EARLYYEARS OF RADIO IN AFRICA: FROM PROPAGANDA TO PEOPLE’S

POWER

Radio is thriving across Africa. Exact figures are difficult to come by because audience research
differs across countries. But studies estimate radio listenership to be between 60% and 80% of
the continent’s 1.4 billion population.

In contrast to many western countries, where there has been a shift towards streaming and
podcasts, traditional radio continues to be widely embraced in Africa. Because of poor literacy
levels and uneven access to the internet and technological infrastructure, old-fashioned radio
remains a reliable and inclusive medium.

the 100-plus years of radio use offers us an opportunity, as African media scholars, to reflect on
the historical significance, cultural relevance, political power and social impact of the medium
on the continent. We home in on examples from the regions we’ve studied to demonstrate this
rich history.

Early years

The story of radio in Africa was meant to serve colonial interests. Cameroonian scholar Francis
Nyamnjoh argues that as soon as it had established itself as a mass medium in the 1920s,
European states were quick to realise the part radio could play in realising their desire to swallow
up weaker cultures around the globe. Historians note that it also allowed Europeans in the
colonies to connect to home, their culture and their languages.

In the early 1920s amateur radio enthusiasts had already begun tinkering with the technology.
The first official broadcast seems to have been on 18 December 1923 in Johannesburg, South
Africa.

In East Africa, radio was first introduced in Kenya in 1927 and in West Africa to Sierra Leone in
1934.

UK media scholar Graham Mytton notes that the arrival of radio in west Africa’s British colonies
– The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast (now Ghana) and Nigeria – marked a turning point.

Until then radio had been broadcast by wireless transmission. When it was introduced in Sierra
Leone, Ghana (1935) and Nigeria (1936), it was “via wired services – subscribers had
loudspeakers (linked by wire to the radio station) installed in their homes to receive the service
these were created with native African listeners in mind”.

Then, in 1936, the British colonial administration decided to develop radio broadcasting
throughout its African colonies.
Propaganda

Colonial powers such as the UK and France upped their radio transmission efforts after the
outbreak of the second world war in 1939. The 1940s were marked by the introduction of
indigenous language broadcasts by colonial powers wanting to influence public opinion and
garner support for their war effort. While the British broadcast to Africa in some African
languages, France broadcast only in French.

This laid the groundwork for future developments. After the war, the British officially adopted a
policy of extending broadcasting services across most of its African colonies.

In Kenya, for example, the first broadcast service for Africans began in 1953, transmitting in
local languages during the state of emergency declared in 1952 to suppress the Mau Mau
uprising.

cademics have argued that despite being designed mainly for propaganda, radio in Africa

was always far more multifaceted and slippery than was intended by colonial powers.

It also offered the “ability to create new and sometimes unruly publics”.

Resistance radio

The 1950s saw the expansion and transformation of radio in Africa. Radio stations across British,
French and Belgian colonies rapidly increased as people under colonial rule increased their
efforts to achieve independence.

In the mid-1950s the oldest liberation station in Africa, Radio Freedom, was established as an
underground station in Zambia by South Africa’s resistance movement. It would air its first
formal broadcast in 1963.

In Angola, radio expanded with the outbreak of war in 1961 between liberation movements and
the Portuguese colonial state.

Liberation movements in neighbouring countries used radio for war reporting amid colonial
censorship. For their part, colonial state radio fostered the emergence of local artists ’ music as
part of their colonial propaganda.

Independence and state control

From the late 1940s to the early 1960s the number of radio-receiving sets increased fivefold,
from 90 sets per thousand people in Africa to 450.

In some respects the 1960s was a golden era for African radio. A wave of independence
movements birthed new nations as radio technology was becoming more affordable.

Many newly independent countries established national broadcasting services, like The Gambia
in 1965. This expanded the reach of radio and the opportunity to embrace local languages, music
and cultural programming. In Nigeria, the Broadcasting Corporation expanded to cover the
whole country. But some newly independent countries that had inherited state-controlled
broadcasting systems also censored content deemed critical or threatening, restricting freedom of
expression.

With independence in Angola in 1975, for example, the new leaders saw radio as a tool for
nation building, but tightened their grip after a coup attempt in 1977.

In many African countries, Angola included, post-colonial state control of radio continues.
Zimbabwe’s radio sector, for example, is thriving. But state control remains strong, with biased
licensing for national radio and restrictive laws for community radio stations.

The Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation was established in 1964 and still operates as a state
broadcaster. Despite funding through public licence fees and advertising, it’s perceived to
promote government agendas.

Radio has also been used to promote nefarious political ends. The 1994 genocide in Rwanda
stands as a painful example. The infamous Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
disseminated hate speech and incited violence against the Tutsi minority.

Private commercial stations

Over the last 40 years many African countries have liberalised their economies and their media
regulations, issuing commercial and community radio licences.
In Ghana, for example, radio primarily served elite interests until the 1990s, when private
ownership diversified the industry. By 2022, Ghana boasted 513 radio stations, ranging across
public, commercial, community, campus and foreign broadcasts.

An essential development has been the emergence of indigenous language radio. This has
produced culturally resonant content and prioritised community issues. But challenges persist.
Some stations are affiliated with political or business interests and increased attacks on
journalists pose risks to media freedom and diversity.

In Mauritius, airwaves were liberalised in 2002, introducing private stations. Talk shows,
especially in the Mauritian Creole language, have revolutionised radio. Private radio has
expanded to digital platforms, engaging audiences through live streams and social media,
creating both competition and sensationalist coverage.

In recent decades, Kenya’s radio landscape has transformed to over 200 stations. Private
commercial stations now dominate, broadcasting in local languages.

Radio now

Digital convergence is reshaping radio consumption, blurring audience patterns. This isn’t
happening uniformly across the continent. Digital platforms face challenges, such as the digital
divide and economic inequality.

Radio’s influence is likely to endure, with podcasts complementing rather than replacing
traditional broadcasts. A 2022 survey across 34 African countries found radio was
“overwhelmingly the most common source for news”. This is a testament to its enduring
influence and unique ability to connect with diverse audiences – even a century after its
introduction.

Why radio is encouraged for use in class

Radio- radio is a useful tool in teaching and learning because the teacher can record and play
back specific topics in an interesting and innovative way.
Alternatively the teacher can tune in to one of the programmes broadcast by the Kenya Institute
of Education or any program considered relevant to the topic being taught.

Advantages
 Radio is a less expensive broadcast medium.
  It can reach a large, geographically dispersed population with a single message
 Radio as an audio medium encourages listeners to use their imaginations to create image
 Radio broadcasts trains the audience to be good listeners.

Disadvantages
i. Broadcast radio compels students to broadcast time/periods. However, students could
record such broadcasts and listen to them at their own convenient time.
ii. Weaker signals at times may interfere with the progress of the lesson
iii. adverse weather conditions may generate noise that may interfere with the progress of the
lesson
iv. Class size may also affect the effectiveness of sound projection in class

2. Television
The television is a powerful mode of instructional delivery with audio and video effects provided
together
Advantages – Increase motivation and interest in students.

Limitation
v. Compared to some other media, in particular, the video, the television broadcasting is
very weak regard to student control.
vi. Broadcasts, according to Bates (1984) cannot be reviewed, are uninterruptible: and are
presented at the same pace for all students.
vii. Weaker signals at times may interfere with the progress of the lesson
viii. adverse weather conditions may generate noise that may interfere with the progress of the
lesson

3. Video – incorporates the use of film, resulting in simultaneous display of sound and motion.
Thus students are both able to see and hear, leading to higher retention of the content being
learnt.

Advantages of video tapes

 Students can watch or view the recorded video lessons when they want and as often as
they like.
 It allows for flexibility in terms of control. Students can adjust the pace of the learning
material to an individually appropriate level. Students can reply sections that move too
quick or by skimming forward over sections that are too slow.