Urinalysis: Urine tests can detect the presence of protein (proteinuria) or blood

(hematuria) in the urine, which may indicate kidney damage.

Capillary blood glucose test: A blood sugar test can be used to determine the amount
of glucose in the blood. It may be used to diagnose diabetes or to help those with
diabetes check their blood sugar and insulin levels.

A healthcare professional collects a drop of blood — usually from a fingertip prick.

These tests involve a test strip and glucose meter (glucometer), which show your blood
sugar level within seconds.

Hemodialysis is a procedure where a dialysis machine and a special filter called an

artificial kidney, or a dialyzer, are used to clean your blood. To get your blood into the
dialyzer, the doctor needs to make an access, or entrance, into your blood vessels. This
is done with minor surgery, usually to your arm

Renal replacement therapy is a term used to encompass life-supporting treatments for

renal failure. Renal replacement therapy replaces nonendocrine kidney function in
patients with renal failure. Techniques include intermittent hemodialysis, continuous
hemofiltration and hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis..

Complete blood count

A complete blood count, also known as a full blood count, is a set of medical laboratory
tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the
counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of
hemoglobin, and the hematocrit.

Serum Potassium (K) Test: This test measures the concentration of potassium in your
blood. Abnormal potassium levels can indicate issues with kidney function, heart
problems, or other medical conditions. High or low potassium levels can have serious
health implications.

Serum Sodium (Na) Test: This test measures the concentration of sodium in your
blood. Sodium is crucial for maintaining fluid balance in your body. Abnormal sodium
levels can be indicative of dehydration, kidney problems, or hormonal imbalances.

These tests can help diagnose and monitor conditions such as kidney disease, heart
disease, electrolyte imbalances, and more. If your healthcare provider recommends
these tests, it's important to follow their guidance and discuss the results with them for
proper interpretation and further action if necessary.
Chest X-ray: The aim of a chest X-ray is to check for pulmonary edema, which is fluid
retained in the lungs.

Kidney biopsy: The doctor extracts a small sample of kidney tissue and examines it for
cell damage. An analysis of kidney tissue makes it easier to make a precise diagnosis
of kidney disease.

Physical Assessment
should include blood pressure measurement in both arms, orthostatic vital signs in
patients with suspected fluid loss, a retinal examination for evidence of diabetic or
hypertensive retinopathy, the presence of a renal artery bruit, which might indicate renal
artery stenosis (a systolic bruit is of limited diagnostic value but the presence of a
systolic and diastolic bruit is highly correlated with renal artery stenosis), edema, pulse
deficits (especially in the lower extremities), rashes, petechia and evidence of joint
inflammation.