Atomic Structure-The BIG Picture

Discovery of the components of the atom and subsequent modeling of

the atomic structure led to explosive advances in chemistry,
medicine, and energy

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Chemistry Medicine Energy
• The nature of the

chemical bond • Isotope tracers

• New molecule synthesis • New drugs

• Predictions about • Cancer

reactivity treatments

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• Information about how • New cell
reactions screening
methods
work
• Electronics /
computer
development
• New analytical

(measuring)
methods
• Emergence of
the field of
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 Nuclear
Chemistry
• Nuclear fission
• Nuclear fusion
• Power plants
• Understanding of the nature of the sun, planets, stars, etc
• Weapons

Progression of the Atomic Model…Discovery of the electron

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or
WIkipedia
Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Model
• He discovered the electron (link) in
1897 before the nucleus was
discovered
• Later discoveries invalidated this
model
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“Plums”
“pudding”
J.J. Thomson in Philosophical
Magazine, 1904
“... the atoms of the elements
consist of a number of
negatively electrified
corpuscles enclosed in a
sphere of uniform positive
electrification, ... “
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Millikan later determined the mass and charge of the electron: Millikan

animation

Charge: 1.602 176 53(14) x 10−19 coulomb

Mass: 9.10938188 ×10-31 kilograms , about 1/1840 of a proton
Refining the atomic model
Rutherford’s famous gold foil experiment:
• showed that the positive charge of the atom MUST be
concentrated in a tiny, yet heavyvolume he called the nucleus
• almost ALLof the mass of the atom is in the nucleus
• very lignt electrons surround this nucleus
• the volume that an atom occupies is mostly empty space
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 Gold foil animation
If a nucleus were as big as you are wide, the edge of its atom
(outermost electron orbital) would be over a mile away!

About 1.25 miles

.
Further refinement of the model
• What’s in an atomic nucleus?
– Protons-discovered by Rutherford
• Positively charged 1.60217653 × 10−19 Coulomb
• A diameter of about 1.65×10−15 m
• Mass of 1.6726×10−27 kg
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 • About 1840 times the mass of an electron
– Neutrons-discovered by Chadwick in 1932
• Not charged
• A diameter of about 1.65×10−15 m
• Mass of 1.6749 x 10-27 kg

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 Current model of the atom

Led to the current model

Bohr Model Lots of empty space !

• Electrons in well defined “planetary” orbits

or paths around the nucleus • overall spherical shape

• still
good for visualizing the
energy transitions • electrons
occupy certain orbital volumes
or of electrons clouds`
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 • the
type of cloud it occupies
depends upon its energy or
distance from the nucleus
Atomic number and Mass number
# of protons + # neutrons = mass number
A carbon atom with 6 protons and 6
neutrons has a mass number = 12
# of protons = atomic number
The atomic number of carbon is 6.
Number of electrons will equal the
number of protons for an atom with
NO NET
CHARGE
Isotopes and Atomic Mass
What’s the difference between MASS NUMBER and ATOMIC
MASS?
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 It turns out that atoms OF THE SAME ELEMENT may exist as
ISOTOPES.
ISOTOPE
• an atom with the same atomic number (same number of protons)
but a different number of neutrons
• isotopes of the same atom have approximately the same chemical
properties Mass number
12
C
Symbolizing isotopes: C-12 or

6Chemicalsymbol

protons
The ATOMIC MASS is
a weighted average of

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 the mass for each isotope
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/images/ThreeCarb
onIsotopes.jpg
Atomic Mass
• The amu (atomic mass unit) is the unit used to express the mass
of an atom.
1 amu = 1/12 of the mass of the C-12 isotope of
carbon
1 amu = 1.66053886 × 10-24 grams
The mass of 1 proton or 1 neutron is approximately 1 amu.
Carbon-12 makes up 98.89% of naturally-occurring carbon.
Carbon-13 makes up 1.11% of naturally occurring carbon. Use
this information to determine the average atomic mass of
carbon.
(12amu)(.9889) + (13amu)(.0111) = 12.0111 amu

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 Atomic Charge and IONS
• Atoms in elements are not charged because the number of
protons = the number of electrons
• When an atom GAINS one or more electrons, it becomes
NEGATIVELY charged because it now holds more electrons than
protons
• When an atom LOSES one or more electrons, it becomes
POSITIVELY charged because it now holds fewer electrons
than protons
• IONS are charged atoms. A CATION is positively charged.
An ANION is negatively charged.

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Energy quantization
• Charges contains electrons and positive and negative charges with the same
magnitude (1.6 × 10−19 coulombs) but neutrons are electrically neutral.
• Quantized energy states the electrons in free atoms can be found in only certain
discrete energy states.
• In atomic world, energies are quantized means that it can have only certain
values.
Postulates of Bohr model
• Atoms can only exist only in a certain states.
A state is characterized by having definite (discrete) energy, if there is emission and
absorption of radiation, must be takes place as transitions between states.
The radiation absorbed and emitted during the transition between two allowed states
with energies 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 has a frequency 𝑓given by, 𝐸 = 𝐸1 - 𝐸2 = hf
In the bohr model a photon is emitted when the electron moves from
higher energy orbit(𝐸𝑖 ) to lower energy orbit(𝐸𝑓 ), 𝐸𝑖 − 𝐸𝑓 = hf
PROPERTIES OF WAVES

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 • forms of electromagnetic radiation
travel in waves. Waves are
characterized by:
• Wavelength (λ; lambda) – the
distance between
identical points on successive waves
• Frequency (ν; nu) – the number of
waves that pass through a particular
point in 1 second.
• Amplitude – the vertical distance
from the midline of a wave to the top of
the peak or the bottom of the trough.

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 Energy-Level Diagram
•An energy-level diagram shows the
quantized energy levels and allowed
transitions. Energy is on the vertical
axis. Horizontal lines represent the
allowed energy levels.
The double-headed arrows indicate
allowed transitions.

2 Con…
• En is most negative when n =
1Called the ground state, the lowest
energy state of the atom, For
hydrogen, this is the most stable
state the energy 13.6eV.
• The stability of the electron decreases as n increases.
• Each energy state in which n > 1 is called an excited state.
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• Example: how much energy is released when an electron falls from n=4 to n= 2
energy level in side hydrogen atom.
a) What is the frequency of this photon
b) Calculate the wave length
solution

= −4.08 × 10−19J
𝐸 = h𝑣, h = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛(6.626 × 10−34J.s ) v = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑐 = 𝜆𝑣, 𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h, 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔h𝑡

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 3 Con…

• s

•
In Which electron transition involves the greatest release of energy?

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Quantization of energy
 Quantized means Each photon contains a unique amount of discreet energy.
 𝐸 = h𝑓 where 𝐸 is energy, 𝑓 is frequency and h is a very tiny constant called the
2
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
Plank's constant ℎ = 6.62 × 10−36 . This constant regulates and "quantizes"
𝑠𝑒𝑐
the energy of the universe.
 The Schrödinger equation specifies possible energy states an electron can occupy
in a hydrogen atom.
Con….
• The energy states and wave functions are characterized by a set of quantum
numbers.
• Instead of referring to orbits as in the Bohr model, quantum numbers and
wave functions describe atomic orbitals.

Quantum Mechanics
• Erwin Schrödinger derived a complex mathematical formula to incorporate the
wave and particle characteristics of electrons.
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• Wave behaviour is described with the wave function ψ.
• The probability of finding an electron in a certain area of space is proportional to
ψ2 and is called electron density.

Atomic bond
• Bonds are two kinds –Primary, and Secondary
• Primary bonds –relatively stronger. Exists in almost all solid materials.
E.g.: Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic bonds.
• Secondary bonds –relatively weaker bonds. Exists in many substances like water
along with primary bonds

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• Atoms tend to acquire stable electron arrangement in their valence orbitals by
transferring (ionic), sharing (covalent, and metallic) valence electrons. This leads
to formation of bonds.
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 Ionic bond
• This primary bond exists between two atoms when transfer of electron(s) results
in one of the atoms to become negative (has an extra electron) and another
positive (has lost an electron).
• E.g.: NaCl. In the molecule, there are more electrons around Cl, forming Cl-and
fewer electrons around Na, forming Na+
Covalent bond
• This bond comes into existence if valence electrons are shared between a pair of
atoms, thus acquire stability by saturating the valence configuration.
• E.g.: H2 molecule, where an electron from each of the atom shared by the other
atom, thus producing the covalent bond.
Metallic bond
• This bond comes into existence if valence electrons are shared between number
of atoms, i.e. arranged positive nucleuses are surrounded by electron pool

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