery.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
(ii) Suggest one reason why the scientists could not obtain a blood sample from a capillary.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why the needle used to obtain a blood sample needs to be sterile.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 15 marks)
90 The passage describes cell division and reproduction in humans.
Complete the passage by writing a suitable word or words in each of the spaces.
Fully grown adults can produce sex cells or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . called sperm and eggs.
The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cells are much smaller than the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cells
and have a powerful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. to enable them to swim. The cell division used to
make sex cells is called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and in males thistakes place in the . . . . . . . . . .
The sperm cells pass out of the male along a tube called the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .andinto the
female’s body, then through the cervix and into the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .inwhich
fertilisation takes place.
(Total 8 marks)

Page | 91
91 (a) The human kidney acts as an organ of excretion and an organ of osmoregulation.
(i) What is meant by the term osmoregulation?
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Name one other organ in the human body that is an organ of excretion.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) The table shows the concentration of two substances in blood plasma and in urine.

(i) Name one substance that is found in urine.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain how the kidney ensures that there is no protein in urine.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the body does not excrete glucose and how this is achieved by the kidney.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
92 The diagram shows a section through an eye with the iris and parts A, B and C labelled.

Page | 92
(a) Name parts A, B and C.
(3)
A ....................................................................................
B ....................................................................................
C ....................................................................................
(b) When you move from a bright room into a dark room you cannot see very well for
a while. After a brief time, a change in the iris helps you to see more clearly.
(i) The iris contains muscle tissue.
What is meant by the term tissue?
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Describe the changes that take place in the iris when moving into the dark
room and explain how they help you to see more clearly.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)
93 The drawing shows a fetus developing in the uterus of a woman.

(a) (i) What is the function of part A?

(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) What is the function of part B?
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 93
(iii) The umbilical cord transports small protein molecules from the mother to the
fetus. These molecules help to provide immunity.
Name these small protein molecules.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) Scientists can take cells from part A and use them to find out if the fetus has a
genetic condition.
(i) How many chromosomes would the scientists find in a normal body cell from a fetus?
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Complete the table by ticking the box that shows the correct sex chromosomes
the scientists would find in a body cell from a male fetus.
(1)

(c) The table shows the suggested daily intake of various components needed in the
diet of a pregnant and a non-pregnant woman.

(i) Name two components in the table that are important for the development of
bones in the fetus of the pregnant woman.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
(ii) Suggest two reasons why a pregnant woman needs more energy than a
non-pregnant woman.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why the daily intake of iron is higher for a pregnant woman than a
non-pregnant woman.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
Page | 94
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
94 The drawing shows an elephant. Elephants live in Africa where it is hot.

(a) The elephant is adapted to live in a hot environment by having large ears.
Suggest how having large ears helps prevent the body temperature of the
elephant from rising too high.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Explain why the elephant may die if its body temperature rises too high.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
95 The table gives features of three different groups of organism.
Complete the table by putting a tick (9) in the box if the organisms in the group have
the feature and a cross (8) in the box if the organisms in the group do not have the
feature. The first one has been done for you.
(4)

(Total 4 marks)

Page | 95
96 The diagram shows a section through a human heart.

(a) The blood in vessel X is transported to an organ.

(i) Name the organ.
(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) State two changes to the blood in this organ.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(b) What is the function of the part labelled Y?
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The diagram shows the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles
during several heartbeats.
Each square represents a time of 0.1 second.

(i) For how long do the ventricles contract during one heartbeat?
(1)

Answer . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . second
(ii) How many heartbeats does the diagram show?

(1)
Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page | 96
 (iii) Use the diagram to calculate the heart rate of this person in beats per minute.
Show your working.
(2)

Answer . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . beats per minute

(Total 8 marks)
97 Fish breathe by opening their mouths to allow water containing oxygen to pass over
their gills. This is shown in the diagram.

(a) (i) Gas exchange takes place in the gills.

What is meant by the term gas exchange?
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Fish use their gills as a gas exchange surface.
Suggest three ways in which fish gills are adapted for efficient gas exchange.
(3)
1 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(b) Students investigated the effect of temperature on the breathing rate of fish.
They put fish of the same size in tanks of water at different temperatures. They
measured the breathing rate by counting the number of times the fish opened
their mouths in a minute.
The results are shown in the table.

Page | 97
(i) Plot a line graph to show the effect of water temperature on the average
breathing rate of the fish. Join the points with straight lines.
(5)

(ii) Suggest how the results support the hypothesis that warm water contains less
oxygen than cold water.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) The students controlled the size of fish. Explain why this is needed to make it
a valid investigation.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iv) Give two other factors the students should have controlled.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(Total 13 marks)

Page | 98
98 A student investigated the effect of size on the movement of molecules.
He cut three different sized cubes from a block of clear agar jelly.
Cube A was 2 × 2 × 2 cm. Cube B was 1 × 1 × 1 cm and cube C was 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm.

The student wore safety glasses and placed the cubes in a beaker of red dye solution
for five minutes.
He then poured the solution into another beaker, washed the surface of the cubes
and dried them with blotting paper.
He then cut each cube in half and examined the newly cut surfaces.
Diagram 1 shows what the cubes looked like.

(c) Use a ruler to measure the distance the red dye has entered each cube in diagram 1.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . mm
(d) (i) Calculate the surface area of cube A.
(2)

surface area = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the volume of cube A.
(2)

volume = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) The student was told by his teacher that the cubes have different surface area to
volume ratios.
Complete the table by putting one tick (9) in each row to show whether the
statement applies to cube A, B or C.
(3)

Page | 99
 (f ) Explain how this experiment can be used to understand the need for transport
systems in larger organisms such as humans.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 14 marks)
99 The photograph shows an Arabian oryx.

Arabian oryx live in the desert where there is no free-standing water. Most of their
habitat is sand. Plants, such as grass and small trees, cover only a small area. Oryx
feed mainly on grass.
Summers are hot. Daytime temperatures can be as high as 41 °C and temperatures
at night only fall to 24 °C. Oryx are less active in summer than in winter. In summer,
they reduce their energy use by changing their behaviour and body processes.
(a) Suggest why oryx are less active in summer than in winter.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) In summer, oryx rest under trees during the day and feed at night. Suggest why they do this.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 100
(c) Suggest where the oryx get their water from in the absence of free-standing water.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) Oryx and humans can control water loss by making their urine very concentrated.
Describe how this is done.
(6)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
100 Yeast can respire anaerobically and is used to produce beer.
(a) Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.
(2)
......................................................................................
(b) Describe a test you could use to identify the gas produced when yeast respires anaerobically.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
101 (b) Primary consumers can digest the starch from plants.
Describe how starch is digested in humans.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

Page | 101
102 (a) The diagram shows a piece of apparatus called a calorimeter.

The calorimeter is used to investigate the energy content of one gram of glucose.
The glucose burns in the calorimeter and the energy released heats the water.
(i) Suggest why oxygen gas is passed into the calorimeter.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why the waste gas pipe is coiled.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why stirring the water will improve the data collected.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The calorimeter contains 200 g of water. The graph shows the rise in temperature
of the water in the calorimeter during the investigation.

Page | 102
 (i) Use the graph to find out the increase in the temperature of the water during
the investigation.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o C
(ii) Use the formula to calculate the energy content of the 1 g of glucose.

(1)

.................... J
(Total 6 marks)
103 A student prepared some plant cells taken from an onion. She placed the cells in a few
drops of distilled water. She then used a camera attached to a microscope to photograph
the cells.
She then added a few drops of concentrated salt solution to the cells and waited a few minutes.
She then took another photograph of the same cells.

(a) Describe the differences in the appearance of the cells in concentrated salt
solution compared with the cells in distilled water.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The student thought that the differences in the cells were caused by osmosis.
What is meant by the term osmosis?
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 103
(c) Explain what happens to the cells in concentrated salt solution to change their appearance.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) Another student investigated the appearance of red blood cells in distilled water
and in concentrated salt solution.
Use your knowledge of osmosis and the structure of red blood cells to describe
and explain what the red blood cells would look like
(i) in distilled water
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) in concentrated salt solution.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 11 marks)
104 The diagram shows the human digestive system.

Page | 104
 (a) Use letters from the diagram to answer these questions.
Each answer may be one letter or more than one letter.
(3)
(i) Where is amylase made? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Where are faeces stored? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Where is protein digested? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Describe and explain how the structure of the small intestine is adapted for
absorbing digested food.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) A balanced diet is important to maintain good health.
(i) Suggest the consequences of having a diet that lacks fresh fruit and fibre.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Suggest the consequences of having a diet that contains too much fat.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 13 marks)

Page | 105
105 (a) The table shows some of the levels of organisation within an organism.
Complete the table by inserting a tick (9) to show the level of organisation of
each example. The first one has been done for you.
(4)

(b) Place the following human structures in order of size from the smallest to the largest.

(2)

(Total 6 marks)
106 A student wants to investigate osmosis using potato tissue.
(a) What is meant by the term osmosis?
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The student puts 90 cm 3 of glucose solution of different concentrations into
six different plastic cups. He then puts one raw potato chip into each cup. The
diagram shows one of the plastic cups.

Page | 106
 The potato chips were all the same mass and shape at the start of the
investigation. After 12 hours the chips are removed and the volume of solution in
the plastic cups is measured. The table shows the results.

(i) Use the information in the table to plot a graph on the grid to show the
volume of solution remaining in the cup after 12 hours in each concentration
of glucose. Use a ruler to join your points with straight lines.
(5)

Page | 107
(ii) Use your graph to estimate the concentration of the cytoplasm in the potato cells.
(1)

concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol/dm 3
(iii) Complete the table by ticking the boxes to show the cups in which the potato
chips lost water.
(1)

(c) (i) Name the independent variable in this investigation.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Name a controlled variable in this investigation.
(1)
.....................................................................................
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the volume of solution measured by the student
may not be accurate.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iv) Suggest a piece of apparatus that could be used to give a precise
measurement of the volume of the solution left in each cup.
(1)
......................................................................................
(Total 15 marks)
107 A student wants to investigate the effect of secretions (juice) from the pancreas on
the digestion of protein.
The white of an egg is put into fifteen 50 mm long capillary tubes. The tubes are
placed in boiling water for 10 minutes until the egg white becomes solid. The
diagram shows one of the tubes filled with solid egg white.

Page | 108
The fifteen tubes are put into three groups of five.
x five tubes are placed in a beaker of distilled water
x five tubes are placed into a beaker of juice from the pancreas
x five tubes are placed into a beaker of juice from the pancreas that has been boiled
After three hours the length of the boiled egg white in each tube is measured in mm.
The results are shown in the table.

(a) (i) Give the dependent variable in this experiment.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Give two reasons why the results obtained by the student are reliable.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Suggest how the student can obtain precise measurements of length.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) (i) Explain the difference in the results obtained in distilled water compared to
juice from the pancreas.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain the difference in the results obtained in pancreas juice compared to
boiled juice from the pancreas.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 109
(c) Suggest how you could modify this investigation to find out the effect of pH on
protein digestion by pancreas juice.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)
108 Insulin is an important hormone.
(a) Name the organ that produces insulin.
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) State the role of insulin in the body.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
109 The diagram shows the human kidney with tubes labelled A, B and C.

(a) Which letter shows the tube that would contain urine?
(1)
......................................................................................
(b) The table shows the concentration of plasma proteins and glucose in the
blood entering the kidney and in the urine.

Page | 110
(i) Explain why there are no plasma proteins in the urine.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain why there is no glucose in the urine.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Water is found in the urine.
Name two other substances you would also find in the urine.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
(c) Some people do have glucose in their urine. These people have diabetes.
Suggest why a person with diabetes has glucose in their urine.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) On a hot day there is less water in urine.
Explain how the kidney is able to reduce the water content of urine produced
on a hot day.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)

Page | 111
110 Doctors use X-rays to produce images of structures inside the body.
The image shows an X-ray of a normal human thorax.

(a) Identify the structures labelled A, B, C and D.

(4)
A ....................................................................................
B ....................................................................................
C ....................................................................................
D ...................................................................................
(b) Describe how structures B and D help a person to breathe in.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
111 The passage describes the role of the blood transport system.
Complete the passage by writing a suitable word in each blank space.
(8)
The blood cells are transported in a straw-coloured liquid
called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In this liquid there are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
blood cells that contain the protein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that is used to carry oxygen
around the body. The oxygen is used by the body cells in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
respiration. The gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..produced by the cells in respiration is
transported to the lungs and is exhaled with water vapour when we breathe out. Other components
transported in the plasma are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that help the blood to clot following
a cut or injury, and white blood cells that are

Page | 112
involved in preventing infection. Some of these white blood cells release specific molecules called .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to destroy bacteria. Other white blood cells called . . . . . . . . . . . . .
can surround and engulf invading bacteria.
(Total 8 marks)
112 The photograph shows some viruses.

(a) Suggest two reasons why most biologists do not classify viruses as living organisms.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Name one example of a virus.
(1)
......................................................................................
(c) Give one structural difference between a bacterium and a virus.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total = 4 marks)
113 The diagram shows a human fetus developing in the uterus.

(a) Describe the function of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 113
(b) The placenta functions as an organ of exchange.
(i) Name two substances, required by the fetus, that move from the mother’s blood
into the blood of the fetus.
(2)
1 ....................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
(ii) Name two waste substances that move from the blood of the fetus into the mother’s blood.
(2)
1 ...................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................
(c) Use information from the diagram to help explain how the placenta is adapted
for the efficient exchange of substances.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
114 A chicken egg is a single cell protected by a shell on the outside.
A student puts three chicken eggs into dilute acid and leaves them for three days.
The acid dissolves the egg shells, leaving the contents of the eggs surrounded by the
cell membrane.
The diagram shows the student’s method.

The student removes the eggs from the dilute acid and uses water to wash the
surface acid away.
The student then uses the eggs for this osmosis experiment.
ͻ he measures the mass of each egg
ͻ he then puts one egg into a beaker
containing distilled water
ͻ he puts another egg into a beaker
containing 5% salt solution
ͻ he puts a third egg into a beaker
containing 15% salt solution
ͻ after 15 minutes he removes each
egg from its beaker and measures its mass again

Page | 114
(a) The bar graph shows the results obtained by the student from the osmosis experiment.

(i) Name the dependent variable in this experiment.

(1)
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain the result for the egg placed in distilled water.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The student calculates the percentage change in mass for the eggs placed in
distilled water and in 5% salt solution.
(i) Use the data from graph 1 to calculate the percentage change in mass
for the egg placed in 15% salt solution. Show your working.
(2)

Percentage change in mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . %

Page | 115
(ii) The student plots the percentage change in mass on graph 2.
Complete the bar graph to show the percentage change in mass for the egg
placed in 15% salt solution.
(1)

(c) Give one way in which osmosis differs from diffusion.

(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)
115 A student is given a Petri dish containing starch mixed with agar jelly.
The student makes five wells each of diameter 10 mm in the agar. She fills the wells
with solutions of amylase, each with a different pH.
After 24 hours she pours iodine solution on to the agar jelly.
The iodine solution turns the starch in the agar jelly a dark blue colour.
The diagram shows the appearance of the Petri dish.

Page | 116
 (a) The student measures the clear area around each well using a ruler.
Two have been done for you. Complete the remainder of the table. (1)

(b) (i) Explain why there is a clear zone around some of the wells containing amylase.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the clear zones have a range of different diameters. The
diameters of the wells do not change during the experiment.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Name the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)
.....................................................................................
(d) (i) The student keeps the Petri dish at 20 °C to control the temperature in order to make
a valid comparison between each pH.
Name three other variables that the student needs to control.
(3)
1 ...................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................
3 ...................................................................................
(ii) The student repeats the experiment, keeping the Petri dish at 37 °C on this occasion.
On the diagram, draw the results you would expect to see.
(2)

(Total 11 marks)
Page | 117
116 A study investigates the effect of training on athletic performance.
In the study, the number of capillaries in the muscle tissue of a person is measured
before and after a six-week period of training.
(a) The table shows the results.

(i) Explain how training may affect the athletic performance of this person.
Use information from the table to support your answer.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) Give two ways in which the design of the study could be improved.
(2)
1.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
2.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
(b) The diameter of a capillary is 8.0 µm and the diameter of the aorta is 25.0 mm.
1000 µm = 1 mm.
(i) Calculate the ratio of the diameter of the aorta to the diameter of the capillary.
Show your working.
(2)

ratio = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page | 118
(ii) Explain why the aorta has a thicker wall than the capillary.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 11 marks)
117 The diagram shows a cell.

(a) (i) Which type of cell does the diagram show?

(1)
A an animal B a bacterium
C a fungus D a plant
(ii) The statements below describe conditions required for some molecules to move into this cell.
1. a concentration gradient
2. use of ATP
Which of these statements is correct for the process for osmosis?
(1)
A 1 only B 2 only
C 1 and 2 D neither 1 nor 2
(b) The diagram shows some of the apparatus used to investigate the rate of osmosis.

In the space below draw a labelled diagram to show how you would put this
apparatus together to investigate the rate of osmosis.
(4)

Page | 119
(c) The apparatus is used to find out the effect of different sucrose concentrations on
the rate of osmosis.
The graph below shows the results.

Calculate, using information from the graph, the rate of osmosis in mm per minute
that would occur for a sucrose concentration of 2.5%.
Show your working.
(2)

rate of osmosis = . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . mm per minute

(Total 8 marks)
118 Electrical impulses pass along motor neurones to effectors.
(a) The diagram shows a motor neurone.

The neurone is stimulated by a neurotransmitter to pass an electrical impulse

along its length.
(i) Draw a circle around the part of the neurone that is stimulated by the neurotransmitter.
(1)
(ii) The longest motor neurone in the human body passes electrical impulses from the base of the
spinal cord to muscle in the big toe. This neurone can be up to 1.3 m in length.
An impulse passes along this neurone at a speed of 1.20 ×10 2 metres per second.
Calculate the time taken, in seconds, for an impulse to pass along this neurone.
(2)

time = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s
(iii) All neurones need a supply of energy from respiration.
Name the organelle in this motor neurone that supplies energy.
(1)
......................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)

Page | 120
119 The diagram shows parts of the human digestive system.

(a) Describe how food passes from the mouth to the stomach.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Explain what happens to protein in the stomach.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) Gluten is a protein found in wheat.
In some people, the lining of the small intestine can be damaged by gluten. This
causes a condition called coeliac disease.
The diagram shows the lining of the small intestine of a child unaffected by
gluten and a child with coeliac disease.

Page | 121
Suggest how coeliac disease could affect the growth of a child.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)
120 Male infertility can be caused by reduced sperm production and reduced sperm movement.
Scientists investigated the effect of a drug called letrozole on male infertility.
A large group of infertile men was divided into two smaller groups.
Group 1 received 2.5 mg of letrozole per day for six months and Group 2 received no treatment.
The scientists measured the following at the start of the investigation and after six months:
• sperm concentration
• percentage of moving sperm
• blood testosterone level
• bloodoestrogen level
• side effects such as hair loss and skin rash
The table below shows the results.

The scientists concluded that letrozole is a safe and effective treatment for male infertility.
Evaluate this conclusion.
(6)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
Page | 122
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
121 The data in the table shows how the mean maximum lung volume changes with age
for males and females.

(a) (i) Plot a bar graph to show this data.

(5)

(ii) Calculate the increase in mean maximum lung volume for males between the ages of 7 and 25.
(1)

increase = . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . dm 3
(iii) Explain why the mean maximum lung volume for males and females is similar
at age 7 but is different at age 25.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 123
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) The data shows the mean maximum lung volume at each age.
(i) Which of the following would improve the reliability of these mean values?
(1)
A using a larger range of ages
B measuring more people at each age
C measuring lung volume in cm 3
D measuring lung volumes in other mammals
(ii) Variation in maximum lung volume exists between males at each age.
Suggest two factors that could cause this variation.
(2)
1....................................................................................
2....................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
122 (a) The kidney carries out two functions in the human body.
State these functions.
(2)
1....................................................................................
2....................................................................................
(b) The data shows the concentration of substances in different liquids from different
locations in the kidney.

(i) Calculate the range of urea concentrations across the three different locations in the kidney.
(1)

range = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain the differences in the concentration of protein and glucose.
Use information from the table to support your answer.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
Page | 124
(iii) Describe an experiment you could carry out to compare the glucose
concentration of samples of plasma and glomerular filtrate.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The composition of urine changes depending on the conditions within the body.
Explain how the composition of urine changes if a person is in a very warm environment.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 14 marks)
123 The diagram shows a human sperm cell.

(a) What is the maximum number of X chromosomes found in the nucleus of a

sperm cell? (1)

Page | 125
(b) The middle piece of the sperm cell contains mitochondria.
Explain the function of these mitochondria.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The acrosome contains digestive enzymes.
Suggest the function of the acrosome.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(d) Describe the route taken by a sperm cell from when it enters the woman’s body to
the site of fertilisation of the egg.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)

Page | 126
124 The diagram shows the human circulation system with some blood vessels labelled
A to J. The arrows show the direction of blood flow.

(a) The table gives some statements about the content of blood vessels in this
circulation system.
(i) Complete the table by giving the letter of the blood vessel that matches each
statement.
(5)

(ii) State two ways in which the structure of blood vessel A differs from the
structure of blood vessel J. (2)
1 ...................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................

Page | 127
(b) Muscles in the legs contain capillaries.
A scientist investigates how long-term training affects the number of capillaries in
an athlete’s leg muscles.
The scientist determines the mean number of capillaries per mm 2 in samples of
leg muscle from the athlete before and after a period of training.
The table shows the scientist’s results.

The scientist concludes that training improves the athletic performance.

Discuss this conclusion.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)
125 Neurones transmit nerve impulses.
The diagram shows a neurone.

Page | 128
(a) This neurone is involved in the withdrawal reflex of a finger from a hot object.
The neurone transmits electrical impulses from the central nervous system to the
effector.
(i) Draw a circle on the diagram to show the part of the neurone where the
impulses are transferred to the effector.
(1)
(ii) What is the name of this type of neurone?
(1)

(iii) Explain the advantage of a withdrawal reflex when a finger touches a hot object.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Some neurones do not have a myelin sheath.
A scientist investigates the impulse speed for neurones with different diameters.
She does this for neurones with a myelin sheath and neurones without a myelin
sheath.
The graph shows the scientist’s results.

Page | 129
(i) Which conclusion is supported by the graph?
(1)

(ii) A neurone with a myelin sheath has a diameter of 1.0 µm.

Use the graph to determine the speed of an impulse in this neurone.
(1)

speed = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m per s
(iii) The neurone is 90 cm long.
Calculate the time taken for an impulse to travel along this neurone.
Give your answer in standard form.
(3)

time = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s
(Total 9 marks)
126 Substances can move into and out of cells by a variety of mechanisms.
(a) Explain the factors that affect the rate of movement of substances into and out
of cells.
(5)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page | 130
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
(b) Describe the differences between diffusion and active transport.
(4)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
(Total 9 marks)
127 (a) A student uses a light microscope to look at a human cheek cell.
The student makes this drawing of the cell.

Name the organelle shown in the drawing. (1)

......................................................................................
(b) Mitochondria are organelles that are too small to be seen using a light microscope.
The drawing shows a mitochondrion that has been magnified.

The actual length of this mitochondrion is 6 µm.

Page | 131
[1 µm = 0.001 mm]
Calculate the magnification of this drawing.
(2)

magnification = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The table gives information about mitochondria in different human cells.

(i) What is the mean number of mitochondria per µm 3 in a heart muscle cell?
(1)

(ii) Comment on the differences in the data for the sperm and for the egg.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)

Page | 132
128 Aerobic respiration is a process in living organisms.
(a) Which of these is the balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
(1)

(b) A student uses this apparatus to investigate aerobic respiration in a locust.

(i) The coloured water drop moves during the investigation.

Explain why the coloured water drop moves during the investigation.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) The student compares the aerobic respiration of male and female locusts.
He uses three male locusts and three female locusts.
He uses locusts of the same age and the same species.
Explain three other variables that the student needs to control.
(6)
1 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

Page | 133
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 ....................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The table shows the student’s results.

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing mean value.

(1)
(ii) Comment on the reliability of the data in the table.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
(Total 13 marks)

Page | 134
129 (a) The diagram shows three types of neurone.

(i) Give the names of these neurones.

(3)
A ....................................................................................
B ....................................................................................
C ....................................................................................
(ii) Explain the role of these neurones in the withdrawal reflex of a finger from a
hot object.
(3)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
(b) A teacher uses this method to estimate the speed of a nerve impulse.
● students stand in a circle and hold hands
● student A in the circle starts a timer and at the same time squeezes the hand
of student B on his left
● when student B feels his hand being squeezed, he immediately squeezes the
hand of the student on his left
● this process continues around the circle of students until student A feels his
hand being squeezed and he stops the timer

Page | 135
(i) Explain what other measurements the teacher would need to make in order
to calculate the speed of a nerve impulse.
(2)
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......................................................................................
(ii) Describe whether the teacher’s method is likely to give an accurate estimate
of the speed of a nerve impulse.
(2)
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......................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)
130 Some cosmetic companies claim that adding argan oil to their shampoo increases the
strength of human hair.
Design an investigation to find out if argan oil shampoo does increase the strength of
human hair.
Include experimental details in your answer and write in full sentences.
(6)
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(Total 6 marks)

Page | 136
131 Organisms can be classified into groups based on their features.
(a) State three differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
(3)
1....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2....................................................................................
......................................................................................
3....................................................................................
......................................................................................
(b) Give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist.
(2)
name of protoctist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
name of disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total 5 marks)
132 Squirrels are animals that live in woodland. They feed on nuts produced by the trees.
The diagram shows a squirrel eating a nut.

(a) Describe a method you could use to show that the nut contains fat.
(3)
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......................................................................................
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Page | 137
(b) The table lists substances found in two types of nut, A and B.
The mass of each substance is given in milligram per gram of nut.

(i) Explain the role of fibre in the squirrel’s diet.

(2)
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
(ii) Explain which nut is better at helping the squirrel make red blood cells.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
(iii) Nut A has a mass of 28.0 grams.
Calculate the total mass of carbohydrate in this nut.
(2)

total mass of carbohydrate = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams

Page | 138
(c) The graphs show the number of squirrels, foxes and trees in a woodland in 2010 and in 2018.

Discuss possible reasons why there is a decrease in the number of squirrels from 2010 to 2018.
Use information from the graphs and your own knowledge in your answer.
(5)
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......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 14 marks)
133 Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts in metabolic reactions.
(a) (i) State what is meant by the term catalyst.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) State what is meant by the term metabolic.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

(b) A teacher investigates the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of a reaction.
Page | 139
He uses the enzyme catalase, which is found in potato.
He changes the enzyme concentration by adding different numbers of potato discs.
Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide solution into water and oxygen.
This is his method.
● cut same‑sized discs from a potato
● put 5 cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide solution into each of five test tubes
● add a different number of potato discs to the hydrogen peroxide
● measure the volume of oxygen gas produced in three minutes
The teacher repeats each test four times for each concentration.
He then calculates the mean rate of oxygen production for each concentration.
The table shows his results.

(i) Plot a line graph to show the effect of enzyme concentration on the mean rate
of oxygen production.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines.
(5)

(ii) Explain the effect of increasing enzyme concentration on the rate of oxygen production.
Page | 140
 (3)
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......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Name a piece of apparatus suitable for measuring the volume of oxygen produced.
(1)
......................................................................................
(iv) Explain why it is important for the teacher to keep the volume and concentration
of the hydrogen peroxide constant.
(2)
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......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(v) Name another variable the teacher should keep constant in his investigation.
(1)
......................................................................................
(Total = 14 marks)
134 The human liver produces bile.
(a) Explain the role of bile in digestion.
(4)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page | 141
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
(b) These are the three main blood vessels attached to the liver.
● hepatic artery
● hepatic vein
● hepatic portal vein
How many of these blood vessels transport deoxygenated blood from the liver?
(1)

(c) A scientist investigates the glucose concentration in a person’s hepatic portal vein and
hepatic vein after the person has eaten a meal.
This is the scientist’s method.
● give a person a meal to eat
● after one hour take a blood sample from the hepatic portal vein and a
blood sample from the hepatic vein
● measure the glucose concentration in both samples
● after five hours take another blood sample from each of the two veins
● measure the glucose concentration in both samples
The table shows the scientist’s results.

(i) After one hour, the concentration of glucose in the hepatic portal vein is higher
than the concentration of glucose in the hepatic vein.

Explain this difference in concentration.

Page | 142
 (3)
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......................................................................................
(ii) After five hours, the concentration of glucose in the hepatic vein is higher
than the concentration of glucose in the hepatic portal vein.
Explain this difference in concentration.
(2)
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
(Total 10 marks)
135 Phagocytes and lymphocytes are white blood cells involved in the immune response.
(a) Explain the role of lymphocytes in the immune response.
(3)
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
(b) Phagocytes ingest bacteria.
Explain what happens to bacteria after they have been ingested by phagocytes.
(3)
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......................................................................................

Page | 143
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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......................................................................................
(c) A scientist uses this method to investigate how vitamin C affects ingestion of
bacteria by phagocytes.
● add different concentrations of vitamin C solution to three test tubes
● add distilled water to a fourth test tube
● add phagocytes to each tube
● leave the tubes for one day
● add 10 cm 3 of a culture of non‑pathogenic bacteria to each tube
● keep each tube at 35 °C for two hours
● measure the number of bacteria ingested
The graph shows the scientist’s results.

(i) Which of these is the rate of ingestion of bacteria in the control?

(1)

(ii) State the independent variable in this investigation.

Page | 144
 (1)
......................................................................................
(iii) State two biotic variables the scientist should control.
(2)
1....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2....................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iv) The scientist concludes that vitamin C in a person’s diet will protect people from
pathogens.
Comment on this conclusion.
(4)
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(Total 14 marks)
136 The human heart pumps blood when its muscle tissue contracts.
Diagram 1 shows a human heart and a cross-section through its ventricles.

(a) Which of these statements about the ventricles is correct?

Page | 145
 (1)

(b) Ventricle muscle tissue is damaged if the blood supply is reduced.

Diagram 2 shows the damaged part of a human heart and a cross-section
through its ventricles.

Explain the cause of the change in the appearance of the muscle tissue in diagram 2.
(3)
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......................................................................................
(c) Scientists are investigating the use of stem cells to repair damaged hearts.
The stem cells are injected into the ventricle muscle tissue.
(i) Explain why stem cells could repair a damaged heart.
(2)
......................................................................................
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Page | 146
(ii) The stem cells are obtained from the person who has the damaged heart.
Explain why using stem cells from the same person is better than using stem cells
from a different person.
(2)
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(Total 8 marks)
137 The diagram shows part of a human nephron, with parts labelled P, Q, R, S and T.

(a) (i) What is the name of part P?

(1)

Page | 147
(b) Scientists investigate the relationship between birth mass and the number of nephrons
in the kidney.
The scatter diagram shows their results.

(i) Describe the relationship shown by the scatter diagram.

(2)
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......................................................................................
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Page | 148
(ii) Babies born with low birth mass are more likely to develop high blood pressure
when they become adults.
Explain why protein in the urine of these adults may be an indication of
kidney damage caused by high blood pressure.
(4)
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) Describe a simple test to show that a urine sample contains protein.
(2)
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......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)

Page | 149
138 (a) The table gives information about some hormones involved in the menstrual cycle.
Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(6)

(b) State what is meant by the term menstruation.

(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) A girl starts to ovulate at the age of 12 years and continues to ovulate until she
reaches the age of 51 years.
[Assume her menstrual cycle is 28 days and she releases one egg per cycle.]
Estimate the maximum number of eggs she could release in her lifetime.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
(3)

number of eggs = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page | 150
(d) Give a reason why a female does not produce as many offspring as the number of eggs
she releases.
(1)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(Total 11 marks)
139 Catalase is an enzyme found in many cells.
It speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
The equation for the reaction is
2H 2 O 2 → 2H 2 O + O 2
A teacher demonstrates the effect of increasing catalase concentration on the initial
rate of the reaction.
This is the teacher’s method.
• cut five equal size discs from a potato, each 0.2 mm thick
• place the discs in a boiling tube with 5 cm 3 of buffer solution
• add 5 cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide solution to the boiling tube
• place a bung and delivery tube firmly into the boiling tube
• position the other end of the delivery tube under an inverted measuring cylinder
• start a timer as soon as the first bubble of oxygen enters the measuring cylinder
• measure the volume of oxygen produced in one minute
Repeat this method three times.

The teacher uses this method with different numbers of potato discs, making sure
that other conditions are unchanged.

Page | 151
(a) Give the expected relationship between the named independent variable and the
named dependent variable in this demonstration.
(2)
......................................................................................
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......................................................................................
(b) Give two variables that the teacher controls in this demonstration.
(2)
1....................................................................................
......................................................................................
2....................................................................................
......................................................................................
(c) The table shows the teacher’s results.

(i) Calculate the mean volume of oxygen produced in one minute using 5 potato
discs.
(2)

mean reading = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm 3
(ii) Calculate the percentage increase in mean volume of oxygen produced in one
minute as the concentration of enzyme changes from 15 to 20 discs.
(2)

Page | 152
 percentage increase = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %
(iii) Explain the relationship between the concentration of enzyme and mean
volume of oxygen produced in one minute.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
(d) Suggest why the teacher measures the volume of oxygen after the first minute of
the reaction rather than after 10 minutes.
(2)
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................................................................
(Total 12 marks)

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138

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139

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The End

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