AS 2: Beef-Cattle Production Phylum: Chordata (animals having a backbone)

Class: Mammalia (milk-giving)

Continuous population growth Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed, hooved)

Suborder: Ruminatia (cud chewing)

= More meat at much higher prices Family: Bovidae (hollow horn, ruminants)

Genus: Bos
How many heads of cattle do we have in the Philippines?
Species: Bos indicus (tropical cattle)
- 2.60 million heads in 2020 (+1.4%)
Bos taurus (temperate cattle)
- According to PSA, as of 01 July 2020, the total cattle
inventory in the country was estimated at 2.60 million Breeds classification
heads,1.4 percent higher than previous year same period
Angus
count of 2.56 million heads. Among all ages, cow
accounted for 42.9 percent of the total cattle population,
heifer shared 18.9 percent, yearling contributed 15.5
percent, while the remaining 22.6 percent were
combined population of bull and cattles of other ages.

What are the problems of the beef-cattle industry?

- Low productivity
European breeds Angus
- Low nutritional level
 Originated from Northeastern Scotland
- Poor herd management
 Solid black with the distinguishing polled (hornless)
- Marketing
 Cold tolerant
- Credited facilities
 Has good mothering and milking ability
Systems of beef-cattle production
 Early maturing, little calving difficulty, good rustling
 Common in the rolling or hilly country areas of ability
Northern Luzon, Mindoro, Masbate and Mindanao
 High fertility
 The grassland is characterized by a marked season
 An excellent quality carcass with small bones, high
growth behavior
muscling and a low percentage of fat covering
 Grassland areas have an average carrying capacity of
Hereford
0.25 animal/ha/year

Systems of beef-cattle production

 Grazing cattle under dominance cropping systems like

coconut to control weeds

 It is considered on the whole supplemental enterprise

 It consists of cow-calf and/or cow fattening operation

 Animals are fed with concentrate, silage and dry

roughage available on the farm
Hereford
European breeds
Breeds of cattle
 Originated from Herefordshire, England
Taxonomical Classification of cattle
 It has white face and a red body with white extending
over the throat, brisket, flanks, switch, and below the
knee and hock

 Known for its hardiness, grazing ability, rugged Amerifax

adaptability, reproductive efficiency,

 Good temperament and disposition, heavy bones and

thick flesh

Shorthorn

American breeds

 Developed from breeding of Beef Friesian and Angus

 Polled and solid red or black in color

Santa Gertrudis

European breeds
Shorthorn
 Originated from Northeastern, Scotland

 It has short curving horns with varying color of red,

white, and roan

 Distinguished for their high milk production,

American breeds
 Efficient utilization of roughage, good temperament and
 The breed is derived from 5/8 Shorthorn and 3/8
rapid rate of gain in feedlot
Brahman
Brahman
 The color is deep to dark cherry red with smooth, slick,
shining coat, horn and loose hide

Beef master

Indian breed
American breeds
 Originated from India
 It consists of ¼ Hereford, ¼ Shorthorn, and ½ Brahman
 Developed from three Indian cattle, Gir, Guzerat, and
Brangus
Nellore

 Horned and varies in color from light gray, mottle to

almost black

 Humped at the back of the neck

 Known for their good adaptability

 Tolerant to heat and excellent mothers

American breeds
 Resistant to adverse condition such as diseases and
parasites  It represents 3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Angus bloodline
 American breeds

 It has developed from Hereford, Santa Gertrudis,

Angus, and Africander to produce a light red breed
Braford
Simbrah

American breeds

 It was developed from breeding of 5/8 Hereford and 3/8 American breeds
Brahman
 It was developed from 5/8 Simmental and 3/8 Brahman
Charbray
Crossbreeding

 Mating of two different breeds of animals to increase

heterozygosity and take advantage of hybrid vigor

Breeding age in cattle

A. Heifer

Breeding age: 2 years

American breeds
Breeding weight: 250-300 kg
 It was developed from 13/16 Charolais and 3/16
Brahman A. Bull
Red Brangus Breeding age: 2 years

Breeding weight: 300 kg

Pregnant Breeding Heifer Steer, feeder or

fattener

American breeds

 It has characteristic black color Brangus and red

mutation form Angus Bull

Barzona
a) Pregnant herd- composed of pregnant females. The
cows in this herd are grouped with the breeding herd
during the breeding season.

b) Breeding herd- composed of dry cows and heifers

ready for breeding. After breeding season, animals that
are found pregnant join the pregnant herd.

c) Heifer herd- it is composed of heifers not yet ready for

breeding season. Heifer calves are included in this herd
after weaning.
 d) Steer, feeder or fattener herd- it is composed of  Creep feeding feeding of suckling calves with grain or
growing cattle and those to be fattened for market. concentrate for 2 months before weaning

e) Bull herd- the mature males kept mainly for servicing

the breeding cows.

Pregnant cows

Cessation of
estrus or heat

Enlargement of
abdomen and
udder

Growers

Rectal
Palpation  Growers are calves and yearlings which are not fattened
immediately

 Maximum growth at lowest possible cost should be

attained

 Can be maintained in pasture with very little attention

Rectal palpation- a manual examination of the reproductive
 May be given salt and mineral supplement
tract by way of the rectum and colon to verify pregnancy in
cattle. This is performed 60-90 days after breeding. Growing period starts from weaning to fattening

Open cows and replacement heifers Fatteners

 This group requires less attention than pregnant cows

(except in extreme conditions)  They require shorter feeding period prior to slaughter

 Cow and heifers in this group are usually checked for  They are generally bigger and nearing maturity
reproductive disorders 2 weeks before breeding season
 May be fattened either in a feedlot, on pasture or both
Calves

Bulls

 Calves should suckle colostrum from their mother  Bulls should be given supplemental grains or
within the 3 hours after calving concentrate 60-90 days before and after breeding period
 They should be tested for fertility annually, 2 months  Color varies from black, white, gray, cream, shades
before the beginning of each breeding season of tan, reddish brown and facial striped

 Well adapted to hot tropical countries

 All-purpose goat (used for meat, milk, and hide)

AS2: Goat Production
Toggenburg
Introduction to goat production in the Philippines

 Considered as the “poor man’s cow”

 Small initial investment for farmers in developing

country like the Philippines

 Small risk of loss

 Originated from Swiss Alps

 Has shade of white on the lower legs, base of tail, and

down each side of the face

 Mainly used in dairy productions, but can also be used

in meat production

Boer

Taxonomical Classification of goat

Phylum - Chordate (animals having backbone)

Class - Mammalia (milk-giving)

Order - Artiodactyla (even-toed, hooved)

 Raised by Dutch farmers in South Africa
Suborder - Ruminatia (cud chewing)
 Crossing of various European and Indian breeds
Family - Bovidae (hollow horn, ruminants)
 White in color with brown or black head
Genus - Capra
 Good in milk and meat production
Capra hircus aegagrus (wild goat)
Alpine
Capra hircus (domestic goat)

Breeds of goat

Anglo-Nubian

 Originated from French Alps

 Color varies from white, gray, brown, and black with

erect ears
 A British breed (cross-breeding between native
British goats imported from India, Middle East, and  Primary raised for milk production, but are also
North Africa) excellent in terms of growth and development of
muscles
 Proud and has graceful appearance with a long
Saanen
wide and pendulous ears and convex roman nose

 Originated from Saanen Valley in Switzerland
 Well-built head and neck
 Straight nose and erect ears
 Cream to white in color
 Heavy milk producers
Native Goats
 Well-known in the Philippines
 Small size, stocky, and low set
 Wide variation in colors with erect ears
 Used in both meat and milk production as they are well
adapted to the local conditions
Tethering
 Goats are tied to a rope of about 6 to 10 meter-long
 Transferred once or twice daily where there is an access
to fresh browsing and water
Extensive System
 Goats are kept in small herd of about 5 to 10 animals
and let loose to browse on waste vegetation and hedges
 It practices the grazing of animals along paddy dikes
without feeding on the rice plants, along dikes of
fishponds, and under the tree crops to control weeds
Intensive Farming
 Goats are confined and stall feeding is being practiced
 They are supplied with soilage like Napier grass or
guinea grass, rice straw with molasses and concentrate
Integration into plantation
 Involved integration of goat raising into established
plantation of rubber, oil palm, or coconut
 Plantations undergrowth like grasses, weed and legumes
are used as feeds
Health Management
 Most livestock vaccine and health management
protocols revolve around the animal’s stage of
production
 For sheep and goats, it is recommended to vaccinate
prior to lambing, weaning, and breeding
 It is important to remember that every operation is
unique, and it is therefore imperative that producers
consult with their veterinarian before establishing a
specific vaccination and health protocol