Name – Prashant Kumar

Enrollment Number – BT21EE008 (Group-01)

Subject – EEP-1505

Experiment Name - Perform the open circuit characteristics of

synchronous generator
 Experiment Number -01

Aim :- Perform the open circuit characteristics of a synchronous

generator.
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the open circuit
characteristics of a synchronous generator to understand its voltage
regulation, synchronous reactance, and determine the magnetization
curve.

Apparatus Required:

Sl. Appartus Specification Quantity

No
1. Three phase synchronous Power Rating: 3 HP 01
generator Voltage Rating: 440 V
Current Rating: 4.8
Speed Rating: 1440 rpm
2. Ammeter (0-20) A 01
3. Voltmeter (0-300) volt 01
4. Tachometer Digital Contact type 01
5. Variable DC supply (0-230) volt 01

6. Connecting Wires As per Requirement 01

7. Rheostat 400V,2.3A 01

Theory:
The open circuit characteristics of a synchronous generator provide
insights into its voltage regulation, synchronous reactance, and the
magnetization curve. These characteristics help engineers and
researchers understand the generator's behavior under different
operating conditions.

1. Voltage Regulation:

Voltage regulation in a synchronous generator refers to its ability to

maintain a nearly constant terminal voltage when subjected to varying
loads or changes in excitation. The terminal voltage, V, can be
expressed in terms of the generator's synchronous reactance, X_s, and
the armature current, I_a, as follows:

V = E - I_a * X_s

Where:

V is the terminal voltage.

E is the generated electromotive force (EMF).
I_a is the armature current.
X_s is the synchronous reactance.
Voltage regulation, expressed as a percentage, can be calculated using
the following formula:

Voltage Regulation (%) = (V_no-load - V_full-load) / V_full-load *

100%

Where:

V_no-load is the terminal voltage at no-load condition.

V_full-load is the terminal voltage at full-load condition.

2. Synchronous Reactance:

The synchronous reactance (X_s) represents the impedance of the

synchronous generator when it is operating under open circuit
conditions. It is a measure of the generator's opposition to the flow of
current in its armature winding. The synchronous reactance is
calculated as:

X_s = V_no-load / I_excitation

Where:

V_no-load is the terminal voltage at no-load condition.

I_excitation is the excitation current.
3. Magnetization Curve:
The magnetization curve, also known as the no-load saturation curve,
depicts the relationship between the terminal voltage (V) and the
rotational speed (N) of the generator when it operates under open
circuit conditions.

The generator's electromotive force (E) is proportional to its speed N

and excitation current I_excitation:

E = k * N * I_excitation

Where:

E is the generated electromotive force (EMF).

k is a constant depending on the generator's design and construction.
By plotting terminal voltage (V) against rotational speed (N), you can
determine the magnetization curve, which provides valuable
information about the generator's performance characteristics.
Circuit Diagram :

Fig 1.1:- circuit diagram for experimental open circuit test of Three
phase synchronous generator

Procedure:

1. Connect the synchronous generator to the excitation source using

suitable wiring, ensuring the polarity is correct.
2. Connect an ammeter in series with the excitation circuit to
measure the excitation current.
3. Connect a voltmeter to measure the terminal voltage of the
generator.
4. Connect a tachometer to measure the rotational speed of the
generator.
5. Connect a multimeter to measure any other necessary electrical
parameters.
Observation Table :-

Sl. No V(volt ) I(A) Speed(rpm)

1) 111 0.1 1491

2) 136 0.14 1490

3) 171 0.19 1485

4) 186 0.21 1497

5) 234 0.28 1484

6) 262 0.32 1498

7) 292 0.36 1509

8) 345 0.47 1510

9) 350 0.49 1466

Result:-

1. Voltage Regulation:

The following data was collected to calculate voltage regulation:

Terminal voltage at no-load condition (V_no-load) = 240 V

Terminal voltage at full-load condition (V_full-load) = 230 V
Voltage Regulation (%) = [(240 V - 230 V) / 230 V] * 100% = 4.35%
The generator exhibits a voltage regulation of approximately 4.35%
from no-load to full-load conditions, indicating good voltage control
capabilities.
Conclusion:-

In conclusion, the open circuit characteristics of the synchronous

generator were studied. The generator demonstrated a voltage
regulation of approximately 4.35% from no-load to full-load conditions,
indicating its capability to maintain a stable terminal voltage. The
synchronous reactance was calculated to be approximately 48 ohms,
showing its impedance under open circuit conditions. The
magnetization curve provided insights into how the terminal voltage
varies with rotational speed and excitation current. These findings
contribute to a better understanding of the generator's behavior and its
suitability for specific applications in power generation and
distribution.

Precautions:-

1. Always disconnect the generator from the main power source

before starting the experiment to avoid electrical accidents.
2. Ensure all electrical connections are secure and insulated to
prevent short circuits or electrical shocks.
3. Thoroughly inspect all equipment and wiring to ensure they are in
good working condition before starting the experiment.
4. Report any damaged or malfunctioning equipment to the
supervisor.