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Transport System Notes
Transport System Notes
Transport System Notes
- Small surface area compared to volume → large diffusion path → diffusion alone=too slow
- More active than smaller organisms → greater oxygen, etc., requirements
- Pump blood → oxygen and glucose to cells → cells respire
Heart dissection
- Left side firmer to touch, thicker (musclier) walls (must be able to pump blood around body at high
pressure), aorta (thicker than vena cava) leads there
- Heart made of cardiac tissue
- Hard white substance around heart = fat- insulates, protects, provides respiration fuel
- Ventricles firmer + larger than atria (left ventricle = thickest)
- Blood vessels on surface of ventricles: coronary arteries + veins, from aorta or vena cava
- Coronary vessels provide heart with fuel- if blocked, that part of heart → unable to respire →
would die → heart attack
- Valves control direction of blood flow
Fragments of other
Biconcave, disc- Large nucleus Lobed nucleus
cells
like (more SA)
Where is/are they Bone marrow Bone marrow
made?
Nucleus? No Yes No
Function Transport oxygen Produce Engulf bacteria + Release chemicals
in form of antibodies to other microbes that to make blood clot
oxyhaemoglobin destroy microbes + have infected our when we cut
antitoxins to bodies ourselves (to
neutralise toxins prevent blood loss +
pathogen entry)
Heartbeat
1. Diastole (filling phase) (approx. 0.4s)
• Cardiac muscle relaxed, so atria fills with blood from vena cava (RHS) + aorta (LHS)
2. Atrial systole (atrial contraction) (0.1s)
• Atria contract- volume of atria decreases → pressure within increases
• When pressure in atria greater than in ventricles, AV valves open
• Blood flows → ventricles
3. Ventricular systole (ventricular contraction) (0.3s)
• Volume of ventricles decreases → pressure within increases
• Pressure in ventricles greater than in atria
• AV valves close- prevents backflow of blood
• Heart strings prevent AV valves turning inside out
• Semi-lunar valves open
• Blood flows into arteries
More
- In intestines blood gains vitamins, glucose, etc.
- Waste from kidneys= urea, CO2
Heart rate
- Average resting heart rate: 70 beats/min
- Varies according to age, gender, etc.
- Changes in heart rate from nerve impulses from medulla (in brain)
- Pacemaker initiates heartbeat
- 2 sets of nerves at top right of atrium: accelerator (of heart rate) and decelerator
- During exercise:
- Muscles do more work
- Rate of respiration must increase → more energy
- Increased aerobic respiration → increases need for glucose and oxygen
- Blood needs to be pumped faster
- Heart rate and stroke volume must increase
- Carbon dioxide and lactic acid also removed from muscles as a result
Adrenaline
- Secreted when frightened, angry or nervous by adrenal gland
- Hormones are chemical messengers which travel in the bloodstream
- Effects of adrenaline (aka. Fight or flight hormone):
- Breathing rate increases: deeper breaths → more oxygen
- Heart rate increases → more blood to muscles → more oxygen + glucose for respiration
- Blood diverted from intestines → muscles
- In liver, stored carbohydrates → glucose for respiration
- Mental alertness increased → fast reactions
- Pupils dilate → increased sensitivity to movements