ARCHITECUTURAL STYLES OF

CIVILIZATIONS
ANCIENT INDIA
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Found buried in the soil of river Indus and Ghaggar-hakra river in Pakistan.
Also called as the Bronze Age civilization.
The cities explored are Mohenjo Daro[the place of dead] in Sindh and Harrappa in south
Punjab.

The walls of the buildings were constructed with a pronounced batter or slope.

Brunt bricks were used which were laid in mud mortar in English Bond.
Structures like market halls, store rooms, offices religious hall were built along with the
great bath at Mohenjo Daro.

MAURYAN DYNASTY
The capital was Patliputra near Patna.
Buddhist monuments of wooden origins were built specially by Ashoka.
Ashoka inaugurated Buddhism as the state religion. This period was the production of
Ashoka School.

The principle contributions of the Ashokan schools were:

1. Series of edicts on rocks
2. Tumuli or stupas
3. Monolithic pillars
4. Monolithic accessories on the shrines
5. Vast palace.
6. Rock cut chambers

1
Examples:
Sanchi Stupa Ashokan Pillar At Sarnath

Buddhist Rock Cut Architecture: [Hinayana Phase]

Main purpose is not architecture but sculpture. No constructional principal is involved as the
pillars support no load, arches carry no weight and structural stability is not required.
Eg: Ajanta, Ellora, Junnar, Gautmiputra and Elephant Caves
Ajanta at Aurangabad =
Built by Buddhist himayana community as a Buddhist
monastery.

Ellora at Aurangabad =
Built by rashtrakuta dynasty which consists of Hindu, Jain
and Buddhist community

GUPTA PERIOD
Introduction to planned architecture and stone masonry.
The Gupta period appears as a room of stone called “GarbahGirah” or “womb house”.

2
 DRAVIDIAN STYLE
Pallavas provided the foundation of Dravidian style which was practiced in entire Tamil
Nadu.

PALLAVAS
They introduced the mandapa [pillared hall] and the rathas [monolithic temple] carved out
of rocks.
The building they constructed was the shore temple, which is the oldest structural temple of
south India.

CHOLLAS
Vimana [sanctuary] is the most important feature of the temple of Chollas.

Example =the gangaikondacholapuram and the tanjore temple

VIJAYNAGAR
The beauty is in the number of pillars and piers of their sculptures with repetition of horse
motif in the pillars

The principal temple cities are vithala and hazararama.

Ex = varadarajaswami [100 pillars] , ekambarnatha [1000 pillars]

3
PANDAYAS
Gopuram / cow gate [tall building rising into a tapering end] are the major features of this
era.
Avg angle of slope is 25 degree.
Ex = jumbekshwara, Chidambaram and tirumalai

MADURA
Ex = meenakshi temple [fish eyed]
Surrounded by water sheet with steps and pillared portico called as the “pool of golden
lilies”
Srirangam temple
Biggest Hindu temple in the world which is bonded by the Kaveri River.

4
 NORTHERN OF INDO ARYAN STYLES
ORISSA
Main city of development is the Bhubaneswar
Temple of jagganath at puri and sun temple of konark are located in konark.
Generic term of temple is “duel”, mandapa is “jagmohana”, and the roofs are pyramidal
with no pillars in temples. Stones masonary is used with no mortar and cement.

KHAJURAHO GROUP
Most refined form of Indian architecture.
A group of Hindu and Jain temples in the chattarpur district of Madhya Pradesh built during
the age of chandelas.
The temple move in upward direction [height increases]

Largest temple in the group is the kandariya mahadeva temple of shiva

5
 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

SLAVE DYANSTY
Founder => Qutub Udin Aibak

Built the 1st mosque in india = > qutub ul islam

2nd mosque was in ajmer known as arhai din kajhompra

Most important creation was the qutub minar

KHALJI DYNASTY
Famous creations

Alai Darwaza In Delhi

Jamaatkhana masjid

Ukhad masjid

TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
Founder was Ghiyas Ud Din Tughlaq

Mausoleum Of Saint Shah Rukh I Alam At Multan, Pakistan

6
SAYYID AND LODI DYNASTY
Built seven mausoleums in Delhi

Bara Gumbad Moth Ka Masjid [Sikander Lodis Work]

SOME FAMOUS WORKS

Humayuns Tomb At Delhi Moti Masjid At Delhi

Buland Darwaza At Fatehpur Sikhri Gol Gumbad At Bijapur Karnataka

7
 FAMOUS BUILDINGS IN INDIA
Jag Niwas [Lake Palace] by Sawai Pratap Singh Gateway Of India by George Wittet

Writers Building by Thomas Lyon Rajabai Tower, Mumbai by Geotge Gilbert Scott

National Library at Kolkata Indian Museum at Kolkata

8
Prince Of Wales Museum/Chhatrapati Shivaji Vastunanghralaya by George Wittet

Barabar Caves, Gaya, Bihar

Oldest rock cut caves in India

9
 FAMOUS BUILDING IN THE WORLD
Luxor Temple, Luxor, Egypt Hermitage, Russia

Tower Bridge, London Millau Bridge, France

Taipei 101, Taiwan By C.Y.Lee St.Mary Axe [The

Gherkin]

10
Pennzoil Place, Texas Shanghai World Financial Center

Atomium ,Belgium Aldar Headquarters, UAE

11
The Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi Faisal Mosque, Pakistan

Willis Tower [Sear Tower], Chicago

12
 ARCHITECUTURAL STYLES OF cities
FATEHPUR SIRKRI
Constructed by Akbar

All buildings are made of red sandstone

Panch Mahal

Birbals House

Tomb Of Salim Chisti

13
 CHANDIGARH
The best planned city in india and capital of Punjab, Haryana and an union territory.

The manifestation of dream of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru envisioned and Le Corbusier executed.

Independent India’s first planned city and called THE CITY BEAUTIFUL
Capital Complex

High Court

Secreterist

14
Legislative Assembly

15
 DELHI

Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple

Laxmi Narayan Temple/ Birla Temple

Purana Quila

16
Kasmiri Gate BY MILITARY ENGINEER ROBERT SMITH

Ajmer Gate

Delhi Gate

Turqman Gate

17
Lodi Tomb

Raj Ghat

18
 JAIPUR
First planned city of india and popularly known as the pink city.

Founded by maharaja sawai jai singh II in 1727.

Birla Mandir

Jaigarh Fort Or Fort Of Victory

19
 JODHPUR
Called the sun city due to its sunny weather all year round.

Also called the blue city as the houses are painted blue around the mehrangarh fort.
Umaid Bhawan Palace/ Chittar Palace

Mehrangarh Fort Or Jodhpur Ka Kila

20
 MUMBAI
Indias largest city and was origanlly a conglomeration of seven islands of Konkan coastline and a
home to India’s largest slum population
Bombay Stock Exchange Or Bombay Share Bazzar [BSE]

Jehangir Art Gallery

Bombay High Court

21
Elephanta Caves

Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link

National Centre For The Perfroming Arts [Ncpa]

22
 ANDHRA PRADESH
The rice bowl of india
Charminar

Golkonda fort

Hussain sagar

23
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple Or Temple Of Seven Hills

Victoria jubilee temple

24
 TAMIL NADU
The most urbanized state of India and has the highest number of business enterprises.
Pancha rathas

Arjun rath

Nakul-sahdev rath

25
Bhim rath

Ganesh rath

Dharmraj yudhustrs rath

26
Draupadis rath

Airatesvara temple

KERELA
The gods own country.

The state has the highest human development index and literacy rate in the country

27
 BIHAR
The land of buddha
Vinshnupada Temple

Mahabodhi Temple

28
Buddha Statue

Sasaram
Birth Place Of Sher Shah Suri
Sher Shah Suri Temple, Sasaram

Rohtas Garh Fort

29
Patna High Court

Vishwa Shanti Stupa

30
 GUJURAT
Lothal

Sun Temple At Modehra

Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple

31
Dwarkadish Temple Or The Jagat Mandir

Somnath Mahadev Temple

Sarkhej Roza

32
Centre Of Environmental Planning And Architecture

Adalaj Step Well

Sidi Saiyyed Mosque

33
34
 JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Paradise of earth
Vaisho Devi Temple

Dal Lake

Manasbal Lake

35
Amranath Temple

Nishat Bagh Or Garden Of Delight/ Gladness/ Joy

36
Shalimar Bagh Or The Shalamar Garden Or Shalamar Bagh Or Farah Baksh Or Faiz Baksh

37
 ORISSA
Leaning Temple Of Huma

Ratnagiiri/Pushpagiri University

Udyagiri And Khandagiri Caves

38
 MADHYA PRADESH
Called the heart of India due to its central location and the tiger state due to the tiger population.
Lakshmana Temple

Shaukat Mahal

Moti Masjid / Pearl Mosque

39
Laksmi Narayan Temple Or Bilra Temple, Bhopal

Taj Ul Masjid Or Crown Of Mosques

Bharat Bhavan

40
Gwalior Fort Or Gibraltar Of India

Chaturbhuj Temple Or Temple Of The Four Armed

Teli Ka Mandir

41
Gujari Temple

Jas Vilas Temple

42
 WEST BENGAL
Dakshineswar Kali Temple

Belur Math

Tipu Sultan’s Mosque Or Dharamtollah Mosque

43
Howrah Bridge Or Rabindra Setu

Shaheed Minar Or The Octeroney Monument

Iim Kolkata [1st Iim]

44
 MISCELLANEOUS
Cellular Jail, Port Blair, Andaman And Nicobar Islands

Ghats Of Banaras/Varansi, Up

Wagah Border, Punjab

45
 WORLD
National Congress Buildings / Plaza Of Three Towers, Brasilia

Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur

Torii Gate, Japan

46
London Eye Or The Millennium Wheel Or The British Airways London Eye

SINGAPORE FLYER

Capital Complex, Washington Dc

47
The Brooklyn Bridge, NYC

London Bridge, London

Tower Bridge, UK

48
Pisa Cathedral Complex, Italy

St Peters Basilica, Rome, Italy Or Papal Basicilica

Westminster Tower, London, UK

49
The Palace Of Westminster, London, UK

Makah Royal Clock Tower

Niagara Falls, NYC

50
The Grand Canyon, USA

Diet [Parliament Of Japan]

Bundestang, Berlin, Germany

51
The Khalisa Heritage Memorial, Anandpur Sahib, Punjab

Chapel Of Notre Damn Du Haut, Ronchamp

Great Temple, Abu Simbel

52
 tallest buildings in the world

The Merdeka 118 Tower, the world's second tallest building, is set to be completed by mid-2023.

53
The Wuhan Greenland Center is the tallest skyscraper to be completed in China in 2023, with a
height of 1,560 feet.

54
 tallest buildings in india

1. The tallest building in India is Palais Royale located in Worli, Mumbai.

2. World One, Mumbai

55
3. World View, Mumbai

4. The Park, Mumbai

5. Nathani Heights, Mumbai

56