STUDY ABOUT PREPARATION, TYPES AND USES OF POLYMER

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE GRADE 12
SCIENCE DEGREE IN CHEMISTRY

BY
NAME : TSERING PALDEN SHERPA
GRADE : 12
SECTION : D
ID CARD NUMBER : 23990

Reliance International College

Sarashwatinagar, Kathmandu Nepal
Magh, 2078
 DECLARATION

I “Tsering Palden Sherpa” hereby declare that the project work entitled “Study about preparation,
types and uses of polymer” under the supervision of “Muna Bartaula” of Reliance International
College is done originally by me and has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree.
All sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by reference to the authors or
institutions.

________________
Name : Tsering Palden Sherpa
Grade: 12
Section: D
Registration no: 23990
Date:

i
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The project work entitled “Study about preparation, types and uses of polymer” by “Tsering Palden
Sherpa” under the supervision of Muna Bartaula, of the Reliance International Academy,
Saraswatinagar, Nepal, is here by submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Science in Chemistry of Grade 12. This project work has not been submitted in any other school
/college previously for the award of Grade 12.

………………………
Muna Bartaula

ii
 ACKWNOLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who has contributed to the success of this
chemistry project. First and foremost, I would like to thank my chemistry teachers Mrs. Muna
Bartaula mam, Mr. Bikalpa Bista sir and Mr. Shiva Raj Pathak sir for providing me with the
necessary guidance, support and for their cooperation throughout the project as their expertise and
enthusiasm have truly inspired me. Furthermore, I owe a thank to my dear friends for their
continuous support on the completion of my project work. I am also very grateful and thankful for
my parent’s support and guidance. At last, I would like to remember and thank every individual
who helped me to complete my project report successfully.

iii
 ABSTRACT
Polymers are large macromolecular compounds composed of repeated structural units called
monomers. The term "polymer" is derived from the Greek words "poly" meaning many and
"meros" meaning parts. The synthesis of polymers involves a process known as polymerization,
where monomers undergo a chemical reaction to form long chains or networks. This project delves
into the intricate world of polymers investigating the diverse techniques employed in their
preparation, their classification based on structure and properties and their wide-ranging
applications across various industries. This project explores common techniques such as
polymerization, condensation and poly addition. From everyday consumer products to cutting-
edge technologies, polymers find utility in fields such as packaging, medicine, electronics and
automotive industries. In conclusion, the knowledge gained from this study not only enriches the
field of materials science but also provides a foundation for the continued development of
innovative and sustainable materials in the future.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Introduction……………………………………………………..…..…..1
1.1. Objectives of study of polymers…………………………..…………………...2
1.2. Types of polymers…………………………………………………........…...3-4
1.3. Uses of various types of polymers ………………………………………..….5
1.4. Materials and Methods…………………………………………....……….....6-7
1.5. Results and Discussion………………………………....................………...8
1.6 Conclusion………………………………………………………...………….9
References………………………………………………………………………...10

v
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A polymer is a large and complex molecule composed of repeated structural units known as
monomers, covalently bonded together to form a long chain or network. The process through
which these monomers are chemically linked to create the polymer is called polymerization. The
resulting macromolecular structure exhibits unique properties that differ from those of the
individual monomers. The term "polymer" is derived from the Greek words "poly" meaning many
and "meros" meaning parts. The study of polymers is a critical aspect of materials science,
chemistry and engineering as these materials play a crucial role in numerous industries and
applications due to their diverse properties and adaptability.
Polymers can be found in various forms ranging from natural substances like proteins, DNA and
cellulose to synthetic materials such as plastics, rubber and fibers. The versatility of polymers
arises from the ability to manipulate their molecular structure during the synthesis process allowing
for a wide range of physical and chemical properties. There are two primary types of
polymerization: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. The properties of
polymers are highly diverse and can be tailored to meet a wide range of applications.
Polymers can exhibit flexibility or rigidity, transparency or opacity, and electrical conductivity or
insulating properties. Understanding the structure and behavior of polymers is essential for
optimizing their properties and expanding their applications in the pursuit of innovative solutions
to real-world challenges. In essence, polymers are the building blocks of modern materials offering
a broad spectrum of possibilities for scientific, technological and industrial progress.

1
 1.1. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY OF POLYMERS

 To understand the concept of polymer and polymerization.

 To know about various types of polymers on the basis of polymerization reaction, origin,
types of monomer unit and intermolecular forces.
 To understand the concept of the preparation of some synthetic polymers.
 To know about the uses of polymer in various field.
 To explore emerging trends in polymer applications including biodegradable polymers
and polymers in sustainable technologies.

2
 1.2. TYPES OF POLYMERS

 On the basis of polymerization reaction

1. Condensation Polymer
It is the polymer formed by condensation of two types of same or different monomer with the
elimination of small molecules such as 𝐻2 O, HCl, etc.
Example: Nylon-6,6, terylene,etc.

2. Addition Polymer
It is the polymer formed by monomer having double or triple bond between two carbon atoms.
Example: polyethene, PVC, etc.

 On the basis of origin

1. Natural Polymer
It is polymer that is found in nature i.e. from animals or plants.
Example: protein, polysaccharides, natural rubber, etc.

2. Synthetic Polymer
It is polymer which are prepared in laboratory.
Example: polyethene, PVC, Bakelite, etc.

 On the basis of monomer units

1. Homopolymers
It is the polymer which are formed by only one type of monomer unit.
Example: polyethene, PVC ,etc.
2. Co-polymers
It is the polymer which are formed by more than one type of monomer units.
Example: styrene, nylon-6,6 etc

3
  On the basis of intermolecular forces

1.Elastomers
They are natural or synthetic material used for improving elastic property of clothing or other
materials.
Example: Spandex, Rubber, etc.

2.Fiber
It is wider term for natural or semi synthetic and synthetic fiber with more strong intermolecular
forces.
Example: Vegetable fiber: cotton ,jute, etc
Animal Fiber: wool and silk, etc.
Semi synthetic fibre is rayon.

4
 1.3. USES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF POLYMER
1.Construction Materials
Polymers like PVC (polyvinyl chloride) are used in construction and other building materials due
to their strength and resistance to chemical and durability.

2. Electronics and Electrical Appliances

Polymers with excellent electrical insulating properties are used in the production of electrical
cables, connectors and insulators. Polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are
commonly used in electronic devices and appliances.

3. Agriculture
Polymers are used in agriculture for applications such as mulching films, irrigation systems and
crop protection.

4. Packaging Materials:
Polymers such as polyethylene are widely used in the production of packaging materials,
including plastic bags, films and containers.

5. Paints and Coatings:

Polymers are used as binders in paints and coatings providing durability, adhesion, and
protection to surfaces.

6. Textiles and Clothing:

Synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon and spandex are widely used in the textile industry to
produce clothing and other fabric-based products due to their strength, flexibility and resistance
to wrinkles.

Polymers play a vital role in our daily lives. In the realm of packaging, polymers such as
polyethylene and polypropylene are widely employed for their excellent durability, lightweight
nature and resistance to moisture making them ideal for creating flexible and rigid packaging
materials. In the medical field, biocompatible polymers like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and
polyethylene glycol (PEG) are integral to the manufacturing of medical devices, drug delivery
systems and implants. Thus, polymers are applicable in numerous industries due to their diverse
properties and adaptability.

5
 1.4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

 PREPARATION OF SOME SYNTHETIC POLYMER

1. From Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) is a colorless gas that undergoes polymerization to form
polyvinyl chloride. It is prepared by heating vinyl chloride in presence of an inert solvent
like: dibenzoyl peroxide. Its monomer unit is vinyl chloride.

2. From Polystyrene
It is prepared by heating styrene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide. Its monomer is styrene.

3. From Teflon or polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)

It is prepared by heating tetrafluoroethene under pressure in presence of ammonium
peroxosulphate. Its monomer unit is tetrafluoroethene.

6
4. From Bakelite

It is prepared by heating phenol and formaldehyde in alkaline condition. Phenol reacts with
formaldehyde to form o-hydroxy benzyl alcohol and p-hydroxy benzyl alcohol. O- hydroxy
benzyl alcohol and P-hydroxyl benzyl alcohol undergoes polymerization to form cross linked
polymer Bakelite.

5. From Polyethylene or Polyethene

It is prepared by heating ethylene in presence of at 180°C - 210°C under pressure in presence

of oxygen. Its monomer unit is ethane.

6. Nylon-6,6:
It is prepared by heating adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine. Its monomer unit is adipic acid
and hexamethylene diamine. It is co-polymer.

7
 1.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the course of this project, it delved into a comprehensive study of polymers focusing on their
various types, diverse applications and some synthetic polymer’s preparation. The types of
polymer is revealed to be a vast and diverse landscape that are classified into various categories
such as addition polymers, condensation polymers and copolymers each exhibiting distinct
properties and characteristics. This classification facilitates a systematic comprehension of the vast
array of polymers aiding researchers and practitioners in selecting the most suitable polymer for a
given application.
Furthermore, the uses of polymers highlighted their presence in everyday life from the biomedical
field to packaging materials, polymers play a pivotal role in modern technology and industry. The
versatility of polymers arises from their customizable properties making them indispensable in
manufacturing processes, medical applications and numerous other sectors. The section on the
preparation of polymers detailed various synthetic methods and techniques employed in producing
these synthetic polymers.
Therefore, this project provides a comprehensive overview of polymers encompassing their types,
applications and preparation method of some synthetic polymers. The multiple nature of polymers
underscores their significance in shaping the technological landscape and addressing
contemporary challenges across diverse domains.

8
 1.6. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, polymers play a crucial role in numerous aspects of our daily lives and across a
wide range of industries. Their unique properties such as versatility, durability and customization
potential contribute to their widespread applications. From the materials we use in packaging to
advancements in medical technology, polymers have become indispensable. From advancements
in nanotechnology to smart polymers that respond to external stimuli, the potential applications
are vast.
The study of polymers has provided valuable insights into a diverse class of materials that play a
crucial role in various industries and everyday applications. The multiple uses of polymers were
explored showcasing their significance in fields such as packaging, medicine, textiles and more.
As we navigate the complex world of polymers, it becomes evident that these versatile substances
continue to revolutionize technology and enhance our daily lives. This project underscores the
importance of ongoing research and innovation in the realm of polymers paving the way for
advancements that hold promise for a sustainable and technologically advanced future.

9
 REFERENCE

 Gautam D.R. , Bhatt B.D., Mukhiya T. Pant H.R., Bhattarai D.P. , 2079, Modern
Chemistry Grade XI, Ashmita Books Publisher.
 Seymour, R. B., & Carraher Jr, C. E. (1988). Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction.
Marcel Dekker.
 Cowie, J. M. G., & Arrighi, V. (2008). Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern
Materials. CRC Press.

10
11