ING07

ING07. Session 1. Full version.
- Networking
company's new premises instalacions de la compañía
he availability of supplies, that is, I think that the location of the mid storage shed
I pointed out in our former meeting
cheap skilled workers.
the head of the management department

Yes, but the language and the distance are serious drawbacks. Furthermore, the company
would like to operate on Spanish soil and help the country to create employment. The city of
Algeciras is a good option. It is considered a trade centre and there are plenty of warehouses
and plots of land. I have a list with a stock of available ones here. We can have a look now and
pre-select some. Actually, I'm planning to visit Algeciras next week and take some pictures so
that we can have a clearer idea of our choices.
Manuel: That's a great idea and it will certainly help us decide among the different options. In
the meantime I'll work on the
Building up a network of diverse people is very helpful for any business. Contacts
with different people will help you to have greater opportunities.
• You are at a trade fair and want to make new contacts. How can you start
a conversation? How can you break the ice?
o Is this the first time you've been to this fair?
o Have you been to many fairs this year?
o Have you seen that stand? It's really good.
o That's a really nice promotional gift. Where did you get it? It's a
fantastic idea.
o How are things? It's really busy today.
o How's business? Are you having a good fair?
• Keep the conversation going… If you have met someone new and you
have enjoyed talking with them, it's natural to want to talk a bit more. Here
you have some questions to continue the conversation.
o Have you found any interesting products here?
o Have you talked to any new suppliers?
o Can I get you a drink? It's very cold/ hot in here!
o Have you worked in this company for many years?
o Do you have a travel agent's?
o Where are you from? …/ What are you doing here?
o Do you mind if I take one of your brochures?
o Have you been in business long?
o Are you here to sell or two buy?
o I saw you at the Smiths stand yesterday. What did you think of their
offers?
o What do you think of the fair?
o Have you met the organisers?
o Can I give you one of my cards?
o Have you got a card?
• The MAKE MONEY, DO BUSINESS.- Session 01. Networking.
Caso práctico
Cárnicas Beiro S.L is a Spanish company with a wide experience in processed

meat distribution. They are considering new markets and are evaluating their
needs for a challenging project: selling chicken claws to Chinese customers.
Listen to Manuel from the marketing department and Carla from the logistics
department trying to decide the location of the company's new premises.
00:00
01:22
Script
Manuel: OK Carla, I think that before making a decision, we should consider

several aspects: for example, the availability of supplies, that is, I think that the
location of the mid storage shed should be a) close to the principal markets and
should have good roads for communications or b) should be close to a port of
shipment or an airport.
Carla: Yes, that is a very relevant point for the financial department, and I would
add the low cost of premises. We have to find a location in a development area
or a large city with low taxes for new businesses.
Manuel: I still think that looking for a site in China would be a great idea. As I
pointed out in our former meeting with the head of the management department
I strongly believe that it would reduce the costs because of the availability of
cheap skilled workers.
Carla: Yes, but the language and the distance are serious drawbacks.
Furthermore, the company would like to operate on Spanish soil and help the
country to create employment. The city of Algeciras is a good option. It is
considered a trade centre and there are plenty of warehouses and plots of land.
I have a list with a stock of available ones here. We can have a look now and pre-
select some. Actually, I'm planning to visit Algeciras next week and take some
pictures so that we can have a clearer idea of our choices.
Manuel: That's a great idea and it will certainly help us decide among the different
options. In the meantime I'll work on the packaging and some other marketing
details.
Autoevaluación
Which aspects are covered by Carla and Manuel in their conversation?
Availability of supplies.
Yes.
No.
Availability of surrounding facilities.
Yes.
No.
Low cost of premises.
Yes.
No.
Nearby port of shipment.
Yes.
No.
Machinery included.
Yes.
No.
Cheap flights for long-distance travels.
Yes.
No.
Availability of cheap skilled workers.
Yes.
No.
Materiales formativos de FP Online propiedad del

Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.
Aviso Legal
1.- What to say. Networking.
Citas Para Pensar

“Call it a clan, call it a network, call it a tribe, call it a family: Whatever you call it, whoever
you are, you need one.”Jane Howard.
Building up a network of diverse people is very helpful for any business. Contacts
with different people will help you to have greater opportunities.
• You are at a trade fair and want to make new contacts. How can you start a
conversation? How can you break the ice?
o Is this the first time you've been to this fair?
o Have you been to many fairs this year?
o Have you seen that stand? It's really good.
o That's a really nice promotional gift. Where did you get it? It's a fantastic
idea.
o How are things? It's really busy today.
o How's business? Are you having a good fair?
• Keep the conversation going… If you have met someone new and you have
enjoyed talking with them, it's natural to want to talk a bit more. Here you have
some questions to continue the conversation.
o Have you found any interesting products here?
o Have you talked to any new suppliers?
o Can I get you a drink? It's very cold/ hot in here!
o Have you worked in this company for many years?
o Do you have a travel agent's?
o Where are you from? …/ What are you doing here?
o Do you mind if I take one of your brochures?
o Have you been in business long?
o Are you here to sell or two buy?
o I saw you at the Smiths stand yesterday. What did you think of their
offers?
o What do you think of the fair?
o Have you met the organisers?
o Can I give you one of my cards?
o Have you got a card?
• The real Networking: After swapping cards.
o If I understand, the issue you have got is …(selling a product / launching
a new product, etc)…. I have an article that could help you. I will send it
to you.
o Well, I think that´s something we could talk about.
o I have contacts that could help you.
o I have some interesting links on that matter.
o I have some ideas on …
o Let´s keep in touch and perhaps arrange a coffee or a chat on the phone.
Here’s my card.
Example of follow-up email:
Dear Mr/Ms…
It's was really good to meet you at the trade fair. I thought the following links
(attached documents / price list / suppliers’names) could be of interest.
How about a meeting some time next week? Mondays and Fridays are generally
good for me.
Kind regards,
You should know

Visit this site that offers networking tips
Ideas for networking.
A step ahead
To find out more about trade fairs visit this link.
Trade Fairs.
1.1.- Now you put it into practice (I).
Let's practice a little networking language.
Think about it
Which sentences do you consider inappropriate to start a conversation at
a trade fair?
1. Have you been to many fairs this year?

2. Hi, mate. How’s things?
3. That's a really nice promotional gift. Where did you get it?
4. How are things? It's really busy today.
5. What’s up?
Think about it
Which sentences do you consider appropriate to keep the conversation

going?
• Are you here to sell or to buy?

• How much did you sell last year?
• How long have you been in business?
• Would you like a coffee while you wait?
• Did you get to know any interesting woman last year?
• Can I give you my business card?
2.- How to say it. Passive Voice.
Citas Para Pensar

A book burrows into your life in a very profound way because the experience of reading
is not passive.Erica Jong.
Did you notice how often the passive voice is used in English?
Study these sentences.
• The best wines are produced in the South of Spain.

• The robber was caught by two policewomen when he was crossing the frontier.
• G. W. Bush was elected president in 2001.
Think about it
• Who is the subject in each of these sentences?
• Who does the action?
• Does the subject do the action in these sentences?
We are going to try and explain these questions below.
FORM.
• Active: We translate a book every year. (a book: direct object).

o Passive: A book is translated every year.
• Active: The children broke the windows. (the windows: direct object).
• Passive: The windows were broken by the children. (by the children: by agent).
So, the rules for the passive voice are:
1. The direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive
sentence.
2. The verb “to be + past participle” is used in the same verbal tense as the active
verb. The verb “to be” is in accordance with the new subject.
3. The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent in the passive, when it is
mentioned.
The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb "to be" into the same
tense as the active verb.
We add the past participle of the active verb. The active direct object becomes
the passive subject.
In the passive, we use "by + agent" to say who did the action.
Active and Passive voice 1
Active voice Passive voice
My grandma writes a letter every

A letter is written by my grandma every day.
day.
My grandma wrote a letter A letter was written by my grandma

yesterday. yesterday.
He has sent two parcels today. Two parcels have been sent today.
They are drinking tea now. Tea is being drunk now.
Ejercicio Resuelto
Click to read the Spanish translation.
2.1.- Passive voice: Formal aspects.
We are going to see formal aspects of the passive voice.
• TWO OBJECTS.e
When there are two objects (direct and indirect), two passives are
possible:
o Robert sent her some flowers. Her: Ind. Object Some flowers: Dir. Object.
Passive:
1. Some flowers were sent to her.

2. She was sent some flowers. This form (Ind. Object as a subject)
is more frequent.
o They made me lots of questions. Me: Ind Object Lots of questions: Direct
Object
Passive:
1. Lots of questions were made to me.
2. I was made lots of questions. (More frequent).
Summarising:
When there are two objects, it is more frequent to begin the passive
sentence with the person (Indirect Object).
• INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE PASSIVE FORMS.
In the negative form we use the verb to be in the negative.
o America wasn’t discovered in 1495.

o The best wines aren’t produced in Denmark.
For the interrogative form, we use Wh-question + Aux (be) + subj +

verb?
o
When did Columbus discover America?
1. Passive: When was America discovered?
o Where have they found the jewels?
1. Passive: Where have the jewels been found?
• MODAL AND AUXILIARY VERBS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
When there is a modal verb, we use the modal verb + be + past

participle.
o We must close this door after 10:00 pm.

1. This door must be closed after 10:00 pm.
o He should explain the lesson again.
1. The lesson should be explained again .
Active and Passive voice 2
Active voice Passive voice
They will open a new restaurant soon. A new restaurant will be opened soon.
A little boy can drive this car. This car can be driven by a little boy.
We mustn't make noise at night. Noise mustn't be made at night.
They should tell him the truth. He should be told the truth.
Ejercicio Resuelto
2.2.- Passive voice: Use.
What are the main differences in use between the passive and the active voice?
We normally use the passive:
• When the subject in the active (the person who does the action) is not known,
unimportant or is obvious from the context.
• My motorbike was stolen last night. (Who stole it? We don’t know).
o Obama was elected president of the USA in November, 2008. (By the
Americans; it is obvious that only Americans voted for Obama).
• When it is more important to stress the thing done than the doer of it, that is to
say, the action is more important than the subject of the action.
o My car was stolen last night is more usual than Thieves stole my car last
night.
o He was killed in the war is more usual than The enemy killed him in the
war.
o New roads have been made is more usual than Workers have made new
roads.
• The passive voice is often translated into Spanish by the “se” expression or by
the third person plural.
o English is spoken here is normally translated “Se habla inglés aquí”.
• He was killed in the war is normally translated “Lo mataron en la Guerra”.
• The concert has been cancelled “Han cancelado el concierto” / “El concierto se
ha cancelado”.
The passive voice is commonly used in newspapers headlines and boards. In

these cases the verb “to be” is frequently omitted.
• Popular politician found guilty means Popular politician was found guilty.
• Sold means This has been sold.
• Three shot at nightmeans Three people have been shot or were shot at night.
• 3 year old boy rescued from a wellmeans 3 year old boy was rescued from a well.
Ejercicio Resuelto
2.3.- Now you put it into practice (II).

Now we are going to find out if you understand passive voice. This should be very
easy.
Autoevaluación
Make passive sentences.
Ann invited Peter to a night party.

Peter by Ann to a night party.
Somebody stole my purse while I was eating out.
My purse while I was eating out.
My uncle makes bread every night.
Bread by my uncle every night.
Someone has washed this shirt.
This shirt .
Su puntuación es 0/4.
Ann invited Peter to a night party.

Peter was invited by Ann to a night party.
Somebody stole my purse while I was eating out.
My purse was stolen while I was eating out.
My uncle makes bread every night.
Bread is made by my uncle every night.
Someone has washed this shirt.
This shirt has been washed.
Autoevaluación
Make passive sentences. Remember the subject must agree with the verb.
• They have cancelled all flights because of the storms.

• All flights because of the storms.
• They serve hot sausages until 4:00 pm.
• Hot sausages until 4:00 pm.
• People in Spain drink the best coffee.
• The best coffee by people in Spain.
• Somebody has cleaned my room today.
• My room today.
• Teachers used chalk in the classroom in the past.
• Chalk (by teachers) in the classroom in the past.
• They have cancelled all flights because of the storms.

• All flights have been cancelled because of the storms.
• They serve hot sausages until 4:00 pm.
• Hot sausages are served until 4:00 pm.
• People in Spain drink the best coffee.
• The best coffee is drunk by people in Spain.
• Somebody has cleaned my room today.
• My room has been cleaned today.
• Teachers used chalk in the classroom in the past.
• Chalk was used (by teachers) in the classroom in the past.
Think about it
Make passive sentences with two objects. You must think of the two
possible answers for each sentence.
• They have sent her some flowers.

• They didn’t offer Tim the job.
• My brother gave me 600 euros for my old car.
• The company will pay us a good salary next year.
• She has asked me a lot of questions.
Autoevaluación
Make passive sentences. Future and modal verbs.
• The mechanic will repair my car very soon.

o My car (by the mechanic) very soon.
• They will organise next Olympic Games in London.
o Next Olympic Games in London.
• Some people can type lots of letters in one day.
o Lots of letters in one day.
• Somebody should warn Peter about the risks of smoking.
o Peter about the risks of smoking.
• The mechanic will repair my car very soon.

o My car will be repaired (by the mechanic) very soon.
• They will organise next Olympic Games in London.
o Next Olympic Games will be organised in London.
• Some people can type lots of letters in one day.
o Lots of letters can be typed in one day.
• Somebody should warn Peter about the risks of smoking.
o Peter should be warned about the risks of smoking.
Autoevaluación
Make passive sentences. Future and modal verbs.
• We must leave the bicycles at the university entrance.

o The bicycles at the university entrance.
• Amodóvar will make a new film this year.
o A new film by Amenabar this year.
• Only adult people can drive this car.
o This car only by adult people.
• Students mustn’t write poems on the classroom walls.
o Poems on the classroom walls.
• They are going to build a new sports pavilion.
o A new sports pavilion is going to .
• We must leave the bicycles at the university entrance.

o The bicycles must be left at the university entrance.
• Amodóvar will make a new film this year.
o A new film will be made by Amenabar this year.
• Only adult people can drive this car.
o This car can only only be driven by adult people.
• Students mustn’t write poems on the classroom walls.
o Poems musn’t be written on the classroom walls.
• They are going to build a new sports pavilion.
o A new sports pavilion is going to be built.
2.3.1.- Now you put it into practice (III).
Autoevaluación
Make passive sentences. Interrogative.
• When did Columbus discover America?

• When America (by Columbus)?
• Why did they shoot him?
• Why he ?
• When did they build that old church?
• When that old church ?
• Where do people make the best leather bags?
• Where the best leather bags ?
• Do they make these bags in Ubrique?
• they in Ubrique? Yes, they are.
Autoevaluación
Make passive sentences. Negative. Use contractions when possible.
• We don’t pay the electricity bill every month.

o The electricity bill every month.
• People don’t grow the best oranges in England.
o The best oranges in England.
• They didn’t discover America in 1592.
o America in 1592.
• Did anybody call the police?
o the police ?
• Did many students pass that exam?
o the exam by many students?
• We don’t pay the electricity bill every month.

o The electricity bill isn’t paid every month.
• People don’t grow the best oranges in England.
o The best oranges aren’t grown in England.
• They didn’t discover America in 1592.
o America wasn’t discovered in 1592.
• Did anybody call the police?
o Were the police called?
• Did many students pass that exam?
o Was the exam passed by many students?
Autoevaluación
Make passive sentences. Continuous tenses.
• My workmate was using my computer yesterday.

o My computer by my workmate yesterday.
• Don’t turn off the tv because they are watching it.
o Don’t turn off the tv because it .
• Someone is cleaning the rooms now.
o The rooms now.
• They were listening to the radio for two hours.
o The radio for two hours.
• My workmate was using my computer yesterday.

o My computer was being used by my workmate yesterday.
• Don’t turn off the tv because they are watching it.
o Don’t turn off the tv because it is being watched.
• Someone is cleaning the rooms now.
o The rooms are being cleaned now.
• They were listening to the radio for two hours.
o The radio was listened to for two hours.
Autoevaluación
Make active sentences. If there is no “by agent”, we use the word people or
someone as the subject in the active sentence.
• English is spoken here.

o People here.
• The robber was seen when he was leaving the bank.
o Someone when he was leaving the bank.
• The trade fair will be opened next Friday.
o People the trade fair next Friday.
• Barack Obama was elected president of the USA by Americans in 2008.
o Barack Obama president of the USA in 2008.
• A bag has been found in the office by the cleaner.
o a bag in the office.
• English is spoken here.

o People speak English here.
• The robber was seen when he was leaving the bank.
o Someone saw the robber when he was leaving the bank.
• The trade fair will be opened next Friday.
o People will open the trade fair next Friday.
• Barack Obama was elected president of the USA by Americans in 2008.
o Americans elected Barack Obama president of the USA in 2008.
• A bag has been found in the office by the cleaner.
o The cleaner has found a bag in the office.
Autoevaluación
Translate into English using the passive voice.
1. Lo encontraron en otra ciudad con otra familia.
2. Se venden ordenadores de segunda mano.
3. Se reparan coches.
4. Se le hicieron muchas preguntas en la comisaría.
5. Se pasan proyectos a máquina a muy buen precio.
6. Se le dará otra oportunidad.
7. Se aceptan tarjetas de crédito y cheques de viaje.
8. Los libros deben ser devueltos en 15 días.
1. He was found in another city with another family.

2. Second-hand computers are sold.
3. Cars are repaired.
4. He was made a lot of questions.
5. Projects are typed at a very good price.
6. He will be given another opportunity.
7. Credit cards and traveller’s cheques are accepted.
8. Books must be returned in 15 days.
2.4.- Impersonal passive.
Think about it
Have you ever used the Spanish expression “Se dice que …” or “Se sabe que
….”?
Look at these sentences and try and make any difference between them.
• People say that he has 3 jobs.

o It is said that he has 3 jobs.
• They know that she is a millionaire.
o It is known that she is a millionaire.
1. Is there any difference in meaning?

2. Which is the impersonal passive?
3. How do we form the impersonal passive?
1. There is no difference in meaning.

2. The second sentences are in the impersonal passive.
3. We form the impersonal passive with the expression:
It is + past participle + that + subordinate clause.
The impersonal passive is commonly used in official or formal reports and

newspapers.
When we talk about what other people think, know, say, expect, … we normally
use this passive form.
We normally use this construction with verbs of perception and saying: Say, think,
know, expect, believe, report, consider, claim.
• If the main verb is in the present, we use the verb “to be” in the present form.
o They believe English is here to stay.
▪ It is believed English is here to stay.
• If the main verb is in the past, the impersonal construction changes to the past.
o People said that the best vines are grown in the south of France.
▪ It was said that the best vines are grown in the south of France.
• The same happens with any other tenses.
o People have always known that Chinese people eat a lot of rice.
▪ It has always been known that Chinese people eat a lot of rice.
o They will think my two cousins are lovers.
▪ It will be thought my two cousins are lovers.
Note how we can drop the word “that” with no change in meaning.
Ejercicio Resuelto
¿Alguna vez has usado la expresión española "Se dice que …" or "Se sabe
que …."?
Mira estas frases e intenta ver las diferencias que hay entre ellas.
¿Hay alguna diferencia en significado? ¿Cuál es la pasiva impersonal? ¿Cómo
la formamos?
No hay diferencia de significado.
Las frases segundas son las de pasiva impersonal.
Formamos la pasiva impersonal con la expresión:
It is + participio pasado + que + frase subordinada
Se usa mucho en informes oficiales y periódicos. Cuando hablamos de lo que
otra gente piensa, sabe, dice, espera,….normalmente usamos esta forma de
pasiva. Normalmente usamos esta construcción con verbos de percepción y
dicción: Say, think, know, expect, believe, report, consider, claim.
• Si el verbo principal está en presente, usamos el verbo "to be" en presente.

• Si el verbo principal está en pasado, la construcción impersonal cambia al
pasado.
• Lo mismo ocurre con cualquier otro tiempo.
Fíjate cómo podemos eliminar la palabra "that" sin que cambie el significado.
2.4.1.- Now you put it into practice (IV).
We are going to do some practice on the impersonal passive now.
Autoevaluación
Make impersonal passive sentences.
• People say that this building is 450 years old.
o It that this building is 450 years old.
• They know that Jean committed a crime a long time ago.
o It that Jean committed a crime a long time ago.
• They think the accident happened because of the fog.
o It that the accident happened because of the fog.
• People expect the left wing party will win the election.
o It the left wing party will win the election.
• They knew that the Prime Minister would resign.
o It that the Prime Minister would resign.
• Journalists reported that the bank interest rates would rise this month.
o It that the bank interest rates would rise this month.
• They have said that the economy will get better in 2015.
o It that the economy will get better in 2015.
• People will believe that you have written this poem.
o It that you have written this poem.
• People say that this building is 450 years old.

o It is said that this building is 450 years old.
• They know that Jean committed a crime a long time ago.
o It is known that Jean committed a crime a long time ago.
• They think the accident happened because of the fog.
o It is thought that the accident happened because of the fog.
• People expect the left wing party will win the election.
o It is expected the left wing party will win the election.
• They knew that the Prime Minister would resign.
o It was known that the Prime Minister would resign.
• Journalists reported that the bank interest rates would rise this month.
o It was reported that the bank interest rates would rise this month.
• They have said that the economy will get better in 2015.
o It has been said that the economy will get better in 2015.
• People will believe that you have written this poem.
o It will be believed that you have written this poem.
Autoevaluación
Translate these sentences into English.
1. Se sabe que estos relojes son los mejores del mundo.
2. Se informó que había una reunión muy importante por la tarde.
.
3. Se esperaba que este producto fuese un gran éxito.
1. It is known that these watches are the best in the world

2. It was reported that there was an important meeting in the afternoon.
3. It was expected that this product was a success.
2.5.- The passive infinitive construction.
We are going to study now the passive infinitive.
Can you have a look at these sentences?
• People say prices will go up next summer.

o It is said prices will go up next summer.
o Prices are said to go up next summer.
• People know that lots of secretaries earn a low salary.
o It is known that lots of secretaries earn a low salary.
o Secretaries are known to earn a low salary.
You already know how to form the impersonal passive construction It is + past
participle …
What about the third sentences in each group above? How do we form the
passive infinitive construction?
Let’s take the first example.
• Prices are said to go up next summer.
The subject of the subordinate clause (prices) becomes the subject of the main
sentence. The verb of perception or main verb (say) is put into the passive voice.
The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction (to go up).
The two passive structures mean exactly the same.
Let’s see another example:
• They think that a famous pop star lives in the house on the corner.
o It is thought that a famous pop star lives in the house on the corner.
o A famous pop star is thought to live in the house on the corner.
If the main verb is in the past, we use the passive construction in the past.
• They thought Peter and Kim were abroad.
o It was thought Peter and Kim were abroad.
o Peter and Kim were thought to be abroad.
• People expected that Hillary would win the primary elections.
o It was expected that Hillary would win the primary elections.
o Hillary was expected to win the primary elections.
BE SUPPOSED TO.
This passive construction has two possible meanings:
• Said to:
o I want to see that film; It is supposed to be brilliant. (People say it is
brilliant).
• Duty, obligation, rule or timetable:
o She is supposed to finish all her work by 7:00 pm.
o The train is supposed to arrive at 5:20.
Ejercicio Resuelto
2.5.1.- Now you put it into practice (V).

Time for exercises again! Do you think you can use the impersonal passive?
Time for exercises again!
Do you think you can use the impersonal passive?

Time for exercises again! Do you think you can use the impersonal passive?
Time for exercises again!
Do you think you can use the impersonal passive?
Autoevaluación
Make impersonal passive sentences. Use the passive infinitive in the
second option.
People say that the weather will be warmer in the future.
1. It that the weather will be warmer in the future.

2. The weather warmer in the future.
People think that languages are too difficult to learn.

• It that languages are too difficult to learn.
• Languages difficult to learn.
They know that car factories make a lot of money.
• It that car factories make a lot of money.

• Car factories a lot of money.
People say that the weather will be warmer in the future.
1. It is said that the weather will be warmer in the future.

2. The weather is said to be warmer in the future.
People think that languages are too difficult to learn.
• It is thought that languages are too difficult to learn.

• Languages are thought to be difficult to learn.
They know that car factories make a lot of money.
• It is known that car factories make a lot of money.

• Car factories is known to be a lot of money.
Autoevaluación
Make impersonal passive sentences in the past. Use the passive infinitive
in the second option.
They knew that this course would be a little difficult.
• It that this course would be a little difficult.

• This course a little difficult.
People thought that the train would arrive earlier.
• It that the train would arrive earlier.

• The train earlier.
People reported that the strike would go on for one more week.
• It that the strike would go on for one more week.

• The strike on for one more week.
They knew that this course would be a little difficult.
• It was known that this course would be a little difficult.

• This course was known to be a little difficult.
People thought that the train would arrive earlier.
• It was thought that the train would arrive earlier.

• The train was thought to arrive earlier.
People reported that the strike would go on for one more week.
• It was reported that the strike would go on for one more week.
• The strike was reported to go on for one more week.
Autoevaluación
Make impersonal passive sentences with the verb “suppose”. Use only the
passive infinitive.
• They suppose that classes start at 8:30.

o to start at 8:30.
• People suppose bodyguards are very strong.
o to be very strong.
• They supposed Rafa Nadal would win a gold medal in Pekin.
o to win a gold medal in Pekin.
• They suppose that classes start at 8:30.

o Classes are supposed to start at 8:30.
• People suppose bodyguards are very strong.
o Bodyguards are supposed to be very strong.
• They supposed Rafa Nadal would win a gold medal in Pekin.
o Rafael Nadal was supposed to win a gold medal in Pekin.
3.- Words you need. Banking products and services.
Think about it
Think of one or two characteristics for each type of account.
• Current account.
• Deposit account.
• Money market account.
We already talked about banking vocabulary on Unit 4. Let’s revise some words
and learn new ones.
There are two main types of bank accounts: a current account and a savings
account. You can use a current account for your day-to-day banking needs. Your
bank might give you a cheque book, which allows you to write cheques to pay
for goods and services. You'll probably also have a bank card which allows you
to withdraw cash from cash machines (also known as atm or "hole in the wall"
machines) and to pay for goods in shops. You get a secret pin number (personal
identification number) that you use when you withdraw cash.
If you receive a cheque, you can pay it in or deposit it at your bank. You can
also pay in cash (money). If you want to convert your cheque into cash, you
can cash the cheque. Some companies can also pay money into your account
via a direct bank transfer.
A savings account should pay you interest. Most banks give you a different rate
of interest depending on how much you are saving, and how much notice you
give before withdrawing money. In the UK, people traditionally use banks for a
range of services. As well as an overdraft facility (where you borrow money
from the bank), people also get a mortgage (loan to buy a house), personal
loan, and insurance from their banks. High street banks (the sort of banks
which you can find on any high street) are also good places to change money.
Many banks now offer telephone banking and internet banking. This means
that you can manage your finances without going to the local branch (office) of
your bank.
Adapted from http://www.english-at-home.com/business/banking/
Autoevaluación
Choose the right word from the list to complete each sentence.
overdraft → facility → loans → bonds → standing → order → pension
• We offer for buying cars and homes.
• To help a customer cover expenses without any worries, we recommend
a/an .
• We can manage investments such as shares, real estate and .
• For retirement planning we have got excellent accounts available.
• A customer can arrange a/an to have transfers made on
a set timetable.
You should know

Watch the video to find out more about banking and financial services in
the UK.
Opening a bank account. Text summary
A step ahead
Here you have site with a lot of vocabulary on banking.
Vocabulary of banking and stocks.
NG07. Session 2. Full version.- I’ve got the

right location.
MAKE MONEY, DO BUSINESS.- Session 02. I've got the
right location.
Caso práctico
Carla has visited the sites Manuel and she preselected in the former meeting.
Listen to Carla talking to Manuel on the phone and giving him a short overview
of the situation.
00:00
01:46
Script
Manuel: Manuel Sánchez speaking
Carla: Hi Manuel, it's me, Carla. I've been visiting the sites we preselected and I
think I've found the one. Let me tell you about it.
Manuel: Sure, I'm not busy at the moment.
Carla: Well, I already have two main selections. The first is a warehouse in Los
Barrios industrial park. It's a well-known industrial park but the facilities around
need some improvements. It's only five minutes from Algeciras' port where, as
you know, there is a bulk container terminal. Umm …It's extraordinarily well
connected. The nearest chicken slaughterhouse is only 15 minutes from the
warehouse and there are 3 other ones in the area.
About the size…it is 100 metres long and 20 metres wide, the height is not a
problem and a mezzanine can be placed in the rear part of the warehouse.
We can have this site with a rental agreement of 3000 € a month, all taxes
included.
On the other hand, our second option is located in another industrial park in the
northern part of the city. It is therefore farther from the port of shipping, 20
minutes, and 25 minutes from the nearest slaughterhouse but the good thing is
that it's brand new. It has never been used before and it is as large as the other
one, 110 m. long and 20 m. wide. The owner said he would help with any
construction we may need and the rental agreement is 2500 €. Taxes are not
included but they're lower than in our first option because the town hall wants the
park to be in full use. Oh! And I forgot, the vacuum packing machinery is included
as well.
So, what do you think?
Autoevaluación
Complete the following notes on the two sites:
Notes for both sites
First site – Notes for option 1 Second site – Notes for option 2
At industrial park. In of the city.

Notes for both sites
First site – Notes for option 1 Second site – Notes for option 2
minutes from Algeciras' port minutes from Algeciras' port
minutes from the nearest minutes from the nearest

slaughterhouse Other comments: slaughterhouse Other comments:
Size: Size:
Length: Width: Length: Width:
Other comments: Other comments:
Rental
Rental agreement: €.
agreement: €. Other
comments:
Other comments: Taxes
included
Notas para ambos emplazamientos
Primer emplazamiento – Notas para Segundo emplazamiento – Notas para

la opción 1 la opción 2
At Los Barrios industrial park. In the northern part of the city.
5 minutes from Algeciras' port. 20 minutes from Algeciras' port.
15 minutes from the nearest

25 minutes from the nearest
slaughterhouse
slaughterhouse.
Other comments: Extraordinarily well-
Other comments: It's brand new, the
connected, there is a bulk container
owner said he would help with any
terminal, there are 3 other
construction they may need.
slaughterhouses in the area.
Size: Length: 110 metres Width: 20

Size: Length: 100 metres Other comments: The
metres Width: 20 metres owner said he would help with
any construction they may need.
Notas para ambos emplazamientos
Primer emplazamiento – Notas para Segundo emplazamiento – Notas para

la opción 1 la opción 2
Other comments: The height is not a

problem and a mezzanine can be
placed in the rear part of the
warehouse.
Rental agreement: 2500 €.
Other comments: The vacuum

Rental agreement: 3000 €.
packaging machinery is
included. Taxes are not included but
Other comments: Taxes included.
they’re lower than in our first option
because the town hall wants the park
to be in full use.
Think about it
Discuss at the unit forum the advantages and disadvantages of each site. What
would you do if you were in Manuel and Carla’s shoes? Which one would you
select as your company’s premises?
1.- What to say. How to make arrangements on the phone.

Read the following dialogues carefully.
A: Good morning, Alan Parker speaking, may / could I speak to Mr. Smith,
please?
B: Wait a minute please … sorry Sir, but I'm afraid Mr. Smith is in a meeting. Can
I take a message?
A: Yes please, could you tell him Mr. Parker phoned? Thank you very much.
B: Sure! Have a nice day, bye.
C: Good afternoon, This is Sophie Jones, may I talk to Miss Middleton, please?
D: Good afternoon madam, hold on the line, please, I´ll put you through!
C: Thank you very much.
D: Madam? I'm sorry, but I'm afraid the line is busy at the moment, can I take a
message?
C: Yes please. Could you tell her I'll call back later?
D: OK, thank you, bye.
Autoevaluación
Now answer the following questions.
What do we say when we want to …
1. … introduce ourselves on the phone? . .

2. … apologize for something we are going to say? ...
3. … ask to take notes of who is calling? ?
4. … ask someone to wait? . .
5. … connect one person with another? .
6. … say the other person is not available? . .
7. … leave a message? ? ?
1. … introduce ourselves on the phone? “X speaking.” “This is X.”

2. … apologize for something we are going to say? “Sorry, but I'm afraid.”
3. … ask to take notes of who is calling? “Can I take a message?”
4. … ask someone to wait? “Hold on the line, please.” “Wait a minute please.”
5. … connect one person with another? “I'll put you through.”
6. … say the other person is not available? “The line is busy.” “Mr. X is in a
meeting.”
7. … leave a message? “Could you tell him Mr. X phoned, please?” “Could you
tell her I'll call back later?”
Imagine you get through to the person you want to speak to, do you know what
to say to fix a meeting? The following sentences will help you:
Making arrangements
Making arrangements Translation
Can we fix an appointment? ¿Podemos fijar una reunión / cita?
¿Podemos concertar una cita/

Shall we arrange a meeting?
reunión?
Would it be possible to meet up soon? ¿Podríamos reunirnos pronto?

Making arrangements
Making arrangements Translation
I'll check my diary (B.E) / planner (Am. E). Consultaré mi agenda.
How / What about Monday? ¿Qué te parece el lunes?
Would Tuesday be suitable? ¿Te iría bien el martes?
Would Thursday suit you? ¿Te vendría bien el jueves?
Shall we say Friday? ¿Qué te parece el viernes?
That's fine! / That would be fine! ¡Me parece bien! ¡Perfecto!
That sounds good / great! Suena bien / genial.
Sorry, I can't / won't be able to make

Lo siento, el lunes me es imposible.
Monday.
Sorry, but I've got to (+ INF) travel on that Lo siento pero tengo que viajar ese
day. día.
Sorry, but I've got a (+ noun) meeting that Lo siento pero tengo una reunión ese
day. día.
1.1.- How to end the conversation and change your plans.

Here you have some ways to close the conversation without sounding abrupt or
rude:
Closing the conversation
Closing the conversation Translation
See you on Friday then! ¡Nos vemos entonces el viernes!

Closing the conversation
Closing the conversation Translation
Yes, I'll look forward to seeing you on

Si, estoy deseando verte el viernes.
Friday.
Lo siento, me tengo que ir/ tengo una

Sorry, I've got to go now/ to a meeting.
reunión
Nice talking to you!/ Good to talk to you! Ha sido un placer hablar contigo.
Talk to you soon! ¡Hablamos pronto!
We'll keep in touch. Estaremos en contacto.
Thanks for calling. Gracias por llamar.
Despite having a meeting, there are sometimes last minute inconveniences which
may change all your plans. Here you have some useful phrases to change your
arrangements:
Changing arrangements
Changing arrangements Translation
Sorry, but I can't make it on Tuesday! ¡Lo siento pero no puedo el martes!
Sorry, but something has come up and Lo siento me ha surgido algo y no

Tuesday is not possible! puedo el martes.
I've got to go over to New York to see a Tengo que viajar a Nueva York a
client. ver a un cliente.
¿Qué te parece el lunes por la

How about Monday morning?
mañana?
We said Monday morning, can you make the Dijimos el lunes por la mañana,
afternoon instead? puedes por la tarde?
Is it possible for you to meet in the

¿Podrías quedar por la tarde?
afternoon?
Necesito cambiar nuestra cita del

I need to change our arrangement for
día 16, ¿podríamos posponerla al
the 16th, can we put it off till the 22nd?
22?
Changing arrangements
Changing arrangements Translation
I'd completely forgotten that I have another Se había olvidado completamente

meeting that day. que tengo otra cita ese día.
I'm afraid I'm completely snowed under (very Me temo que estoy hasta arriba en
busy) at the moment, can we leave it open este momento, ¿podríamos dejarlo
for the time being? abierto?
I'll get back to you when I'm not so busy. Te llamo en cuanto tenga un hueco.
Autoevaluación
Match the arrangements to the Offers.
Ejercicio de relacionar
Arrangements Match Offers
1. I'm visiting your office next A. Do you want me to go and meet

Monday. her?
2. Sarah is arriving at the airport B. Would you like me to arrange a

at 3.00 p.m. restaurant for the meeting?
3. Mr. Parker is visiting us to C. Would you like me to contact

discuss the sale tomorrow. the newspapers?
4. We're having a launch party D. Would you like to go to the

next Friday. National Gallery?
5. I have no plans for Saturday E. Do you want me to call you a

afternoon, taxi?
Ejercicio de relacionar
Arrangements Match Offers
F. Would you like me to show you

6. I'm leaving in 10 minutes.
round?
A step ahead
Watch and read the following video. Pay attention to rhythm and
entonation.
Making arrangements. Text summary
Autoevaluación
Unscramble these sentences and put them in the right order.
1. 11 a.m. we shall say So Tuesday?
2. busy I’m really week this.
3. make can you following the Wednesday it?
4. perfect, Thursday OK see at you 2 p.m. there!
there!
5. Friday how next afternoon about?
6. 9 a.m So fix Monday at for it we’ll.
.
7. week Sorry, we postpone can it to next?
1. So shall we say Tuesday 11 a.m?

2. I'm really busy this week.
3. Can you make it the following Wednesday?
4. OK, perfect, see you Thursday at 2 p.m there!
5. How about net Friday afternoon.
6. So we'll fix it for Monday at 9 a.m.
7. Sorry, can we postpone it to next week?
Think about it
Answer to these invitations.
1. Would you like to come over for lunch this weekend? (no).
2. How about a barbeque on Sunday, you could bring your wife? (yes).
3. Let’s do lunch this week. (yes).
4. Do you have time for a drink tonight? (no).
5. I’m going to the cinema tomorrow night, want to join me? (no).
6. I’m having some friends over for my birthday next Saturday; I’d love it if you could
come. (yes).
Now it's your turn

Enter the forum.
Now that you have the answers written down, read them aloud and record your
voice. Then, send them to your tutor. Try to sound natural!
1.3.- How to write down an English Proposal.
Proposals.
As we know, proposals can be carried out either orally or written down. Let's have
a look at both of them:
When you come up with a new idea, sometimes you need to pitch that idea to
other people, mainly to your boss or colleagues, and therefore the most effective
way to convey your project plans is by creating a proposal. You can write a
proposal to share your idea concisely and put your plan in motion. Here are some
tips for you to follow:
• Write down a brief outline of your ideas.

• Turn on your computer and open your word processing programme. Create a title
page by typing the name of your project or idea. Include your name, contact
information and the date. Start your proposal on the next page using titles and
paragraph form.
• Explain the purpose of your project or idea. List details and explain the relevance
of the idea to your working place.
• Identify the target audience for the project, remember it's not the same to address
a proposal to a friend as to do it to your boss.
• List materials you will use or need to carry on your proposal.
• Write down your budget needs and how you plan to meet those needs. Detail any
fees that will be associated, for example, buying new material.
• Create a time line for the execution of your project or idea. Use a calendar if
needed to highlight important dates or deadlines to execute your project or idea
successfully.
• List any references or previous work done on the area to provide credibility to
your proposal and requests.
• Review your proposal carefully. Check punctuation, grammar and sentence
structure. Read what you wrote out loud. Make any revisions or edits, save it
and print it out.
Autoevaluación
Read the previous text again and answer the following questions:
The first thing to do when you have to write down a proposal is …
to think about who is it addressed to.
to turn on your computer and start working on it.
to list what you want to say.

Your proposal should have …
at least two pages, the first one including your contact details.
as much pages as you want developing your idea from the very first page.
just one page with your contact information, name and date.
When writing a proposal …
you should detail all the money involved in the project.

you shouldn't worry about money, only about the proposal.
you should address it directly to your boss.
1.4.- How to make an oral proposal.

Whereas written proposals tend to be more formal, Oral proposals are usually
more informal and therefore, they are quite common in our daily lives. Let's have
a look at the most common words or expressions, always bearing in mind that
oral proposals are mainly used to make suggestions and give advice to people.
Giving advice
Word or expression Usage Example
Should try to recycle more

Should/ shouldn't + often.
Should
infinitive (without to) You shouldn't waste so
much paper!
Why don't you walk to the

Why don't you... ? + verb.
office?
Subject + ought to+ You ought to save more

Ought to
infinitive. energy.
If I were you, I would go

If I were you, I would/ Would/ wouldn't + walking to places.
wouldn't... infinitive. If I were you, I wouldn't do
that.
I suggest you to save more

+ To infinitive OR
petrol.
Suggest / recommend +that+ subject + infinitive
I recommend that you save
without to.
more petrol.
Advice (uncountable Let me give you some

Some / a piece of advice.
noun!) advice.
Giving advice
What about … ?/ How What/How about recycling

+ verb+ING.
about...? more paper?
let's ... + infinitive without to. Let's tell everybody!
SPEAKING TIP:
Be careful! Many people don't like getting advice if they haven't asked for it! To
avoid giving the wrong impression, you can try some of these expressions:
Giving advice 2
You could always save more

You could always… + infinitive.
energy.
+ verb+ Have you considered walking to

Have you considered…?
ING. work?
Perhaps we could to recycle more

Perhaps we could… + infinitive.
paper.
Do you think it's a good idea Do you think it's a good idea to
+ infinitive.
to…? recycle?
Autoevaluación
Fill in the gaps with the correct answer:
I don't think _____ so hard.

you should work.
you shouldn't work.
you should to.

You _____ more attention in class.
ought pay.
had out to pay.
ought to pay.
If I were you, _____ less and study more.
you'd work.
I'd work.
I worked.
If I were _____, I'd move to another city.
in your shoes.
in your clothes.
in your jacket.
You _____ early tomorrow.
had to better get up.
had better get up.
had to not better get up.

He _____ so much money.
shouldn't spend.
should not to spend.
shouldn't spends.
_____, don't work so hard.
Whenever you do.
Whatever you do.
Wherever you do.

If he _____, he'd take a week off from work.
are you.
were you.
is you.
Think about it
Write down in the forum:
Imagine a friend of yours is facing some economical problems. Give him or her
some advice or suggestions to improve his/her situation. Then, enter the forum
the share your ideas with your classmates. Remember to use the expressions
you learned above.
2.- How to say it. Conditional sentences – Third type.
Citas Para Pensar

“If we had had more time for discussion we should probably have made a great many
more mistakes .”Leon Trotsky.
Take a look at these two sentences.
1. I didn’t know her phone number, so I didn’t phone her.

2. We didn’t see the red traffic light, so we didn’t stop.
These sentences refer to a past situation. You can make a conditional sentence
out of each sentence.
1. If I had known her phone number, I would have phoned her.

2. If we had seen the red traffic light, I would have stopped.
Do you think you can change those past situations? I am afraid you can’t,
because you cannot change the past. This is what we call the third conditional.
They are also called impossible conditionals. We use them to talk about unreal
past situations.
Form.
There are several possible structures:
1. If + past perfect+Would + perfect infinitive.
1. If she had known, she would have studied the irregular verbs.
Or changing the order:
2. We would have visited you if we had heard you were ill.

2. If + past perfect+Could / might + perfect infinitive.
1. If we had had enough money, we could/might have stayed in a hotel.
Or:
2. We could have gone to the beach if the weather had been nice.
Note the interrogative form.
1. Where would you have gone if you had had the time? (Where + aux + subj +
verb?)
2. Would she have visited the Eiffel Tower if she had been in Paris? (Aux + subj +
verb?)
Ejercicio Resuelto
Échale a un vistazo a estas dos frases.

Se refieren a una situación de pasado.
Se puedes hacer una frase condicional a partir de cada una de ellas.
¿Crees que puedes cambiar estas situaciones de pasado? Me temo que no,
porque no podemos cambiar el pasado.
Esto es lo que llamamos Tercera condicional. También se llaman
condicionales imposibles. Las usamos para hablar de situaciones irreales
pasadas.
Forma
Hay dos estructuras posibles:
If + pret. pluscuamperfecto+Would + infinitivo perfecto.
If + pret. pluscuamperfecto+Could / might + infinitivo perfecto.
Fíjate en la forma interrogativa.
You should know

You can learn more about the third conditional here.
Conditional type 3.
2.1.- The three conditional types. Comparison.
Let’s review the three conditional sentences together. Look at these sentences.
• If I save money, I will buy a new car next year.

• If I saved money, I would buy a new car next year.
• If I had saved money last year, I would have bought a new car then.
Think about it
So, what is the difference between the 3 types of conditional sentences?
Which ones refer to present or future situations?
Which one refers to past situations?
That's right. First and second conditionals refer to present and future situations.
Third conditionals refer to past situations.
This is a chart with the main structures of conditionals:
Types of Conditional Sentences
Type of Conditional
If clause Main clause
Sentence
Form If + present form. Will + infinitive.

1st Conditional
If I drink too much
Example I will not sleep tonight.
coffee.
Form If + past form. Would + infinitive.

2nd Conditional
If I drank too much
Example I wouldn't sleep tonight.
coffee.
Form If + past perfect. Would + Perfect infinitive.

3rd Conditional
If she had been in She would have visited the
Example
Madrid. Prado Museum.
2.2.- Now you put it into practice (III).

Why don’t you do some practice now?
Autoevaluación
Write the verbs in their correct form to make third conditionals. For
negatives, use contractions (hadn’t, wouldn’t). Use only “would” in the
main clause.
• If she so busy, she would have gone shopping.

• If he the alarm clock, he wouldn’t have been late.
• If it hadn’t rained all the time, we fishing.
• You the theatre play if you had forgotten your ticket.
• They us if they had had enough time.
• If she hadn’t been so busy, she would have gone shopping.

• If he had set the alarm clock, he wouldn’t have been late.
• If it hadn’t rained all the time, we would have gone fishing.
• You wouldn’t have seen the theatre play if you had forgotten your ticket.
• They would have visited us if they had had enough time.
Autoevaluación
Write the verbs in their correct form to make third conditionals. For
negatives, use contractions (hadn’t, wouldn’t). Use only “would” in the
main clause.
• If I a lottery, I would have bought a new house last year.

• If you to your parents, you would have stayed at home.
• She angry if you had taken her car.
• The teacher at us if we hadn’t done our homework.
• What if you had seen the robbers?
• If I had won a lottery, I would have bought a new house last year.
• If you had listened to your parents, you would have stayed at home.
• She would have got angry if you had taken her car.
• The teacher would have shouted at us if we hadn’t done our homework.
• What would you have done if you had seen the robbers?
Autoevaluación
Write the verbs in their correct form to make first, second or third
conditionals. For negatives, use contractions. Use only “will, would or
imperative” in the main clause.
1. If you feel hungry, some fruit!

2. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we to Selwo.
3. I would help you tomorrow if you me now.
4. If Leo Messi played in Real Madrid, they the national football
championship.
5. They the police if they had seen the accident.
6. If you hadn't lent me the money, I my new motorbike.
1. If you feel hungry, eat some fruit!

2. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to Selwo.
3. I would help you tomorrow if you helped me now.
4. If Leo Messi played in Real Madrid, they would win the national football
championship.
5. They would have called the police if they had seen the accident.
6. If you hadn't lent me the money, I wouldn't have bought my new motorbike.
2.2.1- Now you put it into practice (IV).

We are going to do some more exercises on conditionals.
Autoevaluación
Write the verbs in their correct form to make first, second or third
conditionals. For negatives, use contractions. Use only “will, would or
imperative” in the main clause.
• Unless you do more sports, you weight.

• She would go out with him if she richer.
• I more if I had had more time.
• Fewer people on the roads if we were more careful.
• If I my husband with another woman, I would be angry.
• If you to me, you wouldn’t have done it wrong.
• Unless you do more sports, you won’t lose weight.

• She would go out with him if she were richer.
• I would have eaten more if I had had more time.
• Fewer people would die on the roads if we were more careful.
• If I saw my husband with another woman, I would be angry.
• If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t have done it wrong.
Autoevaluación
Rewrite these sentences using the third conditional.
• Peter was hungry because he didn’t have lunch yesterday.
• I didn’t visit you at the hospital because I hadn’t heard of your accident.
• He missed the train because he arrived late.
• I didn’t send you a postcard because I didn’t have your address.
• He broke his leg climbing a rock.
• They didn’t steal my car because I had locked it.
• If Peter had had lunch yesterday, he wouldn’t have been hungry.

• If I had heard of your accident, I would have visited you at the hospital.
• If he hadn’t arrived late, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
• If I had had your address, I would have sent you a postcard.
• He wouldn’t have broken his leg if he hadn’t climbed a rock.
• They would have stolen my car if I hadn't locked it.
A step ahead
Let's revise what we've learned so far. Check out the following websites:
The Third conditional: some extra exercises.
Third conditional exercise 1.
Third conditional exercise 2.
2.3.- Wishes and regrets.
Citas Para Pensar

“Nothing fixes a thing so intensely in the memory as the wish to forget it.”Michel de
Montaigne.
How can you express a wish?
The verb “to wish” is normally used as a synonym of “to want” or would like +
infinitive when we want to refer to present or future situations.
• I would like to establish a firm business relationship with your company.

• I wish to establish a firm business relationship with your company.
But the verb “to wish” is also used in other structures to express wishes and
regrets. Let’s see those structures or expressions.
• I wish + past simple.

o We regret about a present situation because we want something to be
different in the present or in the future. It is normally translated into“Ojalá”.
▪ I don’t have his telephone number. I wish I had it.
o We can also use “If only + past simple” to express the same.
▪ If only they passed their exams.
o Other examples are:
▪ She earns very little money. If only she earned more money.
▪ I miss you so much. I wish you were here.
▪ I cannot type. If only I could type.
▪ Note that we use “were” instead of “was” for all subjects.
▪ I wish she were here today.
• I wish + past perfect.
o We regret something happened or didn’t happen in the past.
▪ I didn’t go to the concert last weekend. I wish I had gone.
▪ She lied to her parents about an exam. She wishes she hadn’t lied
to her parents.
▪ You feel ill because you ate so much cake. If only you hadn’t eaten
so much cake.
• I wish + would + infinitive.
o We want to express dissatisfaction or complaint about a present situation.
We want somebody (not) to do something. We complain about someone
else, so there are always two different subjects (I wish you/they/she/he
would …..).
▪ I wish my neighbour wouldn’t make so much noise.
▪ I wish the bus driver would drive more slowly.
Ejercicio Resuelto
¿Cómo puedes expresar un deseo?
El verbo “to wish” normalmente se usa como sinónimo de “to want” or “would
like” + infinitivo cuando queremos referirnos al situaciones de presente o de
futuro.
Pero el verbo “to wish” también se usa en otras estructuras para expresar
deseo o arrepentimiento. Vamos a ver estas estructuras o expresiones.
• I wish + pasado simple.

o Expresa que tenemos un deseo sobre una situación de presente o de
futuro. Queremos que algo cambie ahora o en el futuro. Se traduce
muchas veces por “ojalá”.
o También usamos “If only + pasado simple” para expresar lo mismo.
o Fíjate que usamos “were” en vez de “was” para todos los sujetos.
• I wish + Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto.
o Expresa que tenemos un deseo sobre una situación de pasado.
Queremos que algo hubiera sido diferente a como ocurrió en el pasado.
• I wish + would + infinitivo.
o Queremos expresar insatisfacción o queja sobre una situación de
presente. Queremos que alguien (no) haga algo. Nos estamos quejando
de otra persona, así que siempre hay dos sujetos diferentes, uno en la
frase principal y otro en la subordinada.

Now it is time to do some practice on the topic studied above.
Autoevaluación
Use the expression "I wish" to express wishes and regrets about the
present or the past. Use contractions.
• I don’t have many friends in my town.
friends in my town.
• It is too hot in Seville in summer.
so hot in Seville in summer.
• I have to work in the afternoon.

work in the afternoon.
• Your boyfriend didn’t ring you last night.
me last night.
• You broke an arm when you went skiing.
an arm when you went skiing.
• Peter didn’t tidy your room and some guests are coming today.
your room.
• I don’t have many friends in my town.
I wish I had more friends friends in my town.
• It is too hot in Seville in summer.
I wish it weren’t so hot in Seville in summer.
• I have to work in the afternoon.
I wish I didn’t have to work work in the afternoon.
• Your boyfriend didn’t ring you last night.
I wish my boyfriend had rung me me last night.
• You broke an arm when you went skiing.
I wish you hadn’t broken an arm when you went skiing.
• Peter didn’t tidy your room and some guests are coming today.
I wish Peter had tidied your room.
Autoevaluación
Use the expression “I wish + subject + would” to express complaint or
dissatisfaction. Use contractions.
• Kevin calls me too much.
I wish me so much.
• My husband is not patient with me.
I wish patient with me.
• Sometimes my boss is not nice to me.
I wish nice to me.
• The manager is too demanding.
I wish so demanding.
• My child doesn’t let me work. I wish me work.
• Kevin calls me too much.
I wish Kevin wouldn't call me so much.
• My husband is not patient with me.
I wish my husband would be patient with me.
• Sometimes my boss is not nice to me.
I wish my boss would be nice to me.
• The manager is too demanding.
I wish the manager wouldn't be so demanding.
• My child doesn't let me work. I wish my child would let me work.
Autoevaluación
Use the expression “I wish” to express wishes and regrets about the
present or the past.
1. I hate traffic jams. I don’t have a bike.
2. Your manager can’t come to the meeting and you are in charge.
.
3. You didn’t invite Sandra to the party and she is upset.
4. I had too many beers last night.
5. It was so cold that nobody went out.
6. Your brother is ill.
1. I wish I had a bike.

2. If only my manager could come to the meeting.
3. I wish I had invited Sandra to the party.
4. I wish I hadn’t had so many beers.
5. If only it hadn’t been so cold.
6. If only my brother weren't ill.
2.4.- Verb and preposition.
Citas Para Pens
Verb and preposition.
Which preposition usually goes with the verb “pay”?
And which one goes with the verb “worry”?
Have you noticed that some verbs always take the same preposition?
For example: We pay for the newspaper, pay for a drink, pay for a meal,…
Or: Worry about someone’s problems, worry about our exams, …
We are going to see some common verbs with their prepositions.
• Apply for (a post, a job). I have applied for two different jobs this month.
• Believe in (something). Do you believe in the resurrection?
• Belong to (someone). That car belongs to my brother.
• Care about (someone/something). He is very selfish. He just cares about himself.
• Complain to someone about (someone/something). He complained to me about
the noise.
• Consist of (something). The committee consists of 5 members.
• Depend on. Will we go camping next week? It will depend on the weather.
• Dream of/about (someone/something). Last night I dreamed about my cousin.
• Happen to (someone/something). What happened to you last night?
• Hear about (something: be told about news). Have you heard about Tom’s
accident?
• Hear of (someone/something: Know who or what they are). I have never heard
of the Suez Channel.
• Laugh at (someone/something). All the people laughed at him because he got
drunk.
• Listen to (someone/something: Pay attention). Listen to me.
• Look at (someone/something). Look at that. It is incredible.
• Look for (someone/something: Search). I am looking for Susan.
• Look after (someone/something). He is looking after our garden in our holidays.
• Pay for (something). I couldn’t pay for the theatre tickets last night.
• Rely on (someone: Trust). I can rely on my staff.
• Shout at (someone, if you are angry). Stop shouting at me.
• Speak to (someone). Can I speak to Miss Sarandon, please?
• Suffer from (an illness). Lots of people suffer from diabetes these days.
• Take care of (someone/something: look after). You’ll have to take care of your
younger brother tonight.
• Think about (someone/something: Consider). I will think about that later.
• Think of (someone/something: Remember). I will be thinking of you during my
absence.
• Wait for (someone/something). Wait for me at the restaurant, please.
• Write to (someone). Don’t forget to write to me soon.
2.5.- Easily confused words.
Some words are similar in form and/or meaning and they are easily confused.
Some of those include:
Roll / Role.
1. A roll is:
1. A small piece of bread.
2. A piece of paper that has been turned into a tube.
3. A verb meaning "to turn (paper) into a tube".
4. A verb meaning "to turn over and over" (e.g. rolling down a hill).
5. A list of people in a group (i'm going to call the roll).
2. A role is a part in a play (Lucy Lawless plays the role of Xena) or, more loosely,
the function you perform in a certain group (I play the role of peacekeeper in my
family).
Rob / Steal.
1. Rob (robbed, robbed). To rob a place or a person (of things).

2. They have robbed me.
3. They robbed the bank.
4. I was robbed of my cheque-book.
1. Steal (stole, stolen). To steal objects (from a place or person).

1. Someone has stolen my watch.
2. They stole plenty of money from us.
Hear / Listen.
1. Hear (heard, heard). Hear refers to the action of receiving sounds in our ears
unintentionally.
2. I heard a crash when I opened the window.
3. Grandpa can't hear very well.
1. Listen (listened, listened). Listen refers to the action of paying attention to the
sounds in our ears.
2. Have you listened to his latest song?
3. Listen! Somebody is coming!
2.6.- Now you put it into practice (VI).
Autoevaluación
Fill in the blanks using the correct prepositions.
• The teacher complained the principal the children.
• We are thinking going camping next Easter.
• I am looking a supermarket. Can you help me?
• My neighbour suffers pneumonia.
• People say you can hardly rely taxi drivers in any city.
• We are writing the sales manager.
Autoevaluación
Choose the correct word from the easily confused options.
The teacher is calling the _______.
role.
roll.
They _______ the bank yesterday.
robbed
stole
Since the accident I can't _______ very well!
listen
hear
I'm not too hungry. I'll just have a _______.
role.
roll.
3.- Words you need. Safety at work.
Think about it
Do you think having safety procedures in you workplace is important? Why?
It is really important to know what to do in case an emergency takes place,

because we want to solve the different situations we may have to face in our
jobs in the best possible way. In this unit we are going to learn some important
words related to safety, let's hope you never have to use some of them.
Some words you may need in case an emergency takes place are...
English words related to safety and their Spanish

meaning
English words related to safety Spanish meaning
Hazard. Peligro, riesgo.
First-aid box. Botiquín.
Fire alarm. Alarma de incendios.
Ambulance. Ambulancia.
Plaster. Escayola.
Sprinkler system. Sistema de rociado antiincendios.
Smoke detector. Detector de humo.
Fire hydrant. Boca de incendios.
Fire extinguisher. Extintor.
Warning sign. Señal de advertencia.
Bandage. Venda.
Cotton wool. Algodón.
Earthquake. Terremoto.
Flood. Inundación.
Mask. Mascarilla.
A step ahead
To learn some more words and expressions related to safety in your workplace,
have a look at this webpage.
Safety vocabulary.
3.1.- Now you put it into practice (VII).
Autoevaluación
Complete the sentences with one of the words given:
Plaster → Fire extinguisher → Ambulance → Fire alarm → First-aid box →

Earthquake.
1. In case of fire, it is important to have a close.

2. I keep some bandages in the .
3. In case of an , the earth will move. It's better to take the guests to a
safe place then.
4. There were 3 people injured; they all went to the hospital in an .
5. When I broke my leg I had to wear a during 3 months.
6. The started making a really loud sound when the smoke was entering
in the room.
1. In case of fire, it is important to have a fire extinguisher close.

2. I keep some bandages in the first-aid box.
3. In case of an earthquake, the earth will move. It's better to take the guests to a
safe place then.
4. There were 3 people injured; they all went to the hospital in an ambulance.
5. When I broke my leg I had to wear a plaster during 3 months.
6. The fire alarm started making a really loud sound when the smoke was entering
in the room.
Autoevaluación
Unscramble the words to make some of the words studied in this section.
1. Dazhar: .
2. Rpalset: .
3. Mebaulanc: .
4. Xob fsirt-ida: .
5. Amks: .
6. Lofdo: .
1. Dazhar: Hazard.
2. Rpalset: Plaster.
3. Mebaulanc: Ambulance.
4. Xob fsirt-ida: First-aid box.
5. Amks: Mask.
6. Lofdo: Flood.
Think about it
If there was a fire in the place where you work...
• What would you do? (Write at least 3 things)

• Would you be nervous?
• Do you think it is important to keep the calm in this sort of situations?
If there was a fire in your workplace you could get really nervous, but you
should calm down because in this way you could help to solve the situation
more efficiently. It is really important to stay calm and take action soon and
correctly. Three possible things to do would be:
1. Tell everybody there is a fire. Maybe there are some people who haven't noticed
and their lives may be in danger. There is always some sort of alarm you can use
in these situations.
2. Call the firefighters to help extinguish the fire.
3. Contact medical services in case there are injured people.
Let's hope this never happens to you!

3.2.- Word formation: adjectives.
Citas Para Pensar

“As to the adjective; when in doubt, strike it out”Mark Twain.
Using word formation it is an easy way to increase your vocabulary in English.
Some suffixes to change nouns or verbs into adjectives are:
Suffixes to make adjectives from nouns or verbs
Suffix Noun or verb Adjective
Danger. Dangerous.
-ous
Fame. Famous.
Music. Musical.
-al
Politics. Political.
Sun. Sunny.
-y
Dirt. Dirty.
Attract. Attractive.
-ive
Create. Creative.
Enjoy. Enjoyable.
-able/-ible
Comfort. Comfortable.
Sometimes there is a spelling change.
• double the consonant: sunny.

• leave out the final "e": famous
• leave out the final "s" before "al": political.
• change "y" to "i" before "al": industrial.
Autoevaluación
Make adjectives from the following nouns of personal qualities.
Gap-filling exercise
Question Intonation
Punctuality. .
Self-discipline. .
Loyalty. .
Confidence. .
Intelligence. .
Spontaneity. .
Patience. .
(Common) Sense. .
Imagination. .
Strength. .
Toughness. .
Did you notice some of them are do not follow the rules?
Appendix.- Licenses of Resources.
ING07. Session 3. Full version.- My own

company.
What does CIF and FOB mean in shipping terms?
This are global shipping terms which are used in international

trade. CIF means Cost Insurance and Freight. That means the shipper/trader
has to pay the cost of shipment up to the ship, insurance cost of cargo and
freight cost up to destination port. FOB stands for Free On Board which means
the shipper / trader pays only costs up to the ship and insurance cost, but freight
charges are payed by the Buyer / Consignee.
Autoevaluación
Which decisions do they make?
Sending the pre-palleted merchandise in an intermodal multiple-use

container.
Yes.
No.
Sending the pre-palleted merchandise in an exclusive container.
Yes.
No.
Vacuum packaging.
Yes.
No.
Refrigerated packaging.
Yes.
No.
FOB incoterm.
Yes.
No.
CIF incoterm.
Yes.
No.
Materiales formativos de FP Online propiedad del

Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.
Aviso Legal
1.- What to say. We need to say thank you.
Citas Para Pensar

Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.Mark Twain.
Think about it
Write in the forum.
• Have you ever written a Thank you card? When was it? What for?
• Is it very common for Spanish people to write thank you cards?
People always appreciate a thank you especially if it is unexpected. There are

lots of different reasons for saying thank you and it's good to show
your appreciation. Perhaps your neighbour has fed your cat or watered your
garden while you've been away on holiday - a small job but a big weight off your
mind. Children in the UK usually say thank you to a lovely teacher at the end of
the school year, and adults usually say thank you to their friends for a delicious
meal or a perfect weekend. But can we do to show that we really appreciate
someone's help?
Well you could just send a card and some flowers. Traditional but always effective
- a small box of hand-made chocolates full of your friends' favourite sweets. You
can fill a small box for about £5 and have fun choosing them from the cabinet.
Some like nuts, some truffles and some soft centres in white, milk or dark
chocolate.
Another way of saying thank you is to offer your services. Offer to help weed the
garden, baby-sit or walk the dog. There are always some jobs that
people struggle to get round to - that always end up at the bottom of the 'to do'
list. Help your friend de-clutter, then take her shopping and help her choose some
new things to wear.
In addition, in English-speaking countries like the UK or the US, give a food thank
you is also quite common: Bake a cake. Everyone loves a home-made cake. Why
not bake their favourite as a thank you and give it to them in a lovely cake tin that
they can keep. Or present it on a cake plate or stand that they will treasure.
Cook your friends' favourite dish. Bake a lasagne, shepherds pie or curry. If they
don't want to eat it straight away they can put it into the freezer. Think how much
they'll appreciate it when they enjoy a labour-free dinner courtesy of you. Present
it in a lovely new baker and once they've polished off the shepherd's pie they will
have a permanent token of your gratitude.
Finally, another traditionally way of saying thank you for example would be with
blooms. Plant some spring bulbs in your friends' garden - a lovely thank you that
will endure and they'll be reminded of you when their garden is full of daffodils and
tulips. Give your friend a vase or jug decorated with a special thank you message
that they can fill with their home-grown cut flowers.
As you can see, there are many ways to show your appreciation, so what are you
waiting for? I bet there are tons of people around you who deserve a thank you
gesture!
Autoevaluación
Read the text again and answer the questions:
According to the text what is the most traditional and effective gift to show
your gratitude?
A card and some flowers.
A hand-made box.
Some chocolates arranged in a box.

Another way of showing your appreciation is …
To help your friends at work.
To help your friends with the task they hate doing.
To help your friends with things they enjoy doing.

Autoevaluación
Find expressions in the text which mean:
• To hate doing something. .

• A lot of quantity. .
• Stand the test of time. .
• Usual, customary. .
• To hate doing something. To struggle to get round to.

• A lot of quantity. Tons of.
• Stand the test of time. To endure /permanent.
• Usual, customary. Traditional.
A step ahead
In American History there is a quite famous celebration, the so-called
Thanksgiving Day. Do you know what Americans celebrate on this day? When is
it celebrated? Click the link below to read about this interesting information. Enjoy!
The Thanksgiving Story.
1.1.- Ways of saying thank you.

As stated in the previous text, it is quite important to show people that we
appreciate what they do or did for US. Here you have some common ways to do
so orally.
Ways of saying thank you.
English Translation
Common phrases. Frases comunes.

English Translation
Thank you so much for all you did for Muchas gracias por todo lo que has
me. hecho por mi.
I really appreciate what you did for Aprecio realmente lo que has hecho por
me, I'll never forget it. mi y nunca lo olvidaré.
Thanks a bunch. Mil gracias.
Thanks a million. Un millón de gracias.
What would I have done without you! ¡Qué habría hecho sin ti!
I owe you one. Te debo una.
I don't know what to say if thank you No me alcanza las palabras para
seems too small. agradecerte...
Thank you is not enough for all you Gracias no es suficiente por todo lo que
did for me. has hecho por mi.
I'll never thank you enough for all

Nunca te lo agradeceré lo suficiente.
your help.
You were too kind, thank you very

Fuiste muy amable, muchas gracias.
much.
You're the best and I'll never forget Eres el/la mejor y nunca te olvidaré.
you, thank you! ¡Gracias!
You were my saviour, I would have Fuiste mi salvación, habría estado

been lost without you. perdido sin ti.
You were an angel, thank you very

Has sido un ángel, muchas gracias.
much!
Formal replies Respuestas formales
It's my pleasure! Ha sido un placer.
You're welcome. De nada.
It was the least I could do. Era lo menos que podía hacer.
That's really not necessary. No es necesario, en serio.

English Translation
You would have done the same! Tú habrías hecho lo mismo.
Informal replies. Respuestas informales.
No problem! ¡Anda, eso no es nada!
No sweat! No me ha constado nada.
Oh, come on! Don' t mention it! ¡Vamos, no tienes ni que mencionarlo!
Forget it! ¡Olvídalo!
Anytime. Cuando quieras.
It's nothing! ¡No es nada!
You shouldn't have bothered! No te deberías haber molestado.
No worries! ¡Sin problemas!
A step ahead
Watch the following video in which Rebecca will show eight polite ways of saying
thank you. Have fun!
Text summary
Autoevaluación
Say thank you to the following people by talking directly to them. Be natural
and use your own words and the ones in section 1.2 . Add as many
information as you want. The following example will help you.
Example:
Mary has brought you a souvenir from Egypt.
Oh Mary, thank you very much for the souvenir, you shouldn't have bothered! I
love it!
1. Peter has given you a lift to the office because your car broke down
yesterday. .
2. Sally brought you a cup coffee from the canteen. You really need that
coffee. .
3. Simon helped you a lot with the project you had to hand in
yesterday. .
4. You were a student-worker at British Corporation and you are coming back to
Spain. Your colleagues were really nice to you.
1. Peter has given you a lift to the office because your car broke down
yesterday. Thank you very much Peter, I don't know what I would have done
without you.
2. Sally brought you a cup coffee from the canteen. You really need that coffee. Oh
Mary, you're my saviour! I really needed a coffee! Thank you very much!.
3. Simon helped you a lot with the project you had to hand in yesterday. Thanks a
bunch for all your help on the project Simon. I owe you one!.
4. You were a student-worker at British Corporation and you are coming back to
Spain. Your colleagues were really nice to you. Thank you very much guys for
all your did for me, I'll never forget it!.
Autoevaluación
When saying thank you, people usually reply with “it was nothing”, “my
pleasure etc.” Write down your colleagues reply to the thank you sentences
above.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
1. Oh, it was nothing!/ Anytime!.

2. No worries! / no sweat!.
3. Oh, forget it! / Oh come one don't mention it! / you would have done the
same!.
4. It was our pleasure! / That's really not necessary!.
Autoevaluación
Enter the forum and record your voice with the thank you sentences in exercise 3.
Try to be natural!
Have fun!
2.- How to say it. Clauses of Reason.
Citas Para Pensar

“Reason has always existed, but not always in a reasonable form.”Karl Marx.
These clauses are used when we want to express the reason why we do
something.
Clauses of reason are introduced with: because, as, since, owing to, due to,
because of.
• Because, Since, As: They mean “porque” and are usually placed in the middle
of a sentence. They are followed by a sentence.
o Shakira could not sing because/as/since she was ill.
o Since, As: When they are placed at the beginning of the sentence, they
mean “como”.
▪ Since/as it was raining, we didn’t go out.
▪ As/since she fell off her bike, she had to go and see the doctor.
Remember the structure:
Because / Since / As + clause.
• Because of / Owing to / Due to: They mean “a causa de, debido a”. They are
always followed by a noun.
o Shakira could not sing because of her illness.
o We didn’t go out due to the rain.
o Incorrect:
▪ She could not sing because her illness.
▪ She could not sing because of she was ill.
Remember the structure:
Because of/due to/owing to + noun.
Ejercicio Resuelto
FRASES CAUSALES.
Estas frases se usan cuando queremos expresar la razón por la que hacemos
algo. Normalmente se introducen por palabras como: because, as, since,
owing to, due to, because of.
• Because, since, as: significan “porque” y suelen ir en el centro de la frase. Van

seguidas de una frase (sujeto + verbo).
o Since, As: Cuando se colocan al principio de la frase, significan “como”.
En este caso, damos antes la causa y luego la consecuencia.
Recuerda la estructura: Because/since/as + frase.
• Because of / Owing to / Due to: Significan “a causa de, debido a”. Van siempre
seguidos de un nombre o un pronombre.
Recuerda la estructura: Because of/due to/owing to + nombre.

2.1.- Clauses of Result.
Citas Para Pensar

“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work and
learning from failure.”
Colin Powell.
These clauses are used when we want to express the result or consequence of
an action. These sentences start explaining the reason and they give the result
in the end.
Result clauses are normally introduced with: so, consequently, for this reason,
as a result, therefore.
• We use “so and consequently” to join two clauses. We also use “and therefore”
and “and as a result” to join two clauses.
o Shakira was ill, so she could not sing.
o We all heard of his accident and as a result we didn’t go out.
• We use therefore and as a result at the beginning of a new sentence.
o We are not interested in those articles. Therefore, we are not going to
order any of them.
o She fell off her bike. As a result, she had to go to hospital.
• We also use so + adjective + that or such + (adj) (a) noun + that, when we
speak about the result of something.
o So + adjective + that:
▪ The exam was so easy that everybody passed it.
▪ It was so cold that nobody went out.
o Such + (adj) (a) noun + that:
▪ It was such a difficult exam that nobody passed it.
▪ He is such a good teacher that all his students want to go to his
classes.
When the noun is plural or uncountable, we don’t use the article “a”.
• They were such beautiful flowers that I couldn’t cut them.

• They were carrying such heavy luggage that they had to hire two taxis.
Ejercicio Resuelto
FRASES CONSECUTIVAS.
Estas frases se usan cuando queremos expresar el resultado de una acción.
Estas frases empiezan explicando la razón y dan la consecuencia o resultado
al final, justo al contrario que las causales.
Normalmente se introducen por palabras como: So, consequently, for this
reason, as a result, therefore.
• Usamos “so y consequently” para unir dos frases. También usamos “and
therefore” y “and as a result” para unir dos frases.
• Usamos therefore y as a result a principios de una nueva frase.
También usamos so + adjetivo + that o such + (adj) (a) nombre + that, cuando
queremos hablar sobre el resultado de algo.
Se traducen por “tan …. que …”
Cuando el nombre es plural o incontable, no usamos el artículo “a”.

Let’s do some exercises on reason and result clauses. This should not be too
difficult for you. Let US give it a try.
Autoevaluación
Fill in the blanks with “because, because of”.
1. The flight was delayed the fog.

2. They have travelled to Ireland they wanted to know Oscar Wilde’s
country.
3. She had to stay in bed her injured leg.
4. We didn’t eat anything we had already had dinner.
5. My students were really happy their good results.
1. The flight was delayed because of the fog.

2. They have travelled to Ireland because they wanted to know Oscar Wilde’s
country.
3. She had to stay in bed because of her injured leg.
4. We didn’t eat anything because we had already had dinner.
5. My students were really happy because of their good results.
Autoevaluación
Fill in the blanks with “so or such (a)”.
1. He is lazy that he will fail all his exams.

2. These are disgusting vegetables that I cannot eat any of them.
3. The car was dirty that it smelled terrible.
4. It was hot evening that we couldn’t work outside.
5. The room was crowded that we could not have any cake.
6. He is nice man that all girls want to go out with him.
1. He is so lazy that he will fail all his exams.

2. These are such disgusting vegetables that I cannot eat any of them.
3. The car was so dirty that it smelled terrible.
4. It was such a hot evening that we couldn’t work outside.
5. The room was so crowded that we could not have any cake.
6. He is such a nice man that all girls want to go out with him.
Autoevaluación
Join these sentences using “so or such (a)”. Make the necessary changes.
1. The dog was very big. Everyone was frightened.
2. Their party was really noisy. Nobody could sleep.
3. It was a terrible storm. It tore down several trees on the road.
4. She has pretty eyes. Everybody looks at her.
5. They are very good parents. Their children gave them lots of presents at
Christmas.
6. They had a terrible flight. They will not fly with that airline again.
.
1. The dog was very big. Everyone was frightened.
The dog was so big that everyone was frightened.
2. Their party was really noisy. Nobody could sleep.
Their party was so noisy that nobody could sleep.
3. It was a terrible storm. It tore down several trees on the road.
It was such a terrible storm that it tore down several trees on the
road.
4. She has pretty eyes. Everybody looks at her.
She has such pretty eyes that everybody looks at her.
5. They are very good parents. Their children gave them lots of presents at
Christmas.
They are such good parents that their children gave them lots of
presents at Christmas.
6. They had a terrible flight. They will not fly with that airline again.
They had such a terrible flight that they will not fly with that airline
again.
2.3.- Other ways to talk about the past.
Here we have an extra way to talk about the past. It's enough if you understand
it, even if you don not use it.
• "Used to" is a past form that expresses past habits or states, which we don't have
at present. For example:
o When I was a teenager, I used to eat lots of hamburgers, but now I am a
vegetarian.
Instead of "used to", we could use the past simple form.
o When I was a teenager, I ate lots of hamburgers.
FORM:
• Affirmative: Subj + used to + infinitive without to.

o My workmate used to be punctual.
• Negative: Subj + did + not + use to + infinitive without to.
o He didn't use to wear a tie in the office.
Remember, when we use the auxiliary verb "did", we use the main verb in
infinitive (use). The same thing happens in interrogatives.
• Interrogative: did + subj + use to + infinitive without to.

o Did your boss use to compliment you on your work?
• "Would" can be used in a similar way but only about repeated actions in the past,
not past states.
o The milkman would ride a bike when I was a kid. He delivered three
bottles. Now we buy our milk from the supermarket.
This expression should not be confused with "get used to" or "be used to", which
is followed by an ing-word and means "acostumbrarse a" or "estar acostumbrado
a".
• I am used to getting up very early in the morning.

• I got used to do my own cooking when I started living on my own.
Ejercicio Resuelto
• "Used to" es una forma de pasado que expresa hábitos o estados pasados, que
ya no existen en el presente. Es equivalente a un pasado simple.
o Forma afirmativa: sujeto+"used to"+infinitivo sin "to".

o Forma negativa: sujeto+did not/didn't+"use to"+infinitivo sin "to".
Recuerda: cuando usamos el auxiliar "did", usamos el verbo principal

en infinitivo ("use") y lo mismo en las frases interrogativas.
o Forma interrogativa: did+sujeto+"use to"+infinitivo sin "to".

• "Would" se puede usar de forma similar pero solo acerca de acciones repetidas
en el pasado, no de estados pasados. Esta expresión no debe confundirse
con "get used to" o "be used to", que van seguidas de -"ing" y significan
"acostumbrarse a" o "estar acostumbrado a".
Think about it
Rewrite these sentences with "used to" to express past habits.
1. My brother had an old car, but now he drives a new one.

2. Lots of office workers smoked, but now they don’t.
3. Some people wrote letters and now they write e-mails.
4. My family went to the beach every summer, but they prefer mountain holidays at
present.
5. I normally bought lots of things in my free time, but now I only go shopping for my
children.
1. My brother used to have an old car, but now he drives a new one.
2. Lots of office workers used to smoke, but now they don't.
3. Some people used to write letters and now they write e-mails.
4. My family used to go to the beach every summer, but they prefer mountain
holidays at present.
5. I used to buy lots of things in my free time, but now I only go shopping for my
children.
Think about it
Write sentences with "used to" using the prompts.
Example: I / eat / lots of meat /. Now / Vegetarian.
I used to eat lots of meat but now I am a vegetarian.
1. She / drive a Mercedes. Now / an average car.

2. We / go out every night. These days /often stay at home.
3. People / smoke / marihuana a lot. Now / some people / cocaine.
4. At the beginning of the century we / build / lots of houses. Now we don’t.
5. In the eighties students / learn / from books. Now / learn / the internet.
1. She used to drive a Mercedes. Now she drives an average car.

2. We used to go out every night. These days we often stay at home .
3. People used to smoke marihuana a lot. Now some people sniff cocaine.
4. At the beginning of the century we used to build lots of houses. Now we don't.
5. In the eighties students used to learn from books. Now they learn from the
internet.
2.4.- Homophones.
Do you know what homophones are?
Homophones are words which have the same pronunciation, although they are
written in a different way.
It is the context which will help US to understand and know which word we have
just heard.
Some examples are:
Sea – see ; eye – I ; buy - bye ; hear – here.
We are going to provide you with a list of the main English homophones.
• Allowed – aloud.
• Ate – eight.
• Band – banned.
• Bear – bare.
• Be – bee.
• Berry – bury.
• Blue – blew.
• Buy – by – bye.
• Caught – court.
• Climb – clime.
• Die – dye.
• Hear – here.
• High – hi.
• It’s – its.
• Knew – new.
• Knows – nose.
• Made – maid.
• Meat – meet.
• Missed – mist.
• None – nun.
• One –won.
• Pair – pear.
• Rain – reign.
• Read – red.
• Right – write.
• Scene – seen.
• Sea – see.
• Sew – so.
• Site – sight.
• Some – sum.
• Son – sun.
• Sort – sought.
• Storey – story.
• Sweet – suite.
• Tale – tail.
• There – their
• Tide – tied.
• Two – too.
• Waist – waste.
• Wait – weight.
• War – wore.
• Wear – where.
• Weak – week.
• Weather – whether.
• Which – witch.
• Who’s – whose.
• Wood – would.
• Your – you’re.
You should know

In the following page you have some extra information and practice on
homophones.
Homophones.
2.5.- Intonation in questions.
Citas Para Pensar

"Laughter is the mind's intonation."Edmond de Goncourt.
We are going back to questions, now to deal with their pronunciation.This is easy,
but you should pay attention because a proper intonation is key to understanding
and being understood.
Questions can be pronounced with the voice going up at the end or going down
at the end. Normally questions with yes/no answers have a rising intonation,
that is, the speaker stresses the ending of the question, and wh- questions have
a falling intonation and the speaker stresses the beginning of the question.These
are some examples of questions you might hear in an interview. Listen and repeat
them out loud paying attention to the intonation pattern.
Script
• Why do you want to work at the Plaza Hotel? Falling.

• What experience have you had? Falling.
• Why do you want to work in hospitality? Falling.
• What attracted you to this job? Falling.
• How well do you work in a team? Falling.
• Can you tell me about a time when you had to deal with a difficult guest? Rising.
• Are you able to work flexible hours? Rising.
Ejercicio Resuelto
Las preguntas pueden pronunciarse con entonación ascendente o

descendente. La preguntas con respuestas de sí o no tienen entonación
ascendente y se acentúa el final de la frase. Las preguntas abiertas tipo "wh-"
tienen entonación descendente y se acentúa el principio de la frase.
Autoevaluación
Listen to these questions and decide if they have rising or falling intonation.
Write R or F in the gaps.
Matching exercise
Intonation Intonation
Question (1) Question (2)
(1) (2)
Have you got any

Do you work in Ubrique?
brothers or sisters?
When do you arrive

Does Mary live alone?
home?
Where do you usually eat your Did she write all the
lunch? letters?
Why did you come

Why did they finish so early?
so late?
Did they finish on

Can you swim?
time?
What can she do? How many Where are you

words can he type in a minute? from?
Are your brothers living in your Are you living in the

city? city centre now?
Did the secretary do all the

What is the time?
filing?
Where were you born? Will you help me?
Who is making that

Where did you go yesterday?
terrible noise?
After this exercise, you should know very well the intonation of the questions.
3.- Words you need. Thank you Cards history.
According to Advanced Etiquette, "A personal, handwritten, thank-you note is the

finest form of expressing gratitude".
The custom of sending greeting cards can be traced back to the ancient Chinese,
who exchanged messages of good will to celebrate the New Year, and to the
early Egyptians, who conveyed their greetings on papyrus scrolls.
By the early 1400s, handmade paper greeting cards were being exchanged in
Europe. The Germans are known to have printed New Year's greetings
from woodcuts as early as 1400, and handmade paper Valentines were being
exchanged in various parts of Europe in the early to mid-1400s.
By the 1850s, the greeting card had been transformed from a relatively
expensive, handmade and hand-delivered gift to a popular and affordable means
of personal communication, due largely to advances in printing and
mechanization, as well as the 1840 introduction of the postage stamp.
The first known published Christmas card appeared in London in 1843, when Sir
Henry Cole hired artist John Calcott Horsley to design a holiday card that he could
send to his friends and acquaintances.
Although the first known valentine card can be traced back to 1415, it wasn't until
the early 1800s and the Penny Post that they became popular and affordable.
Esther Howland, a young woman from Massachusetts, was the first regular
publisher of valentines in the United States. She sold her first handmade
valentine in 1849, eventually establishing a successful publishing firm
specializing in the elaborately decorated cards.
Today, it could be said that Greeting cards have developed enormously, so much
so that we even have Electronic Cards. These Digital cards are becoming more
and more common since they are a quick way to send a message of thanks to
the other part of the world through a computer. No doubt, technology has taken
a primary role in sending and receiving thank you notes, invitations and general
greetings.
Autoevaluación
Read the text again and answer these questions.
In the 1400's …
Greeting cards were only being exchanged in Europe.
Greeting cards were only used in Germany.
Greeting cards were already present in Europe.

Thanks to the postage stamp...
Greeting cards became a little bit more affordable.

Greeting cards were able to reach other parts of the world.
People could communicate through Greeting Cards faster.

Where did the first Christmas card appear?
In Germany.
In China.
In London.
Esther Howland was...
A young American woman who loved sending letters to people.
Used the Penny Press to send letters to people.
The first publisher of Valentine Cards in the US.

What is the "Penny Post", mentioned in the 6th paragraph?
A company producing Valentine Cards in the United States.
A type of post in which you could send parcels for a penny.
A type of post in which you could send letters for a penny.
3.1.- How to write a Thank you note.
Thank you! These are welcome words to all of us. A thank you communicates
that we are valued and appreciated. Not receiving a thank you suggests that we
are taken for granted. That is why an expression of thanks can make all the
difference in a business relationship. Luckily, thank you notes are among the
easiest messages to write, especially when you follow these tips and
suggestions:
1. Do not procrastinate. Send your thank you note as soon as possible. The longer
you wait, the less likely you are to do it and the more likely someone somewhere
is feeling unappreciated.
2. Send it the old-fashioned way--in the mail. Some say it is okay to send it via E-
mail. It is true that something is better than nothing, but receiving a card in the
mail is far more exciting.
3. Hand-write your note. When learning how to write thank you a thank you note,
many reach for their laptop. That is fine, but try something different. Connect with
your heart and pick up your pen--even for business notes. Typing is faster, but a
neatly written note has the personal human touch of appreciation that every
person is longing for.
4. Be specific, positive and honest. Mention exactly what you are thanking them for
and why you appreciate it. This is not the time to critique the gift, it is the time to
be appreciative.
5. Be brief and to the point.
6. Use the word "You" more than the word "I."
Here are the basic parts to every thank you note:
• Salutation. For example: Dear ___________.

• Thank you for the ________.
• A sentence complimenting the other person or when you receive a gift, a
sentence mentioning the gift's usage.
• Thank again.
• Sincerely, your name.
3.2.- Now you put it into practice (III).
Think about it
Here you have two examples of thank you notes. Read them carefully and
answer: What is the most appropriate one? Why?
A)
Dear Elizabeth,
I just love the cuddly blanket you gave me at my baby shower. You have a gift for
finding the most adorable things. I can't wait to bundle my little girl in the blanket.
I just know she will love it. Thanks for making my baby shower such a special
day.
Love,
Anne.
B)
Dear Elizabeth,
Thank you for the cuddly blanket. You have a gift for finding the most adorable
things. When my baby girl is wrapped in the warmth of your thoughtful present, I
will think be sure to think of you and all of your well wishes for my growing family.
Your presence at the shower made the day that much more special. Thanks
again.
Love,
Anne.
Though both are OK, B is a little bit more correct. If you read A carefully, you
will notice how often the writer refers to herself in this short note. The words,
"I," "me" and "my" appear a total of 7 times, whereas the word "you" is only
mentioned twice.
A step ahead
Make it real!
It is time for you to say thank you. Though we said before that it is better to send
thank you cards in the regular mail, since our course is online, we are going to
take advantage of the Internet access to thank you your tutor for being there for
you throughout the year. Click on any of the links below and enter an e-card
website. Customize your card and send it to your tutor. If you feel like, you can
also send a card to any of your classmates. Have fun!
Send your own Thank you card 1.
Send your own Thank you card 2.

4.- Your personal project.
In this section you are going to design a company of your own. These are the
steps you are going to follow:
• Type of business.
• Company information.
• Your own ad.
• Corporate image.
• Management and Organisation.
• Trade Fair.
4.1.- Type of business.
You are going to design your own enterprise.
Decide the type of business you are going to create.
You can choose the business according to your specialization, your interests or
your career. Choose something you like or any type of business which is easy to
get information about.
Start thinking of the name of the company, the logo, the stationery, etc.
4.2.- Company information.
ABC-guide information.
Your should give publicity to your new products and services. Maybe, the best
idea is to publish an ad in a well-known ABC- guide. Here is one examples:
San Diego Event Connection.
Event Connection 360° can help you find the perfect venue and vendors for your
next San Diego event, meeting or party. Visit EventConnection360.com to
receive your free, customized recommendation list for your next San Diego,
Orange County or San Francisco Bay Area event. Or, search our online database
filled with hundreds of local venues and vendors. We have extensive partnerships
with hotels, restaurants, museums, country clubs, caterers, entertainers,
photographers and many other event professionals. Photo courtesy of the Prado.
(858) 695-3895
4.3.- Your own ad.
Write your own ad.
1. Write the contact information: name of the company, address, telephone, fax and
e-mail.
2. Highlight the most important facts and details about your company, details that
are necessary in order to establish future business negotiations.
3. Use emphatic and euphemistic words: state-of-the-art, premium, top quality,
upmarket, high standards, excellent, comprehensive, leading, refurbished, etc.
4.4.- Corporate image.
The Corporate Image .
All the companies should have a corporate image designed to give coherente
and cohesion to all its written material. The corporate image is mainly featured in
the stationery, in business cards, and of course in the logo that appears in
anything related to the company.
1. Create the logo of your company.

2. Design the letterhead of your stationery.
3. Draw and design the business cards for the members of your company.
4.5.- Management and Organisation.
Management and Organization.
You have to organize a meeting with the board of managers and executives. The
board has to plan the strategies of marketing of the company. The board has to
discuss several issues such as: the company resources, products and services,
possible providers and customers. Prepare the meeting and organize your ideas
following this agenda:
• Think and list the resources of the company: staff, inversion, and facilities.
• Design the Organization chart: staff
• Nominate the managers of the company, appoint the rest of the posts.
• Decide which are going to be the products and services that the company is going
to offer.
• Consider the necessities and think about the possible providers and your relation
with other companies of the sector.
• Think about your possible customers and ways of approaching them.
• Comments and questions.
Now write your own report for the meeting.
Market Research
Now browse the Internet for information about companies similar to yours.
4.6.- Trade Fair.
Trade Fair.
Now that you have your company created and organized, you need to give
publicity to your activities. One of the best ways of presenting your new company
to the rest of the sector is to go to one of the annual Trade Fairs, like Fitur. You
have to establish contacts with possible providers and customers. Therefore, do
not miss the chance.
Prepare a presentation and explain your activities, objectives, products, services,

resources, facilities and, of course, your prices.
Your presentation must contain the following points:
• Greetings: Introducing yourself and your talk

• Introduction:
o General Information: Name of the company, type of company.
o Corporate Image: Logo, letterhead, photographs.
• Objectives and Goals:
o Possible customers and providers.
o Economic perspectives.
• Resources:
o Facilities.
o Staff: Present Organization Chart.
• Products and Services:
o Characteristics of the products: benefits for different types of customers,
conditions, details, etc.
o Characteristics of the services.
• Prices and Dates.
• Competitiveness.
o Finances.
o Comparison to other companies of the sector.
o Offers.
o Benefits.
• Ending.
Tarea para ING07.
Detalles de la tarea de esta unidad.

Enunciado.
1. Tarea de comprensión de lectura (Reading Task).
Lee el siguiente texto y contesta a las preguntas.
7 signs you shouldn't be an entrepreneur.
By Jeff Haden
You've read a few books, heard the cautionary tales, created a business
plan, and talked to other business owners. You've done plenty of
homework and feel starting your own business is right for you.
That's a great start, but let's make sure. If any of the following strikes a
chord, give a little more thought to taking the entrepreneurial plunge:
You think playing fantasy sports or Solitaire at work is "me

time." When revenues and profits are a distant dream, "me time" is the
last thing you'll have time for. Starting a business is overwhelming and
all-consuming. Start thinking of "me time" as the time you spend thinking
about how to generate revenue.
You feel office personalization is important. You dreamed of having an

office -- or a bigger office -- and want it to reflect your personality. Say
you plan to open a restaurant; since patrons will never see your office the
only thing it should reflect is "bootstrap." Money should never be spent
on anything that does not touch the customer. You will be too busy trying
to land and please customers to worry about whether your office befits
your stature or aligns with your personality.
You don't empty your own trash even when you're going that way.
Someone takes care of that and besides, your job is to focus on more
important tasks? Not when you start a business; entrepreneurs wear every
hat. Efficiency is everything: No movement should be wasted, no time
saving is too small, and no expense is small to eliminate. If doing
whatever needs to be done isn't something that comes naturally, keep
working for someone else.
You feel you could be a lot more productive... if you only had a new
(insert latest technology). Think about your last computer, smart phone,
software, etc. purchase. Did you really become more efficient? Can you
quantify the gains, or was it just nice to have? In your own business you'll
be lucky to get the "must have" stuff. Even if you have the funds, nice to
have is always money wasted.
You're still upset your department got the short end during the last
budget cycle. Unless a venture capitalist comes calling or your parents
fund your startup you won't really have a budget. Money spent doesn't
come from an invisible corporate pot, it comes from your pocket. If you
despise struggling with limited resources and hate seeing your great ideas
compromised by budgetary concerns, when you find out how limited
resources are in a startup you'll also hate running your own business.
You discuss work-life balance issues with passion and intelligence. If

you think a lot about the conflict between work and life, and you currently
feel work is winning the battle, just wait until you start a business. Work
will eat life for breakfast.
You've ever said, "I've paid my dues." When you run your own
business you pay your dues every day. (The same should be true if you
work for someone else: The only real measure of your value is the
tangible contribution you make, each and every day.) Every day you have
to earn the right to stay in business. Your experience and years of hard
work earn you a place at the table. Dues are paid when you get paid by
customers.
Adapted from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505143_162-57321412/7-
signs-you-shouldnt-be-an-
entrepreneur/?tag=cbsnewsSectionsArea;cbsnewsSectionsArea.3
Ahora responde a las preguntas de la tarea de comprensión escrita que

encontrarás debajo del enlace a esta tarea con el nombre Reading Task.
2. Tarea de comprensión oral (Listening Task)
Escucha el siguiente texto y contesta a las preguntas.
Listen to the following information about trade fairs.

Reproducción
Silenciar
Cargado: 0%
Progreso: 0%
Tiempo restante-2:28
Ahora responde a las preguntas de la tarea de comprensión oral que encontrarás

debajo del enlace a esta tarea con el nombre Listening Task.
• Tarea de expresión oral (Speaking Task). Choose ONE of the

following topics and make a dialogue.
A) Telephone conversation. A secretary talks to a customer (you

choose what to talk about)
B) Office hospitality. A visitor comes to your office. Make a dialogue

in which two people talk (a visitor and a receptionist) and be polite to
your visitor while he or she waits.
In order to do this task, you play both roles. Make clear pauses every time you
change roles.
Criterios de puntuación. Total 10 puntos.
Cada tarea se puntuará sobre 10 puntos. Para superar cada una de ellas habrá
que obtener un mínimo de 5 puntos. Las tareas de comprensión (escrita y oral)
son de corrección automática. Para las tareas de expresión (oral y escrita) se
adjunta un Anexo con los criterios de corrección, que puedes encontrar en el
apartado de recursos generales del curso, junto al glosario del módulo en la
página de inicio del curso, etiquetado como Assessment and Grading Criteria.
Recursos necesarios para realizar la Tarea.
Todo lo aprendido en la unidad incluyendo especialmente los enlaces a videos y

páginas de internet donde se encuentra toda la información necesaria. Te hará
falta un diccionario, online o en papel, y los textos modelo que tienes en la unidad.
Es necesario que repases los contenidos de la Unidad de Trabajo antes de realizar

la tarea ya que el resultado de la misma servirá para evaluar lo que has aprendido.
Tendrás que tener instalado el software para las actividades orales.
Consejos y recomendaciones.
Para la tarea oral haz un esquema para organizar tus ideas pero no leas un texto.
El lenguaje oral es diferente del escrito. Puede haber vacilaciones y cambios en
mitad de una frase.
Indicaciones de entrega.
Para la tarea de expresión oral elaborarás un único documento de audio. El

archivo se nombrará siguiendo las siguientes pautas:
Apellido1_Apellido2_Nombre_ING07_TareaOral
Asegúrate que los nombres no contengan la letra ñ, tildes ni caracteres especiales

extraños. Así por ejemplo la alumna Begoña Sánchez Mañas para la séptima
unidad del MP de ING, debería nombrar los archivos de la siguiente manera:
• Archivo de solución de la Tarea de expresión

Oral: Sanchez_Manas_Begona_ING07_TareaOral.
En cuanto a las tareas de comprensión oral y escrita, son de corrección

automática, y debes completarlas respondiendo a los cuestionarios que hay en la
página principal del curso, justo debajo del enlace a esta tarea. (Reading
Task y Listening Task).
Anexo.- Licencias de recursos.

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ING07. Session 1. Full version.

I pointed out in our former meeting

cheap skilled workers.

the head of the management department

Cárnicas Beiro S.L is a Spanish company with a wide experience in processed

Manuel: OK Carla, I think that before making a decision, we should consider

Materiales formativos de FP Online propiedad del

1.- What to say. Networking.

Citas Para Pensar

Example of follow-up email:

You should know

Ideas for networking.

1. Have you been to many fairs this year?

Which sentences do you consider appropriate to keep the conversation

• Are you here to sell or to buy?

2.- How to say it. Passive Voice.

Citas Para Pensar

Study these sentences.

• The best wines are produced in the South of Spain.

We are going to try and explain these questions below.

• Active: We translate a book every year. (a book: direct object).

So, the rules for the passive voice are:

Active voice Passive voice

My grandma writes a letter every

My grandma wrote a letter A letter was written by my grandma

They are drinking tea now. Tea is being drunk now.

2.1.- Passive voice: Formal aspects.

We are going to see formal aspects of the passive voice.

1. Some flowers were sent to her.

• INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE PASSIVE FORMS.

In the negative form we use the verb to be in the negative.

o America wasn’t discovered in 1495.

For the interrogative form, we use Wh-question + Aux (be) + subj +

When there is a modal verb, we use the modal verb + be + past

o We must close this door after 10:00 pm.

Active and Passive voice 2

Active voice Passive voice

We mustn't make noise at night. Noise mustn't be made at night.

We normally use the passive:

The passive voice is commonly used in newspapers headlines and boards. In

2.3.- Now you put it into practice (II).

Ann invited Peter to a night party.

Ann invited Peter to a night party.

• They have cancelled all flights because of the storms.

• They have cancelled all flights because of the storms.

• They have sent her some flowers.

• The mechanic will repair my car very soon.

• The mechanic will repair my car very soon.

• We must leave the bicycles at the university entrance.

• We must leave the bicycles at the university entrance.

2.3.1.- Now you put it into practice (III).

• When did Columbus discover America?

• We don’t pay the electricity bill every month.

• We don’t pay the electricity bill every month.

• My workmate was using my computer yesterday.

• My workmate was using my computer yesterday.

• English is spoken here.

• English is spoken here.

1. Lo encontraron en otra ciudad con otra familia.

2. Se venden ordenadores de segunda mano.

4. Se le hicieron muchas preguntas en la comisaría.

5. Se pasan proyectos a máquina a muy buen precio.

6. Se le dará otra oportunidad.