2015 Clinical and Health Survey

Philippine Nutrition
Facts and Figures 2015
2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of

Filipino Children and Other Population Groups
CLINICAL and HEALTH SURVEY
Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Department of Science and Technology
Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila
December 2016
Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2015
ISSN: 2599-4441
This report summarizes the results of the Updating of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and
Other Population Groups (Clinical and Health Survey): Philippines, 2015 undertaken by the
Department of Science and Technology - Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI).
Additional information about the survey may be obtained from the DOST-FNRI, DOST Compound,
Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines 1631.
Tel. Numbers: (632) 837-20-71 local 2282 / 2296; 839-1846
Telefax: (632) 837-2934; 839-1843
E-mail: mvc@fnri.dost.gov.ph mar_v_c@yahoo.com
Website: www.fnri.dost.gov.ph
Recommended Citation:
Department of Science and Technology - Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI). 2016.
Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2015: Clinical and Health Survey. FNRI Bldg., DOST
Compound, Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
The Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures is published by the Department of Science and
Technology- Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD i
2015 UPDATING SURVEY MANAGEMENT TEAM iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS v
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF APPENDICES xviii
LIST OF ANNEXES xxii
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 1
1. Introduction 5
2. Methodology 8
2.1 Sampling Design 8
2.2 Scope and Coverage 9
2.3 Survey Methods 9
2.4 Survey Questionnaire 12
2.5 Ethical Review 12
2.6 PSA Review and Approval 12
2.7 Data Processing and Analysis 13
3. Results 15
3.1 Biological Risk Factors 15
3.1.1 Blood Pressure Level among Children, 3.0 to 9.9 years old and 15
Adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old
3.1.2 Elevated Blood Pressure among Adults, 20.0 years old and over 18
3.1.3 History of Elevated Blood Pressure 21
3.1.4 Obesity among Adolescents, 10.0 to 19.0 years old 28
3.1.5 Obesity among Adults, 20.0 years old and over 30
3.2 Behavioral Risk Factors 38

3.2.1 Cigarette Smoking Status 38
3.2.2 Smokeless Smoking 47
3.2.3 Secondhand Smoking 50

Page
3.2.4 Tobacco Policy 52
3.2.5 Alcohol Drinking 57
3.2.6 Binge Drinking 64
3.2.7 Physical Inactivity 67
3.2.8. Unhealthy Diet 71
3.3. Awareness and Usage of Health Supplements 73
4 Conclusions 83
5 References 86
6 Appendices 89
7 Annexes 129

FOREWORD
New challenges are currently poised to reverse the progress we have made over the 15-year
period set out to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). During the UN Conference on
Sustainable Development, otherwise known as Rio+20, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were
identified as one of the major challenges facing sustainable development in the 21st century, as these
continue to cause premature deaths and increase burden on low- and middle-income countries such as
the Philippines. NCDs are no longer a mere health issue but also an economic issue as these hinder the
country‟s growth and development by affecting the productivity of Filipinos.
Moving forward towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which take
off from the accomplishments of the MDGs, the Department of Science and Technology - Food and
Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI), in line with its mandate and commitment to update the
official statistics on Philippine food, nutrition and health, presents this monograph on the Clinical and
Health Survey component of the Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2015, which includes a report
on the prevalence rates of major NCD risk factors.
One of the targets of SDG 3 is to reduce by one-third the premature deaths from non-
communicable diseases by year 2030 through prevention, treatment, and promotion of mental health
and well-being. Data collected in the 2015 Updating Survey will serve as baseline data for NCD risk
factors, thus contributing to the attainment of global health goals. Also, these data will be used to
continue tracking our progress towards achieving the global NCD targets for 2025.
The 2015 Updating Survey was the first nutrition survey to collect blood pressure
measurements among children starting at the age of 3.0 years. Such data will be used in developing
blood pressure norms among Filipino children. Many countries have already established their own
classification of childhood blood pressure owing to variability in body size for a given age, sex and
height. Unfortunately, the Philippines still uses the United States‟ childhood blood pressure table in
the absence of Filipino pediatric blood pressure nomograms.
Moreover, findings on awareness and usage of health supplements were presented for the first
time in this monograph. With the increasing popularity and consumption of these supplements, the
Institute intends to monitor its trend and possibly try to find a correlation between health supplement
intake and non-communicable diseases.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute i

The result of this recent survey provided us with reasons to celebrate, as improvements were
manifested in most risk factors to non-communicable diseases. However, we should not be content
with the current progress but rather consider this a drive to aim further and effect more significant
changes towards a healthy nation.
Amid the persistent increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, we, the
research community, should continue to provide and report timely and accurate data and ensure that
these will be acted upon by both government and private sectors. This goes beyond being just a
mandate but is our obligation to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all Filipinos across
all ages.
MARIO V. CAPANZANA, Ph.D.

Director
ii Food and Nutrition Research Institute

2015 UPDATING SURVEY MANAGEMENT TEAM
Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Project Director
Cecilia Cristina Santos-Acuin, M.D., Ph.D.

Project Leader
COMPONENT STUDY LEADERS DATA MANAGEMENT
Ma. Adrienne S. Constantino Charmaine A. Duante, M.Sc. Epid.

Household Dietary Component and (Public Health)
Individual Dietary Component Head, Nutritional Statistics and Informatics Team
Marina B. Vargas, Ph.D. (Human Nutrition) Glen Melvin P. Gironella

Dietary Component Senior Statistician
Ma. Lilibeth P. Dasco, M.S. (Applied Nutrition) Ma. Lynell V. Maniego

Anthropometry Component Statistician
Chona F. Patalen, M.P.H. Eldridge B. Ferrer, M.S.

Clinical and Health Component and (Applied Economics and Statistics)
MDG Component Statistician
Apple Joy D. Ducay

Mildred O. Guirindola, M.P.S.-F.N.P.
Statistician
Maternal Health and Nutrition and
IYCF Components Jeffrey Y. De Leon, M.I.T.
Senior Programmer and Developer of e-DCS
Cristina G. Malabad, M.S.P.H. (Nutrition)
Food Security Component Mae Ann S.A. Javier
Programmer and Developer of e-DCS
Milagros C. Chavez and
Charina A. Javier, MDE
Government Program Participation Component
FINAL REPORT WRITERS
Chona F. Patalen, M.P.H.

Sarah E. Guinto, R.N.
Cristilyn T. Atrero, R.N.D.
EDITOR
Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The DOST - Food and Nutrition Research Institute gratefully acknowledges the following:
The Department of Health (DOH) and its Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau (HPDPB)
for the funding support in conducting the 2015 Updating Survey - Clinical and Health
Component;
The Philippine Society of Hypertension (PSH) and the Section of Cardiology and Department of
Pediatrics of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) for sharing their expertise during the Blood
Pressure Certification Trainings;
The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) for the technical assistance in providing the list of sample
housing units and sample households;
The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Local Government Units (LGUs), the
Governors, Mayors and Barangay Captains and their constituents for providing direct assistance
in the field survey operations;
The National Nutrition Council of the Department of Health (NNC-DOH) through its Regional
Nutrition Program Coordinators (RNPCs) and Provincial/City and Municipal Nutrition Action
Officers (PNAOs/CNAOs and MNAOs) for sharing their untiring guidance and incessant support
during field data collection;
The Department of Science and Technology Regional Directors (RDs) and Provincial Science and
Technology Directors (PSTDs) for their support, especially during the conduct of field data
collection, training and pre-survey coordination in the regions and provinces;
The Centers for Health Development (CHDs) - Department of Health (DOH) through its Regional
Directors and the Provincial/City and Municipal Health Officers (PHOs/CHOs and MHOs) for
their assistance during training and field data collection;
Dr. Arturo Y. Pacificador, in his capacity as statistical consultant, for the technical guidance in
sampling design;
The FNRI Finance and Administrative Division for their invaluable assistance in the financial aspect
of the survey;
All 42,310 households and 202,570 individuals for their indispensable participation and utmost
cooperation in the survey; and
All DOST-FNRI technical and non-technical staff, local researchers, local survey aides and numerous
others who have provided inputs, involvement and contribution to the fruition of the
2015 Updating Survey.
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
ABV Alcohol by volume

AHA American Heart Association
ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
ATP Adult Treatment Panel
BMI Body Mass Index
BP Blood Pressure
CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon
CAR Cordillera Administrative Region
CDC Center for Disease Control
CI Confidence Interval
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
CPG Clinical Practice Guidelines
CVD Cardiovascular Diseases
DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure
DOH Department of Health
DOST Department of Science and Technology
FNRI Food and Nutrition Research Institute
HPDPB Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau
IDF International Diabetes Federation
IERC Institutional Ethics Review Committee
JNC Joint National Committee
LL Lower Limit
MIMAROPA Mindoro (Oriental and Occidental), Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan
NCDs Non-Communicable Diseases
NCHS National Center for Health Statistics
NCR National Capital Region
PAD Peripheral Arterial Disease
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
PSH Philippine Society of Hypertension
SBP Systolic Blood Pressure
SD Standard Deviation
SOCCSKSARGEN South Cotabato, Cotabato City, Sultan Kudarat, Saranggani, General Santos City
UL Upper Limit
WC Waist Circumference
WHO World Health Organization
WHR Waist-Hip Ratio
Food and Nutrition Research Institute v

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Binge Drinking refers to excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, specifically the intake of
four or more (for females) or five or more (for males) standard drinks in a row (World Health
Organization, 2008a) by those who reported drinking alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height; a person‟s weight in kilograms
divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2) (World Health Organization, 2015a).
Coronary Heart Disease is a disease of the blood vessels (buildup of plaque) supplying the heart
muscle (World Health Organization, 2016).
Current Drinkers are those who have consumed any alcohol during the past 12 months at the time of
the survey (World Health Organization, 2015b).
Current Smokers are those who smoked during the survey either on a „daily‟ (at least one cigarette a
day) or on a regular/occasional basis; those who do not smoke daily but smoke at least weekly or less
often than weekly (World Health Organization, 2008a).
Current Smokeless Smokers are adults who currently use smokeless tobacco products whether on a
daily basis or occasionally (Global Tobacco Surveillance System, 2009).
Food/Dietary Supplements are processed food products intended to supplement diet that contain one
or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanical parts, amino
acids and dietary substances to increase total intake in conformity with the latest Philippine
Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes (RENI) or internationally-agreed minimum daily
requirements. These are usually in the form of capsules, tablets, liquids, gels, powders, or pills and are
not represented for use as conventional food or as sole item of a meal or diet or replacement of drugs
or medicines - Republic Act 9711 Philippine Food and Drug Administration (Food and Nutrition
Research Institute - Department of Science and Technology, 2015).
Former Drinkers are those who had previously consumed alcohol but have not done so in the
previous 12-month period (World Health Organization, 2015c).
Former Smokers are those who have ever smoked in the past year prior to survey whether on a daily
basis or an aggregate lifetime consumption of at least 100 cigarettes but not daily, and are no longer
smoking at the time of the survey (World Health Organization, 2008a).
Former Smokeless Smokers are those who are ever daily smokeless tobacco users and currently do
not use smokeless tobacco (Global Tobacco Surveillance System, 2009).
Health Supplements are any product that is used to supplement a diet and to maintain, enhance, and
improve the healthy function of the human body, and contains one or more, or a combination of the
following: a) vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, enzymes, probiotics, and other bioactive
substances; b) substances derived from natural sources (including animal, mineral, and other botanical
materials in the form of extracts, isolates, and metabolites); and c) synthetic sources of ingredients
mentioned in (a) and (b) - ASEAN Guidelines on Labeling Requirements for Traditional Medicines
and Health Supplements (Food and Nutrition Research Institute - Department of Science and
Technology, 2015).
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Hip Circumference refers to the measurement around the widest portion of the buttocks (World
Health Organization, 2008b).
Hypertension or High Blood Pressure is indicated by a sustained systolic BP elevation of 140

mmHg or more or a sustained diastolic BP elevation of 90 mmHg or more based on measurements
done during at least two (2) visits taken at least one (1) week apart, or hypertension in one visit but
with evidence of target organ damage (Abelardo, 2012).
Insufficiently Physically Active is a person not meeting any of the following criteria: 1) three or
more days of vigorous-intensity activity of at least 20 minutes per day; or 2) five or more days of
moderate-intensity activity or walking of at least 30 minutes per day (World Health Organization,
2008a).
Leisure-Related Physical Activity or Recreational Activity refers to various exercise, fitness and
recreational activities ranging from moderate to high intensity activities (Food and Nutrition Research
Institute - Department of Science and Technology, 2015).
Lifetime Abstainers are those who have never consumed alcohol (World Health Organization,
2015c).
Metabolic Equivalent (MET) is the ratio of a person‟s working metabolic rate relative to the resting
metabolic rate. One MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly, and is equivalent to a caloric
consumption of 1 kcal/kg/hour (World Health Organization, 2008a).
Moderate-Intensity Physical Activity refers to activities that take moderate physical effort and that
make one breathe somewhat harder than normal; requires an approximate of 3 to 6 METs. (World
Health Organization, 2008a).
Never Smokers are individuals who have never smoked at all (World Health Organization, 2008a).
Obesity is indicated by a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 for adults; for 5-19 years old, BMI
>+2SD (World Health Organization, 2015a).
Overweight is indicated by a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 for adults; for 5-19 years old,
BMI >+1SD (World Health Organization, 2015a).
Sedentary Behavior refers to any waking activity characterized by an energy expenditure of ≤1.5
metabolic equivalents (METS) and a sitting or reclining posture (Food and Nutrition Research
Institute - Department of Science and Technology, 2015).
Standard Drink generally has a net alcohol content of 10 grams of ethanol (depending on the country
or site), which is equivalent to 1 regular beer (330ml), a single measure of spirits (30ml), a medium-
sized glass of wine (120 ml), or a measure of aperitif (60 ml) (World Health Organization, 2008a).
Travel-Related Physical Activity refers to transportation activities such as biking or walking (at least
10 minutes long) that are also important contributors to total energy expenditure (Food and Nutrition
Research Institute - Department of Science and Technology, 2015).
Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity refers to activities that take hard physical effort and that make
one breathe much harder than normal; requires an approximately >6 METs. (World Health
Organization, 2008a)
Food and Nutrition Research Institute vii

Waist Circumference is the measurement at the approximate midpoint between the lower margin of
the last palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest (World Health Organization, 2008b).
Waist-Hip Ratio or the waist circumference divided by the hip circumference was suggested as an
additional measure of body fat distribution; it provides an index of both subcutaneous and intra-
abdominal adipose tissue (World Health Organization, 2008b).
Work-Related Physical Activity or Occupational Activity refers to any activities that are done or are
usually part of a person‟s occupation (Food and Nutrition Research Institute - Department of Science
and Technology, 2015).
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.

1 Global Monitoring Framework on NCDs 5
2 Response rates for different NCD module variables 8
3 Target age/physiological groups for the specific clinical and health 9

variables
4 Cuff sizes for different population groups 11
5 Classification of blood pressure according to JNC VII, 2004 13
6 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children, 5.08-19.0 13

years old, based on the 2007 WHO Growth Reference BMI-for-age
7 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of adults, 19.0 years 13

old and over, based on WHO and Asia-Pacific body mass index
classification
8 Cut-off points of waist circumference and waist hip ratio for adults, 20.0 14
years old and over
9 Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 16
among children, 3.0 to 9.9 years old, based on single-visit BP
measurement, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
10 Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 16
among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, based on single-visit BP
measurement, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
11 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, using single-visit 18
BP measurement, by blood pressure classification, age group and sex:
Philippines, 2015
12 Prevalence of elevated blood pressure among adults, 20.0 years old and 22
over, based on previous history, single-visit BP measurement, and intake
of anti-hypertension medicine, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
13 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of 24
hypertension, by treatment/advice given and by background
characteristics: Philippines, 2015
hypertension, by compliance to given treatment/advice and by background
Food and Nutrition Research Institute ix


15 Percent distribution and mean z-scores of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.0 years 29
old, by BMI-for-age classification using WHO-Growth Reference and by
sex and age group and: Philippines, 2015
16 Mean BMI and percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by 31
BMI classification (WHO) and by sex, age group and region: Philippines,
2015
17 Mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) and percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years 33
old and over, by WHR and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
18 Mean waist circumference (WC) and percent distribution of adults, 20.0 35

years old and over, by WC and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
19 Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by smoking 38

status, age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
20 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smoking status, 41
age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
21 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were current users of 43
various tobacco products: Philippines, 2015
22 Average cigarette expenditure per week among adult current smokers, 20.0 44
years old and over, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
23 Average number of cigarette sticks last purchased among adult current 45

smokers, 20.0 years old and over, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
24 Percent distribution of former smokeless smokers, 20.0 years old and over, 50
by age at which respondent stopped smoking smokeless tobacco products
and by sex and place of residence: Philippines, 2015
25 Percent distribution of currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over, 55
who considered quitting among those who noticed health warnings on
cigarette packages during the past 30 days, by background characteristics:
Philippines, 2015
26 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed cigarette 56
advertisements/promotions during the past 30 days, by background
27 Measurement of standard drinks with their corresponding alcohol by 57

volume (ABV)
28 Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by alcohol 58

consumption status, age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
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29 Percent distribution of current alcohol drinkers among adolescents, 10.0 to 59
19.9 years old, by frequency of alcohol consumption and by background
30 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by alcohol 61

consumption status, age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
31 Percent distribution of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 years 62

old and over, by frequency of alcohol consumption and by background
32 Prevalence of binge drinking among currently drinking adults (those who 65

reported drinking alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days), 20.0 years old
and over, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
33 Percentage of low leisure-related, travel-related, and work-related physical 70

activity among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by age group and sex:
Philippines, 2015
34 Proportion adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were currently taking 82
health supplements, by reason for taking supplements and by age group
and sex: Philippines, 2015
35 NCD Global Targets Monitoring Framework 84
Food and Nutrition Research Institute xi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.

1 Sustainable Development Goals 7
2 Equipment used for BP measurement - Sphygmomanometer (left) and 10

Stethoscope (right)
3 Taking of blood pressure 11
4 Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 17
children, 3.0 to 9.9 years old, and adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by
age group: Philippines, 2015
5 Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 17
adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by sex: Philippines, 2013-2015
over, using single-visit BP measurement, by age group: Philippines, 2015
over, using single-visit BP measurement, by present occupation:
Philippines, 2015
over, using single-visit BP measurement, by place of residence and wealth
quintile: Philippines, 2015
over, using single-visit BP measurement, by region: Philippines, 2015
10 Trend in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure among adults, 20.0 21

years old and over, using single-visit BP measurement: Philippines, 1993-
2015
11 Trend in the age-adjusted true prevalence of elevated blood pressure 22

among adults, 20.0 years old and over: Philippines, 2003-2015
hypertension, by treatment/advice given and by sex: Philippines, 2015
hypertension, by treatment/advice given and by place of residence:
Philippines, 2015
hypertension who were compliant with the given treatment/advice, by sex:
Philippines, 2015
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hypertension who were compliant with the given treatment/advice, by
place of residence: Philippines, 2015
16 Sources of advice/treatment given to adults, 20.0 years old and over, with 27
previous history of hypertension: Philippines, 2015
17 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who have seen a traditional 27
healer and were taking herbal medicines to treat hypertension, by sex:
Philippines, 2015
18 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who have seen a traditional 28
healer and were taking herbal medicines to treat hypertension, by place of
residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
19 Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.0 years 29

old, by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
20 Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.0 years 30

old, by region: Philippines, 2015
21 Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adults, 20.0 years old and over, 31

based on WHO-BMI classification, by place of residence and wealth
22 Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adults, 20.0 years old and over, 32

based on WHO-BMI classification, by region: Philippines, 2015
23 Prevalence of high waist-hip ratio (WHR) among adults, 20.0 years old 33
and over, by sex, place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
24 Prevalence of high waist-hip ratio (WHR) among adults, 20.0 years old 34
and over, by sex and region: Philippines, 2015
25 Prevalence of high waist circumference (WC) among adults, 20.0 years old 35
and over, by sex, place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
26 Prevalence of high waist circumference (WC) among adults, 20.0 years old 36
and over, by sex and region: Philippines, 2015
27 Trend in the prevalence of high waist circumference (WC) and high 37

waist-hip ratio (WHR) among adults, 20.0 years old and over:
Philippines, 1998-2015
28 Proportion of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who currently smoke, by 39

place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
29 Proportion of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who currently smoke, by 39

region: Philippines, 2015
Food and Nutrition Research Institute xiii


30 Trend in the smoking status of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old: 40
31 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smoking status 40
32 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who currently smoke, by 41
place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
33 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who currently smoke, by 42
34 Trend in the smoking status of adults, 20.0 years old and over: Philippines, 42
1998-2015
35 Percent distribution of the different brands of manufactured cigarette used 43

by currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over: Philippines, 2015
36 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were current 45
smokers, by age at smoking initiation: Philippines, 2015
37 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were former 46
smokers, by age at smoking cessation: Philippines, 2015
38 Reasons for stopping smoking among former smokers, 20.0 years old and 46
over: Philippines, 2015
39 Proportion of current smokeless smokers among adults, 20.0 years old and 47
over, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015
over, by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
over, by region: Philippines, 2015
42 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were current 49
smokeless smokers, by age at smoking initiation: Philippines, 2015
43 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were former 49
smokers of smokeless tobacco products, by age at smoking cessation:
Philippines, 2015
44 Proportion of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who were exposed to 50

secondhand smoke at home, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015
45 Proportion of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who were exposed to 51

secondhand smoke outside home, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015
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46 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were exposed to 51
secondhand smoke at home, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015
47 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were exposed to 52
secondhand smoke outside home, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015
who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30
days, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
who have noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30
days, by wealth quintile and place of residence: Philippines, 2015
50 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed information 56
about the dangers of smoking cigarettes or that encourages quitting during
the past 30 days, by source of information: Philippines, 2015
51 Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed cigarette 57
advertisements during the past 30 days, by type of cigarette promotion:
Philippines, 2015
52 Proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 58

years old, by age group: Philippines, 2015

years old, by wealth quintile and place of residence: Philippines, 2015

years old, by region: Philippines, 2015
55 Trend in the alcohol consumption status of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years 60

old: Philippines, 2008-2015
56 Proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 years old and 62
57 Proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 years old and 63
58 Trend in the proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 64

years old and over: Philippines, 1998-2015

and over, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015
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and over, by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015

and over, by region: Philippines, 2015
62 Trend in the prevalence of binge drinking among currently drinking adults 67

(those who reported drinking alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days):
63 Proportion of insufficiently physically active adults, 20.0 years old and 68

over, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015



over, by sex: Philippines, 2013-2015
67 Percentage of low leisure-related, travel-related, and work-related physical 70

activity among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex: Philippines, 2015
68 Proportion of households with per capita intake of fruits and/or vegetables 71

not meeting the recommended intake (≥400 grams) per day, by place of
69 Proportion of households with per capita intake of fruits and/or vegetables 72

not meeting the recommended intake (≥400 grams) per day, by region:
Philippines, 2015
70 Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were aware of health, 73
food or dietary supplements, by sex: Philippines, 2015
71 Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were aware of health 74
supplements, by age group: Philippines, 2015
72 Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were consuming health 74
supplements during the past 6 months, by sex: Philippines, 2015
supplements during the past 6 months, by age group: Philippines, 2015
74 Percent distribution of reasons for stopping/non-usage of health 75

supplements among adults, 18.0 years old and over: Philippines, 2015
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supplements during the past 6 months, by duration of intake and sex:
Philippines, 2015
76 Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were taking health 76
supplements during the past 6 months, by duration of intake and age
group: Philippines, 2015
77 Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were currently taking 77
health supplements, by type of supplements and sex: Philippines, 2015
health supplements, by type of supplements and age group: Philippines,
2015
health supplements, by form of supplements: Philippines, 2015
health supplements, by frequency of intake and sex: Philippines, 2015
health supplements, by duration of intake and sex: Philippines, 2015
82 Sources of recommendation to take health supplements among adults, 18.0 80

years old and over, by sex: Philippines, 2015
83 Reasons for taking health supplements among adults, 18.0 years old and 81
over, who were currently taking supplementation: Philippines, 2015
84 Perceived effects of taking health supplements among adults, 18.0 years 82

old and over, by sex: Philippines, 2015
Food and Nutrition Research Institute xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix No. Title Page No.

1 Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure 89
(DBP) among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on single-visit
BP measurement, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015

BP measurement, by place of residence and wealth quintile:
Philippines, 2015

BP measurement, by province and region: Philippines, 2015
4 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by BP 92

classification, using single-visit BP measurement, by place of
5 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by BP 92

classification, using single-visit BP measurement, by province and
6 Percent distribution of treatment/advice given to adults, 20.0 years 95

old and over, with previous history of hypertension, by age group
7 Percent distribution of compliance to treatment/advice given to 95

adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of
hypertension, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
8 Percent distribution of source of treatment/advice given to adults, 96

20.0 years old and over, with previous history of hypertension, by
background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
9 Distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who have seen a 97
traditional healer and who were taking herbal medicines to treat
hypertension, by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
10 Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by 99

smoking status, age group, and sex: Philippines, 2015

smoking status and by place of residence, wealth quintile, and
xviii Food and Nutrition Research Institute


12 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smoking 100
status, age group, and sex: Philippines, 2015
13 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smoking 101
status and background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
14 Percent distribution of currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and 102
over, by brand of manufactured cigarette used and by background
15 Average cigarette expenditure per week among current smokers, 103

20.0 years old and over, by place of residence and wealth quintile:
Philippines, 2015
16 Average number of cigarette sticks last purchased among current 103

smokers, 20.0 years old and over, by place of residence and wealth
17 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were 104
current smokers, by age at smoking initiation and background
former smokers, by age at smoking cessation and by background
19 Percent distribution of former smokers, 20.0 years old and over, by 105
reasons for stopping smoking and by background characteristics:
Philippines, 2015
20 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smokeless 106
smoking status, age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
smoking status, wealth quintile and place of residence: Philippines,
2015
smoking status and region: Philippines, 2015
current smokeless smokers, by age at smoking initiation and by

reported exposure to secondhand smoke at home and by age group
Food and Nutrition Research Institute xix


25 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by reported 108
exposure to secondhand smoke at home and by age group and sex:
Philippines, 2015

reported exposure to secondhand smoke outside home and by age
group and sex: Philippines, 2015
27 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by reported 109
exposure to secondhand smoke outside home and by age group and
sex: Philippines, 2015
over, who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the
past 30 days, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
over, who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the
past 30 days, by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
30 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed 111
information about the dangers of smoking cigarettes or that
encourages quitting during the past 30 days, by background
characteristics and source of information: Philippines, 2015

alcohol consumption status and by place of residence, wealth
quintile and region: Philippines, 2015
32 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by alcohol 113
consumption status and by place of residence, wealth quintile and
33 Percent distribution of currently drinking adults (those who reported 114

drinking alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days), 20.0 years old and
over, by binge drinking status and by place of residence, wealth
quintile and region: Philippines, 2015
34 General physical activities defined by level of intensity 115
35 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by physical 116
activity level, place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines,
2015
36 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by physical 117
activity level and region: Philippines, 2015
xx Food and Nutrition Research Institute


37 Percent distribution of per capita intake of fruits and/or vegetables 118
per day, by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
38 Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were aware of 119
health supplements, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
39 Percent distribution of adults, 18.0 years old and over, by 119

consumption of health supplements during the past 6 months, by age
40 Percent distribution of adults, 18.0 years old and over, by reasons for 120
stopping/non-usage of health supplements and by age group and sex:
Philippines, 2015
taking health supplements during the past 6 months, by duration of
intake and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
42 Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were currently 122
taking health supplements, by type of supplements and by age group
taking health supplements, by form of supplements and by age group
taking health supplements, by mode of acquisition and by age group
taking health supplements, by frequency of intake and by age group
taking health supplements, by duration of intake and by age group
taking health supplements, by sources of recommendation to take
supplements and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
taking health supplements, by perceived effect on health and by age
Food and Nutrition Research Institute xxi

LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex No. Title Page No.

1 Form 5.1 - Blood Pressure Measurement of Individuals, 3 Years Old 129
and Above
2 Form 5.1 - History of Raised Blood Pressure of 18 Years Old and 130
Above
3 Form 5.2 - Smoking and Alcohol Consumption of Individuals, 10 Years 132

Old and Above
4 Form 5.3 - Awareness and Usage of Health/Food/Dietary Supplements 138

of Adults, 18 Years Old and Above
5 Form 5.4 - Physical Activity of Adults, 18 Years Old and Above 139
6 Form 5.5 - Food Frequency Questionnaire of Adults, 18 Years Old 142

and Above
7 Form 9.3 - Household Food Record 147
xxii Food and Nutrition Research Institute

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This monograph focused on two common risk factors to non-communicable diseases (NCDs):
elevated blood pressure and obesity. The modifiable risk factors that predispose an individual to
lifestyle-related diseases, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet,
were reported as well.
Among children, 3.0 to 9.9 years old, mean blood pressure obtained was 86.8/56.5 mmHg,
with mean BP significantly higher among girls at 90.9/59.4 mmHg compared to boys at 86.9/56.6
mmHg. Adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, registered a mean blood pressure of 99.5/64.5 mmHg,
with boys exhibiting significantly higher mean BP at 101.0/65.1 mmHg compared to girls at 98.0/63.9
mmHg. Meanwhile, adults, 20.0 years old and over, recorded a mean BP of 119.5/77.3 mmHg.
Similar to the case of adolescents, mean BP was significantly higher among males (122.3/79.2
mmHg) than females (117.2/75.7 mmHg); thus, more males registered elevated blood pressure
compared to females (27.5% vs. 20.8%). In general, prevalence of elevated blood pressure was found
to increase with age.
A significantly higher proportion of adults residing in urban areas (25.2%) and belonging to
the rich and the richest wealth quintiles (26%) have elevated blood pressure compared to those living
in rural areas and less wealthy quintile groups. Among regions, Central Luzon posted the highest
proportion of adults with elevated blood pressure at 27.4%.
An examination of the prevalence of elevated blood pressure over the years shows that, after
continuous increase from 1998 to 2008, the prevalence decreased by three-percentage points in 2013.
However, the reduction was not sustained, as the prevalence significantly increased by 1.6-percentage
points to 23.9% in 2015.
The prevalence of high waist circumference (WC) and high waist-hip ratio (WHR) among
adults increased between 2011 and 2013 but significantly decreased in 2015 for both males and
females. The proportion of female adults with high WC decreased from 23.1% in 2013 to 18.5% in
2015, while those with high WHR fell from 63.2% in 2013 to 57.9% in 2015.
Tobacco use among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, was found to be significantly higher
among boys than girls (9.4% vs. 1.4%). Proportion was higher in the 18.0- to 19.9-year-old age group
(17.1%), compared to the 16.0- to 17.9-year-old age group (9.6%). Among regions, National Capital
Region (NCR) exhibited the highest percentage of adolescents who smoke (9.7%) while Caraga
recorded the lowest (2.3%). A 1.4-percentage point decrease was noted in the proportion of current
smokers among adolescents since 2013 and it was significant.
A decreasing trend was also observed in the proportion of current smokers among adults,
from 31.0% in 2008 to 25.4% in 2013 and 23.3% in 2015. It was noted that the reduction between
2013 and 2015 was significant. Less than half (42.8%) of males were currently smoking while only
6.8% of females were smoking. The highest proportion of currently smoking adults was recorded in
National Capital Region (27.5%) while the lowest was in Cordillera Administrative Region (15.3%).
However, it should be noted that Cordillera Administrative Region has the highest proportion of
adults using smokeless tobacco products (21.8%). Very few adults (2.4%) were using smokeless
tobacco and other smokeless products. This practice was more common among elderly adults
Food and Nutrition Research Institute 1

(≥70 years old) at 4.8%, among males at 3.4%, and among adults belonging to the poorest wealth
quintile at 6.7%.
Four in 10 (44.0%) adolescents were exposed to secondhand smoke at least once a week
inside their homes, while six out of 10 (61.6%) were exposed to secondhand smoke at least once a
week outside their homes. On the other hand, almost seven out of 10 (68.9%) adults were exposed to
secondhand smoke outside their homes such as in transport terminals, workplaces, eating places, or
neighborhoods, while almost four in 10 (39.7%) were exposed inside their homes.
With regard to tobacco policy, majority (70.9%) of adults have noticed cigarette packages
with health warnings and 56.9% of them considered quitting after seeing the warning labels.
Television was considered the main source of information about the dangers of cigarette smoking.
The proportion of boys, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who were drinking alcoholic beverages was
almost twice as that of girls (19.6% vs. 10.1%). Alcohol drinking among adolescents was highest in
urban areas (18.8%), in the rich wealth quintile (19.7%), and in NCR (28.4%) and Eastern Visayas
(21.8%). On the other hand, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) (1.7%) recorded the
lowest proportion of adolescents who drink alcoholic beverages. A 3.7-percentage point decrease in
the proportion of current drinkers among adolescents was noted from 2013 to 2015, and this was
significant.
Among adults, 20.0 years old and over, four in 10 (44.9%) were drinking alcoholic beverages.
The proportion was higher among males (69.1%), adults in the 20.0-year-old to less than 30.0-year-
old age group (50.9%), those residing in urban areas (48.3%), those belonging to the richest wealth
quintile (48.7%), and in the regions of Eastern Visayas (58.7%) and NCR (56.3%). ARMM
maintained having the lowest proportion at only 6.7%. The prevalence decreased from 48.2% in 2013
to 44.9% in 2015, though slightly, this is statistically significant.
Meanwhile, half (54.9%) of adults who currently drink, engaged in binge drinking or heavy
episodic drinking of alcoholic beverages. The proportion was significantly higher among males
compared to females at 58.5% and 41.1%, respectively. Binge drinking was highest among middle-
aged adults, 40.0 to 49.9 years old (57.2%), and slightly higher among adults residing in rural areas
(56.3%) and those belonging to the middle wealth quintile (59.2%). The proportion of binge drinking
among currently drinking adults was highest in Bicol (68.7%) and lowest in Davao (41.2%).
Four in 10 (42.5%) Filipino adults were insufficiently physically active. Physical inactivity
was more common among females (52.9%), those residing in urban areas (47.0%), and those
belonging to the richest wealth quintile (51.9%). Half of adults in Central Luzon (52.2%),
CALABARZON (50.7%), and in Davao (50.6%) have low physical activity, while adults in Western
Visayas (25.8%) were the most active. More adults spent less time in leisure-related physical activity
(94.8%) compared to travel-related and work-related activities at 72.1% and 65.1%, respectively.
The World Health Organization recommends a minimum intake of 400 grams of fruits and
vegetables or a total of five servings of fruit and vegetables per day. Nine in 10 (91.4%) households
failed to meet the WHO recommendation, and this was slightly higher in urban areas (93.5%) and
among households belonging to the middle and rich wealth quintiles (93.9% and 93.1%, respectively).
Majority (72.8%) of adults aged 18.0 years and over were aware of health supplements but
only about a quarter (26.1%) were using these during the past six months, usage was higher among
2 Food and Nutrition Research Institute

females (29.0% vs. 22.6%). The primary reason for non-usage was the high-cost of health
supplements while the main reason for usage among those who were currently taking was that it
makes users healthy. However, majority (43.7%) of the latter were taking it without prescription from
a medical doctor but only through recommendation of friends or relatives. Only three in 10 (34.2%)
adults were taking health supplements as advised by a doctor or a health professional. Majority
(48.3%) of adults currently taking supplements reported having experienced much improvement in
their health.
The results of the 2015 survey, Updating of Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Other
Population Groups show that there is improvement in the clinical and health status of Filipinos as
indicated by the reduction in the prevalence of high waist circumference and high waist-hip ratio,
proportion of current smokers, current drinkers, binge drinkers, and physically inactive adults.
Nevertheless, attention should be given to the prevalence of elevated blood pressure since the
decreasing trend established in the past two decades was not sustained.
Furthermore, current improvements in clinical and health status should not create an
atmosphere of complacency, as there is still an urgent need to work harder and push for greater
changes. In order to achieve both the WHO Global Targets for NCDs by year 2025 and the
Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, the Philippines must build on and accelerate the
development of programs and policies that shall address the NCD risk factors, with focus on
identified population groups with the highest risks of developing NCDs.

1. INTRODUCTION
The Philippines has been battling with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) since 1982; after
eight years, diseases of the heart became the leading cause of death in the country. The battle
continues as cardiovascular diseases still account for majority of Filipino deaths. In 2013, 32.6% of
deaths were due to heart disease and stroke, while 10.1% died due to cancer, 5.1% due to diabetes
mellitus, and 2.8% due to kidney disease (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2013). These deaths could
have been prevented if lifestyle and behavior, which greatly contribute to the increased risk of
developing NCDs, were modified towards healthy living.
Due to the rising health burden brought about by lifestyle-related diseases, an NCD global
monitoring framework was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). It includes nine
global targets and 25 indicators that would help track the world‟s progress in preventing and
controlling major non-communicable diseases and its risk factors (Table 1). These targets are
expected to be attained by year 2025.
Table 1. Global Monitoring Framework on NCDs (World Health Organization, n.d.-b)
Framework Element Target Indicators
OUTCOMES
Premature mortality from 25% reduction 1. Unconditional probability of dying between ages of 30 and 70
non-communicable diseases from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, or chronic
respiratory diseases
2. Cancer incidence, by type of cancer, per 100,000 population
BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS
Harmful use of alcohol 10% reduction 3. Total (recorded and unrecorded) alcohol per capita (aged
15+ years old) consumption within a calendar year in liters of
pure alcohol, as appropriate, within the national context
4. Age-standardized prevalence of heavy episodic drinking
among adolescents and adults, as appropriate, within the
national context
5. Alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among adolescents,
as appropriate, within the national context
Physical inactivity 10% reduction 6. Prevalence of insufficiently physically active adolescents (<60
minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity activity daily)
7. Age-standardized prevalence of insufficiently physically
active persons aged 18+ years (<150 minutes of moderate-
intensity activity per week, or equivalent)
Salt/sodium intake 30% reduction 8. Age-standardized mean population intake of salt (sodium
chloride) per day in grams in persons aged 18+ years
Tobacco use 30% reduction 9. Prevalence of current tobacco use among adolescents
10. Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among
persons aged 18+ years
BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS
Raised blood pressure 25% reduction 11. Age-standardized prevalence of raised blood pressure
among persons aged 18+ years (BP >140/90 mmHg)

Continuation of Table 1…
Framework Element Target Indicators
BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS

Diabetes and obesity 0% increase 12. Age-standardized prevalence of raised blood
glucose/diabetes among persons 18+ years (>126 mg/dL)
13. Prevalence of overweight (>+1 SD) and obesity (>+2SD) in
adolescents
14. Age-standardized prevalence of overweight (BMI >25kg/m2)
and obesity (BMI >30kg/m2) in persons aged 18+ years
Additional indicators 15. Age-standardized mean proportion of total energy intake from
saturated fatty acids in persons 18+ years
16. Age-standardized prevalence of persons 18+ years
consuming less than five total servings (400 grams) of fruit
and vegetables per day
17. Age-standardized prevalence of raised total cholesterol
among persons 18+ years (>190 mg/dL); and mean total
cholesterol concentration
NATIONAL SYSTEMS RESPONSE
Drug therapy to prevent 50% of eligible 18. Proportion of eligible persons (defined as 40 years and older
heart attacks and strokes people receiving with a 10-year cardiovascular risk >30%, including those with
drug therapy and existing cardiovascular disease) receiving drug therapy and
counselling counseling (including glycemic control) to prevent heart
attacks and strokes
Essential non-communicable 80% availability of 19. Availability and affordability of quality, safe, and efficacious
disease medicines and basic the affordable basic essential non-communicable disease medicines, including
technologies to treat major technologies and generics, and basic technologies in both public and private
non-communicable diseases essential medicines facilities
Additional indicators 20. Access to palliative care assessed by morphine-equivalent
21. Adoption of national policies that limit saturated fatty acids
and virtually eliminate partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in
the food supply, as appropriate, within the national context
and national programmes
22. Availability, as appropriate, if cost-effective and affordable, of
vaccines against human papillomavirus, according to national
programmes and policies
23. Policies to reduce the impact on children of marketing of
foods and non-alcoholic beverages high in saturated fats,
trans fatty acids, free sugars, or salt
24. Vaccination coverage against hepatitis B virus monitored by
number of third doses of hepatitis B vaccine administered to
infants
25. Proportion of women between the ages of 30-49 screened for
cervical cancer at least once, or more often, and for lower or
higher age groups according to national programmes or
policies
To monitor the progress of each country towards achieving the NCD targets, WHO released
in 2015 a Technical Note that included a set of progress indicators. One of the indicators stipulates
that member states shall conduct a STEPS survey or a comprehensive health examination survey
every five years (World Health Organization, n.d.-c), which was already being conducted by the
DOST-FNRI.
Furthermore, with the conclusion of the Millennium Development Goals, a new set of goals
were laid out in the form of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals. The SDGs aim
to meet the urgent environmental, political, and economic challenges that the world currently faces
(United Nations Development Programme, 2016), and NCDs are one of the identified major

challenges facing sustainable development in the 21st century. Included in the 17 global goals of the
SDGs is Goal 3 (Good health and well-being), whose objectives include the reduction of premature
deaths due to non-communicable diseases by one-third through prevention and treatment (Figure 1).
The DOST-FNRI was mandated to define the nutritional status and health of Filipinos
through National Nutrition Surveys conducted every five years and Updating Surveys conducted
every two to three years. The Institute has tracked the prevalence of non-communicable disease
(NCD) risk factors since 1978. With the 6th Updating Survey, the Institute reaffirms its commitment to
its mandate to define the nutritional status and health of Filipinos.
In this monograph, focus shall be on the common preventable risk factors of non-
communicable diseases such as elevated blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet,
smoking, and alcohol consumption. Awareness and usage of health supplements will also be
presented. The results of the survey will not just define the health status of Filipinos but will also
provide a way to monitor the country‟s progress towards achieving the nine voluntary global NCD
targets for 2025 and will serve as baseline data for the Sustainable Development Goals. Through this,
current nutrition and health policies and preventive intervention programs can be modified and
improved in order to achieve our targets.
Figure 1. Sustainable Development Goals (World Health Organization, n.d.-a)

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Sampling Design
The 2015 Updating Survey covered 17 regions and 80 provinces in the Philippines. The
survey used the 2003 Master Sample (MS) of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), previously
known as the National Statistics Office (NSO), which utilized the refreshed 2015 Labor Force Survey
(LFS) listing of households. All four (4) replicates of the MS were used to obtain estimates for
measurements of anthropometry and blood pressure to generate provincial estimates, while only one
(1) replicate was used for questionnaire-based information such as physical inactivity, smoking,
alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, and use of supplements to generate estimates up to the
sub-national or regional level (Table 2).
Table 2. Response rates for the different NCD module variables
Target Age Group Response Response

Variables Replicate Level of Disaggregation
(in years) (n) Rate (%)
National, regional,
3.0-9.9 All replicates 27,066 90.7
and provincial
Blood Pressure National, regional,
10.0-19.9 All replicates 36,067 82.4
Measurements and provincial
National, regional,
≥ 20.0 All replicates 88,976 91.0
and provincial
Smoking Status >10.0 1 replicate National and regional 31,235 86.6
Alcohol Drinking Status >10.0 1 replicate National and regional 31,235 86.6
Physical Activity ≥ 18.0 1 replicate National and regional 21,934 82.1

National, regional,
10.0-19.9 All replicates 35,206 82.4
and provincial
Overweight/Obesity
National, regional,
≥ 20.0 All replicates 83,493 90.3
and provincial
Awareness and Usage of
≥ 18.0 1 replicate National 23,232 85.8
Health Supplements
Unhealthy Diet Household 1 replicate National and regional 9,930 96.6
The statistical design used was a multi-stage stratified sampling design wherein the first stage
of sampling involved the selection of the Primary Sampling Units (PSUs), which consisted of one
barangay or contiguous barangays with at least 500 households. During the second stage, selection of
the Enumeration Areas (EAs) was done, which consisted of contiguous areas in a barangay or a
barangay with 150-200 households. The last stage involved the selection of households within the
sampled Enumeration Areas that served as the ultimate sampling unit. All members of the sampled
households requiring individual data were included in the survey.
A total of 42,310 eligible sample households and 202,570 individuals participated in the
survey. Survey duration covers the period from July to November 2015.
For details of sampling design, please refer to the 2015 Nutrition Survey Overview
Monograph.

2.2. Scope and Coverage
For the Clinical and Health Survey Component of the 2015 Updating Survey, all eligible
members from sample households were included in the data collection to generate national and
regional estimates of NCD risk factors. Target age groups for the Clinical and Health Survey were
children (3.0-9.9 years old), adolescents (10.0-19.9 years old), and adults (20.0 years old and over),
including pregnant and lactating women.
Meanwhile, for the prevalence of elevated blood pressure, data were collected from all
household members, aged 3.0 years old and over, including pregnant and lactating women. For the
prevalence of overweight and obesity, and for the proportion of current smokers and current
(alcoholic beverage) drinkers, data were collected from all household members, aged 10.0 years old
and over, including pregnant and lactating women. However, pregnant women were not measured for
waist and hip circumferences because of their physiological condition, which may overestimate
obesity. Data for physical activity and awareness and usage of health supplements were collected
from respondents aged 18.0 years old and over. On the other hand, data on unhealthy diet were
collected from households through food weighing, and from respondents 18.0 years old and over
through Food Frequency Questionnaire (Table 3).
Table 3. Target age/physiological groups for the specific clinical and health variables
Age or Physiological Groups

Variables Pregnant Lactating Household
3.0 to 9.9y 10.0 to 17.9y 18 to <20y ≥20y
Women Mothers
Blood Pressure Measurements      
Smoking Status     
Alcohol Drinking Status     
Physical Activity    
Overweight and Obesity     

Awareness and usage of health
   
supplements
Unhealthy Diet (FFQ)    
Unhealthy diet (Food Weighing) 
2.3. Survey Methods
A. Anthropometric Measurement
Measures of weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were obtained to assess the
prevalence of overweight and obesity. The standardized procedures for measuring weight,
height, waist and hip circumferences are discussed in Anthropometric Survey Component
Monograph.
B. Blood Pressure Measurement
Researchers with allied health background were provided with Blood Pressure Certification
Training under the supervision of doctors from the Section of Cardiology and the Department

of Pediatrics of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) including their fellows from Northern
Luzon, Cebu and Davao and doctors from regional/city medical center and health offices.
Blood pressure was measured using a non-mercurial sphygmomanometer (A&D UM-101™)
that uses digital, LCD technology and KaweTM dual stethoscope, following standard
procedures. The use of a non-mercurial sphygmomanometer was in compliance with the
Department of Health (DOH) Administrative Order No. 2008-0021, which implemented the
gradual phase-out of mercury in all Philippine health care facilities and institutions.
Figure 2. Equipment used for BP measurement - Sphygmomanometer (left) and Stethoscope (right)
Below are the standard procedures followed for accurate blood pressure measurement based
on the Philippine Society of Hypertension guidelines (Abelardo, 2012).
A non-mercurial manometer calibrated and tested on a regular basis was used with a
manometer cuff covering at least 2/3 of the length of the subject‟s right arm, and a bladder
covering at least 80% of the arm circumference. BP measurement is recommended to be taken
from the right arm due to the presence of diseases that can cause differences in BP readings
and likely to lead to a false low reading in the left arm (e.g. heart failure) (Abelardo, 2012).
1. The patient was seated with arms bared, supported, and at the heart level. He or she
should have rested for at least five minutes and should not have smoked or ingested
caffeine-containing beverage within 30 minutes before measurement.
2. The edge of the cuff was placed one (1) inch above the elbow crease, with the bladder
directly over the brachial artery.
3. The bladder was inflated to 30 mmHg above the point of radial pulse extinction as
determined by a preliminary palpatory determination (estimated systolic pressure). It
was then deflated at a rate of 2 mmHg per second, with the stethoscope bell (funnel)
placed directly over the brachial artery.
4. Systolic pressure was recorded at the appearance of the 1st clear tapping sound (two
consecutive tapping sounds) (Korotkoff Phase I). Diastolic blood pressure was
recorded at the disappearance of these sounds (Korotkoff Phase V), unless these were
still present at or near 0 mmHg (Absent Phase V), in which case, softening of the
sounds or muffling was used as diastolic pressure (Korotkoff Phase IV).

5. For every individual, two (2) readings, taken at least one to two minutes apart, were
recorded as the subject‟s blood pressure. If the first two readings differ by more than
4 mmHg, a third reading was taken.
Figure 3. Taking of blood pressure
The same procedure was performed among children, 3.0 to 9.9 years old, and adolescents,
10.0 to 19.9 years old, but a different cuff (pediatric cuff) was used. The correct cuff size is
the largest cuff that fits on the upper arm of the child with room below for the stethoscope
head (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute - National Institute of Health, 2007).
Table 4. Cuff sizes for different population groups
Cuff Name Cuff Size
Infant Cuff 14 – 20 cm
Pediatric Cuff 19 – 27.5 cm
Adult Cuff 25 – 40 cm
Anthropometric data, as well as data on blood pressure, were written by the researcher on the
questionnaire and were also encoded in the electronic-Data Collection System (e-DCS)
developed by the DOST-FNRI.
C. Household Food Weighing
A digital weighing scale (Sartorius AZ4101 Digital Dietary Balance) was used to weigh food
items in the households. All food items prepared and served in the households throughout the
day (from breakfast, lunch, supper, in-between snacks and after supper or late PM) were
weighed before cooking or in their raw form. Food wastes, given-out food, and left-over food
were also weighed and subtracted from the initial weight to get the actual weight of food
consumed. This procedure is discussed in detail in the Dietary Survey Component
Monograph.

D. Face-to-Face Interview
Questions on smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and health supplements were
asked to the respondent through face-to-face interview using the e-DCS. Food Frequency
Questionnaire (FFQ) was also administered to report their frequency of consumption and
portion size of food items. Additional questions such as taste preference and meals eaten
outside home were asked using the e-DCS. The questionnaires used in the survey are shown
in Annexes 1-7.
2.4. Survey Questionnaire
Questions on smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet were
adapted from the World Health Organization STEPS instruments or the STEPwise approach to non-
communicable disease risk factor surveillance version 3.1 (see Annexes 1-7). The questionnaires
were pre-tested to ensure accuracy in the question content, its translation and back translation, and
correct skipping patterns and formatting for the e-DCS developed by DOST-FNRI.
2.5. Ethical Review
The copy of the project proposal entitled 2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of Filipino
Children and Other Population Groups was submitted to the FNRI Institutional Ethics Review
Committee (FIERC) and was granted ethical clearance on July 20, 2015.
Written consent to participate in the Updating Survey was obtained from respondents 16 years
old and above. For children 7 to 15 years old, an Assent Form was read by the researcher to ensure
that the child understood what the form contains before obtaining his/her signature prior to the
interview and other measurements. Meanwhile, for children below 7 years old, consent was obtained
from the respondents though their parents or guardian. The Informed Consent Form (ICF) was
translated into dialects that are most commonly spoken in the Philippines; it explained the background
and objectives of the survey, the data collection procedures involved, risks (any undesirable effect that
may result or invasion circumstances, e.g., expected duration of the interview with respondent) and
benefits of participation, confidentiality of information, option to withdraw without penalty or
consequences, and the respondent‟s written consent.
2.6. PSA Review and Approval
The use of all questionnaires in the survey was given clearance by the Philippine Statistics
Authority on July 15, 2015 (see 2015 Nutrition Survey Overview Monograph).

2.7. Data Processing and Analysis
Data from the e-DCS were transmitted to DOST-FNRI through the internet and were then
organized and processed following prepared dummy tables. Statistical analyses were done using
Stata version 12 to generate descriptive statistics at the DOST-FNRI office by trained data processors.
Different indices and cut-off points were used to evaluate the different variables. The BP level
among adults was classified according to the 7th Joint National Committee on detection and treatment
of high blood pressure (JNC VII, 2004).
Table 5. Classification of blood pressure according to JNC VII, 2004
BP Classification Systolic BP (mm Hg) Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

Normal <120 and <80
Prehypertension 120-139 or 80-89
Hypertension, Stage 1 140-159 or 90-99
Hypertension, Stage 2 >160 or >100
For adolescents, height-for-age and body mass index (BMI)-for-age indices were assessed
vis-à-vis the WHO Growth Reference (2007) (Table 6). Nutritional status of adults was assessed by
BMI using the following cut-off points based on the National Center for Health Statistics/World
Health Organization international growth reference, 1978 (NCHS/WHO) and cut-off points
recommended for Asian populations (WHO Expert Consultation, 2004) (Table 7). Android-type
obesity was determined by waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR), which are
compared with assessment criteria based on the WHO classification (Table 8).
Table 6. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children, 5.08-19.0 years old, based on the
2007 WHO Growth Reference BMI-for-age (World Health Organization, 2007)
Nutritional Status Cut-off Points

Severe thinness <-3SD
Thinness <-2SD to -3SD
Normal -2SD to +1SD
Overweight >+1SD (equivalent to BMI 25 kg/m2 at 19 yrs.)
Obesity >+2SD (equivalent to BMI 30 kg/m2 at 19 yrs.)
Table 7. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of adults, 19.0 years old and over,
based on WHO and Asia-Pacific body mass index classification
Cut-off Points
Classification
WHO* Asia-Pacific**
Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) <18.5 <18.5
Normal 18.5 to 24.99 18.5 to 22.99
Overweight 25.0 to 29.99 23.0 to 27.4
Obesity >30.0 > 27.4
* (World Health Organization and National Center for Health Statistics, 1978)
** (World Health Organization, 2004)

Table 8. Cut-off points of waist circumference and waist-hip ratio for adults, 20.0 years old and over
Classification Waist Circumference* (cm) Waist to Hip Ratio**

Low <90 <0.90
Borderline 90-101 0.90-0.99
Male
High ≥102 ≥1.0
Low <80 <0.80
Borderline 80-87 0.80-0.84
Female
High ≥88 ≥0.85
*International Diabetes Federation
** World Health Organization

3. RESULTS
Risk factors to non-communicable diseases can be classified as biological/physiologic or

behavioral. Under biological risk factors are elevated blood pressure, high fasting blood glucose,
dyslipidemia, and overweight/obesity; however, only data on elevated blood pressure and
overweight/obesity were collected in the 2015 Updating Survey. Behavioral or modifiable risk factors
include smoking, alcohol consumption, particularly binge drinking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy
diet. The presence of these risk factors among Filipinos will be presented in the succeeding pages of
this monograph.
3.1.Biological Risk Factors
3.1.1. Blood Pressure Level among Children, 3.0 to 9.9 years old, and
Blood pressure pertains to the pressure the heart produces when it pumps blood around the
network of tubes called arteries, which carry blood all around the body. It is recorded as systolic (the
1st clear tapping sound of at least two consecutive tapping sounds), which is the pressure in the
arteries when the heart muscle contracts; and diastolic, which is the pressure in the arteries when the
heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood (American Heart Association, 2015).
Blood pressure was taken among children and adolescents to determine whether high blood
pressure levels were already manifested at a younger age, since high BP predisposes an individual to
the development of hypertension in later life. The Philippines has not yet established its own
reference for assessing blood pressure readings among Filipino children and is using the blood
pressure tables of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to define blood pressure level among
children and adolescents. NIH classifies blood pressure as “high normal” if the reading is between the
90th and 95th percentile in childhood and “elevated” if systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood
pressure that is, on repeated measurement, is at or above the 95th percentile in childhood (National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute - National Institute of Health, 2005).
A mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 86.8 mmHg and 56.5 mmHg were recorded
among children, 3.0 to 9.9 years old. Girls registered a mean BP of 90.9/59.4 mmHg, higher than
boys at 86.9/56.6 mmHg (Table 9). Among adolescents, 10.0 years old and over, a mean systolic and
diastolic blood pressure of 99.5 mmHg and 64.5 mmHg, respectively were recorded. Contrary to the
BP results of children, mean blood pressure was higher among males at 101.0/65.1 mmHg compared
to females at 98.0/63.9 mmHg (Table 10).

Table 9. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among children, 3.0 to
9.9 years old, based on single-visit BP measurement, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Age Group/ Mean Blood Pressure (mmHg)

n
Sex Systolic BP (95% CI) Diastolic BP (95% CI)
All 27,066 86.8 (86.5-87.0) 56.5 (56.2-56.8)
3.0-3.9 (36-47m) 3,315 82.3 (81.9-82.8) 53.3 (52.9-53.8)
4.0-5.0 (48-60m) 4,136 84.0 (83.6-84.4) 54.5 (54.0-54.9)
5.08-5.9 (61-71m) 3,369 85.7 (85.3-86.2) 55.6 (55.2-56.1)
6.0-6.9 (72-83m) 3,980 87.3 (86.9-87.7) 57.0 (56.6-57.5)
7.0-7.9 (84-95m) 4,252 88.3 (88.0-88.7) 57.7 (57.3-58.1)
8.0-8.9 (96-107m) 4,014 89.7 (89.3-90.1) 58.6 (58.2-59.0)
9.0-9.9 (108-119m) 4,000 90.7 (90.3-91.1) 59.3 (58.9-59.7)
Boys 13,953 86.9 (86.6-87.2) 56.6 (56.3-56.9)
3.0-3.9 (36-47m) 1,733 82.8 (82.1-83.4) 53.3 (52.7-54.0)
4.0-5.0 (48-60m) 2,154 84.3 (83.7-84.8) 54.8 (54.3-55.3)
5.08-5.9 (61-71m) 1,778 86.2 (85.7-86.8) 55.7 (55.2-56.3)
6.0-6.9 (72-83m) 2,051 87.4 (86.9-88.0) 57.3 (56.8-57.8)
7.0-7.9 (84-95m) 2,163 88.2 (87.7-88.8) 57.7 (57.2-58.2)
8.0-8.9 (96-107m) 2,059 89.9 (89.4-90.4) 58.7 (58.2-59.2)
9.0-9.9 (108-119m) 2,015 86.6 (86.3-86.9) 56.4 (56.1-56.7)
Girls 13,113 90.9 (90.3-91.5) 59.4 (58.8-59.9)
3.0-3.9 (36-47m) 1,582 81.9 (81.3-82.5) 53.3 (52.7-53.9)
4.0-5.0 (48-60m) 1,982 83.8 (83.2-84.3) 54.1 (53.5-54.7)
5.08-5.9 (61-71m) 1,591 85.1 (84.6-85.7) 55.5 (54.9-56.1)
6.0-6.9 (72-83m) 1,929 87.2 (86.7-87.8) 56.8 (56.2-57.3)
7.0-7.9 (84-95m) 2,089 88.5 (87.9-89.0) 57.8 (57.3-58.3)
8.0-8.9 (96-107m) 1,955 89.5 (89.0-90.1) 58.5 (58.0-59.0)
9.0-9.9 (108-119m) 1,985 90.6 (90.0-91.1) 59.2 (58.7-59.7)
Table 10. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among adolescents, 10.0
to 19.9 years old, based on single-visit BP measurement, by age group and sex:
Philippines, 2015
Age Group/ Mean Blood Pressure (mmHg)

n
Sex Systolic BP (95% CI) Diastolic BP (95% CI)
All 36,067 99.5 (99.3-99.7) 64.5 (64.3-64.7)
10.0-12.9 12,473 93.5 (93.2-93.8) 60.8 (60.5-61.1)
13.0-15.9 12,064 99.4 (99.2-99.7) 64.3 (64.0-64.5)
16.0-17.9 6,225 104.5 (104.2-104.9) 67.7 (67.4-68.0)
18.0-19.9 5,305 107.1 (106.6-107.5) 69.4 (69.0-69.7)
Male 18,493 101.0 (100.7-101.3) 65.1 (64.8-65.3)
10.0-12.9 6,325 93.3 (92.9-93.7) 60.7 (60.3-61.0)
13.0-15.9 6,199 100.4 (100.1-100.8) 64.4 (64.0-64.7)
16.0-17.9 3,254 107.8 (107.3-108.2) 69.1 (68.7-69.5)
18.0-19.9 2,715 111.4 (110.9-111.9) 71.7 (71.3-72.1)
Female 17,574 98.0 (97.7-98.3) 63.9 (63.7-64.2)
10.0-12.9 6,148 93.7 (93.4-94.1) 60.9 (60.5-61.3)
13.0-15.9 5,865 98.3 (98.0-98.7) 64.1 (63.8-64.5)
16.0-17.9 2,971 101.1 (100.7-101.6) 66.2 (65.8-66.6)
18.0-19.9 2,590 102.7 (102.2-103.3) 67.1 (66.6-67.6)

Overall, the mean blood pressure of both children and adolescents was found to increase as
age increases. During childhood, a slight increase in the blood pressure of children was observed as
they grow old; by age 18 years, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by 16.4 mmHg
and 10.1 mmHg, respectively, from the values at age 9.0- 9.9 years (Figure 4).
SBP DBP
120.0 104.5 107.1
99.4
100.0 89.7 90.7 93.5
Blood pressure, mmHg
84.0 85.7 87.3 88.3

82.3
80.0 67.7 69.4
55.6 57.0 57.7 58.6 59.3 60.8 64.3
53.3 54.5
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
3.0-3.9 4.0-5.0 5.08-5.99 6.0-6.99 7.0-7.99 8.0-8.99 9.0-9.99 10.0-12.9 13.0-15.9 16.0-17.9 18.0-19.9
Age (years)
Figure 4. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of children, 3.0 to 9.9
years old, and adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by age group: Philippines, 2015
From 2013 to 2015, very little to no change was detected in the mean blood pressure of
adolescents, which remained significantly higher among males than among females (Figure 5).
2013 2015
120.0 101.0
99.0 99.5 100.2 97.8 98.0
100.0
SBP, mm Hg
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
All Male Female
120.0
100.0
DBP, mm Hg
80.0 64.5 64.5 65.0 65.1 64.1 63.9

60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
All Male Female
Figure 5. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of adolescents, 10.0 to
19.9 years old, by sex: Philippines, 2013-2015

3.1.2. Elevated Blood Pressure1 among Adults, 20.0 years old and over
Heart and vascular diseases remain the top causes of mortality in the Philippines (Philippine
Statistics Authority, 2013). One of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is hypertension,
which is defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure at or above 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood
pressure at or above 90 mmHg (Abelardo, 2012). Studies have shown the positive relationship
between blood pressure and the risk for CVD; that is, as the blood pressure increases, the risk of heart
attack, heart failure, stroke, and kidney diseases also increases (National Institutes of Health –
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2004).
In the 2015 Updating Survey, the recorded mean systolic BP among Filipino adults was 119.5
mmHg and the mean diastolic BP was 77.3 mmHg (Appendix 1). These measurements are still within
the normal blood pressure classification of less than 140/90 mmHg. Mean BP was significantly
higher in males (122.3/79.2 mmHg) than in females (117.2/75.7 mmHg).
Almost three in 10 (27.5%) adult males had elevated blood pressure; while about two in 10
(20.8%) adult females had elevated BP. Prevalence of elevated BP was observed to increase as age
increases. The largest increase was seen between the age of 30 (16.7%) and 40 (28.3%) years, with
11.6-percentage point increase (Table 11 and Figure 6). Overall, 23.9% of Filipino adults had
elevated blood pressure.
Table 11. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, using single-visit BP measurement, by
blood pressure classification, age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Blood Pressure Classification**

Age Group/
n Normal Pre-hypertension Hypertension, Stage 1 Hypertension, Stage 2
Sex
(<120/<80) (120-139/80-89) (140-159/90-99) (>160/>100)
All 88,976 40.6 35.5 15.5 8.4
20.0-29.9 19,054 59.7 31.3 7.4 1.6
30.0-39.9 17,591 46.9 36.4 12.3 4.5
40.0-49.9 18,786 34.1 37.6 17.9 10.4
50.0-59.9 16,428 26.7 37.0 21.7 14.6
60.0-69.9 10,487 22.5 36.9 24.2 16.4
> 70.0 6,630 20.8 37.0 25.0 17.2
Male 40,914 32.1 40.4 18.3 9.2
20.0-29.9 9,263 43.2 42.2 11.9 2.6
30.0-39.9 7,942 35.5 42.2 16.7 5.6
40.0-49.9 8,854 28.4 40.3 19.9 11.4
50.0-59.9 7,592 23.3 37.2 23.6 15.8
60.0-69.9 4,728 21.3 37.5 24.4 16.7
> 70.0 2,535 21.7 38.4 24.3 15.6
Female 48,062 47.8 31.4 13.1 7.7
20.0-29.9 9,791 74.2 21.6 3.5 0.7
30.0-39.9 9,649 56.3 31.6 8.6 3.5
40.0-49.9 9,932 39.1 35.3 16.1 9.5
50.0-59.9 8,836 29.7 36.8 19.9 13.5
60.0-69.9 5,759 23.5 36.4 24.0 16.1
> 70.0 4,095 20.2 36.1 25.4 18.3
** included pregnant women and lactating mothers
1
Hypertension stage 1 and stage 2 are considered elevated blood pressure

50.0
40.6 42.2
40.0 36.3
Prevalence (%)
28.3
30.0
23.9
20.0 16.7
9.1
10.0
0.0
All 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 70.0 & over
Figure 6. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure among adults, 20.0 years old and over, using single-visit
BP measurement, by age group: Philippines, 2015
It was also observed that adults working as plant and machine operators and assemblers
(30.1%) have the highest prevalence of elevated blood pressure while the lowest was among
professionals and clerks (both with 18.6%). However, two in 10 adults (20.9%) with no occupation
were also found to have elevated blood pressure based on a single-visit BP measurement (Figure 7).
50.0
40.0
30.1
Prevalence (%)
30.0 27.6 28.4

26.9
22.8 23.2 23.1 21.9 20.9
20.0 18.6 18.6
10.0
0.0
Special Officials of Professional Technicians Clerks Service Farmers, Craft and Plant and Elementary No Occupation
Occupations Government, and Associate Workers and Forestry Related Trades Machine Occupation
Managers and Professionals Shop and Workers Workers Operators
Executives Market and Fishermen and
Sales Workers Assemblers
BP measurement, by present occupation: Philippines, 2015
Prevalence of elevated blood pressure was also found to be highest among the rich (26.3%)
and richest (26.2%) wealth quintile, and lowest among the poorest (19.8%) (Figure 8). As regards to
the place of residence, significantly more adults residing in urban areas have elevated blood pressure
than in rural areas (25.2% vs. 22.6%).

50.0
Prevalence (%) 40.0
30.0 25.2 26.3 26.2

22.6 24.3
22.3
19.8
20.0
10.0
0.0
Rural Urban Poorest Poor Middle Rich Richest
BP measurement, by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
Figure 9 shows that nine out of 17 regions have higher elevated blood pressure prevalence
than the national estimate (23.9%). Central Luzon (27.4%) exhibited the highest prevalence, followed
by CAR, Bicol, Cagayan Valley, NCR, Zamboanga Peninsula, CALABARZON, MIMAROPA, and
Northern Mindanao. Eastern Visayas recorded the lowest prevalence at 19.1%.
Philippines 23.9
NCR 25.1
CAR 26.5
Ilocos 22.5
Cagayan Valley 25.8
Central Luzon 27.4
CALABARZON 24.6
MIMAROPA 24.1
Bicol 26.2
Western Visayas 23.7
Central Visayas 21.4
Eastern Visayas 19.1
Zamboanga Peninsula 25.1
Northern Mindanao 24.0
Davao 21.1
SOCCSKSARGEN 21.5
ARMM 20.8
Caraga 20.1
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
BP measurement, by region: Philippines, 2015

The prevalence of elevated blood pressure dropped from 25.3% in 2008 to 22.3% in 2013;
however, the reduction was not sustained as the prevalence significantly increased to 23.9% in 2015.
50.0
40.0
Prevalence (%)
30.0
20.0 25.3 23.9

22.0 22.5 22.3
21.0
10.0
0.0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Figure 10. Trend in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure among adults, 20.0 years old and over,
using single-visit BP measurement: Philippines, 1993-2015
3.1.3. History of Elevated Blood Pressure
Based on history, 19.6% of Filipino adults were hypertensive, and of these, 10.5% were
taking anti-hypertension medicines. Notably, more females had a history of hypertension than males
(21.3% vs 17.5%). Similarly, the former recorded a higher percentage of anti-hypertension medicine
intake (12.2%) compared to males (8.5%) (Table 12).
In addition, true prevalence of elevated blood pressure was determined using Marchevsky
equation, which is recommended for calculating real prevalence in population studies. The equation
used is in the following form: P = A - (100%-Sp) / Sn - (100%-Sp), where P is the estimated true
prevalence in percent, A is the prevalence of elevated blood pressure based on previous history of
hypertension and intake of anti-hypertension medicines as determined in the survey, and Sn and Sp
are its sensitivity and specificity. True prevalence of elevated blood pressure was computed at 23.9%,
with higher true prevalence among males than among females at 26.2% and 22.0%, respectively.
Similarly, elevated blood pressure prevalence based on single-visit BP measurement, were found to
increase with age, with a peak of 56.2% among the oldest adults, 70.0 years old and above (Table 12).
Note that the true prevalence of hypertension is equal to the prevalence of elevated blood pressure
based on single-visit blood pressure measurement at 23.9%.

Table 12. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on
previous history, single-visit BP measurement, and intake of anti-hypertension medicine,
by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Prevalence of Elevated Blood Pressure

Based on
Based on Based on a Previous History Hypertension in
Based on
Age group/ Intake of Single-Visit of Hypertension, Single-Visit BP True
n Previous
Sex Anti- Blood Pressure Intake of Anti- measurement Prevalence
History of
Hypertension Measurement Hypertension but no previous
Hypertension
Medicine (≥140| ≥90) Medicine, Single history
Visit BP
% SE % SE % SE % SE % SE
All 86,421 19.6 0.2 10.5 0.1 23.9 0.2 33.1 0.2 13.5 0.2 23.9
20.0-29.9 18,370 5.0 0.2 0.8 0.1 9.0 0.3 12.6 0.3 7.6 0.2 0.5
30.0-39.9 17,121 11.3 0.3 3.8 0.2 16.6 0.3 23.3 0.4 12.0 0.3 12.7
40.0-49.9 18,325 21.4 0.4 10.4 0.3 28.2 0.4 37.8 0.4 16.4 0.3 29.2
50.0-59.9 16,079 31.2 0.4 18.7 0.4 36.3 0.5 49.4 0.5 18.2 0.4 42.5
60.0-69.9 10,232 41.2 0.6 27.5 0.5 40.6 0.6 57.9 0.6 16.7 0.4 52.1
> 70.0 6,294 43.6 0.7 30.8 0.7 42.4 0.7 61.5 0.7 17.9 0.5 56.2
Male 39,645 17.5 0.2 8.5 0.2 27.6 0.3 35.1 0.3 17.6 0.3 26.2
20.0-29.9 8,904 5.3 0.3 0.7 0.1 14.5 0.4 17.6 0.5 12.3 0.4 6.2
30.0-39.9 7,696 10.9 0.4 3.5 0.2 22.2 0.6 27.8 0.6 16.9 0.5 17.8
40.0-49.9 8,606 18.9 0.5 8.1 0.3 31.3 0.6 39.1 0.6 20.2 0.5 30.7
50.0-59.9 7,438 27.8 0.6 15.5 0.5 39.4 0.7 49.9 0.7 22.2 0.6 43.1
60.0-69.9 4,599 35.8 0.8 21.7 0.7 41.2 0.8 55.4 0.8 19.6 0.6 49.2
> 70.0 2,402 38.0 1.1 26.0 1.0 40.0 1.1 57.4 1.1 19.4 0.9 51.5
Female 46,776 21.3 0.3 12.2 0.2 20.8 0.2 31.4 0.3 10.1 0.2 22.0
20.0-29.9 9,466 4.8 0.3 0.8 0.1 4.2 0.2 8.2 0.3 3.4 0.2 -4.4
30.0-39.9 9,425 11.6 0.4 4.1 0.2 12.0 0.4 19.6 0.5 8.0 0.3 8.5
40.0-49.9 9,719 23.6 0.5 12.5 0.4 25.6 0.5 36.7 0.6 13.1 0.4 27.9
50.0-59.9 8,641 34.2 0.6 21.5 0.5 33.5 0.6 49.0 0.6 14.8 0.4 42.0
60.0-69.9 5,633 45.8 0.7 32.5 0.7 40.1 0.7 60.0 0.7 14.2 0.5 54.5
> 70.0 3,892 47.3 0.9 33.9 0.8 44.0 0.9 64.1 0.9 16.9 0.7 59.2
Based on the trend of true prevalence of elevated blood pressure, a 5.8-percentage point
increase was noted in 2015 after a decrease in 2013 from the 2008 level. Note that prevalence of
elevated blood pressure based on single-visit BP measurement also increased in 2015 (Figure 11).
50.0
40.0
Prevalence (%)
30.0 23.9
20.6
18.1
20.0 16.4
10.0
0.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Figure 11. Trend in the age-adjusted true prevalence of elevated blood pressure among adults, 20.0 years
old and over: Philippines, 2003-2015

For adults with a previous history of hypertension, majority were prescribed with diet
specifically for hypertensive patients (71.6%) and medication (66.5%). On the other hand, 54.2%
were asked to start an exercise regimen and 40.3% were advised to lose weight. About three in 10
adults with hypertension were instructed to stop or not to start drinking alcoholic beverages (29.5%)
and smoking (28.9%) (Figure 12).
Smoking and alcohol drinking cessation were more often advised for males than for females,
at 41.7% and 44.5%, respectively. On the other hand, more females received instructions to change
their diet (74.4%), take anti-hypertension medicines (69.5%), start an exercise regimen (55.2%), and
lose weight (42.4%) compared to males (Figure 12).
100.0
80.0 71.6 74.4

67.5 66.5 69.5
62.1
Percentage (%)
60.0 54.2 52.9 55.2

42.4 41.7 44.5
40.3 37.4
40.0 28.9 29.5
20.0 19.0
20.0
0.0
Diet Weight Loss Stop Smoking Stop Drinking Exercise Medication
Alcohol
All Male Female
Figure 12. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of hypertension, by
treatment/advice given and by sex: Philippines, 2015
A slightly higher proportion of adults living in urban areas were given advice on medication
(67.4%), exercise (56.1%), and weight loss (42.6%). Proportion of adults advised to modify their diet
was slightly higher among rural dwellers (72.3%) while proportion of adults advised to stop or not to
start smoking and drinking alcohol were comparable between rural and urban areas (Figure 13).
100.0
80.0 72.3 71.0

65.3 67.4
Percentage (%)
51.9 56.1
60.0
42.6
37.5
40.0 28.6 29.1 28.9 29.9
20.0
0.0
Alcohol
Rural Urban
Figure 13. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of hypertension, by
treatment/advice given and by place of residence: Philippines, 2015

Among regions, the proportion of hypertensive adults prescribed with anti-hypertension

medication was highest in Central Luzon (76.5%) while those advised to start an exercise regimen
was highest in Eastern Visayas (61.0%). Proportion of adults advised to stop or not to start smoking
and drinking alcohol was highest in SOCCSKSARGEN (for both) and Eastern Visayas (alcohol
drinking only, at 35.5%). Central Luzon also had the highest proportion of adults instructed to modify
their diet while ARMM had the highest proportion of adults advised to lose weight (Table 13).
Table 13. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of hypertension, by
treatment/advice given and by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
% of Receiving Treatment/Advice for Hypertension

Background Stop
n Weight Stop
characteristics Diet Alcohol Exercise Medication
loss Smoking
Drinking
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 2,420 69.0 31.3 27.1 26.1 45.7 58.0
Poor 3,405 68.4 34.8 27.9 28.4 47.9 63.0
Middle 3,824 70.2 37.6 29.6 29.9 50.8 64.3
Rich 4,060 71.0 41.4 28.6 29.7 55.2 66.7
Richest 4,616 76.0 48.3 30.0 30.8 63.1 73.3
Rural 9,461 72.3 37.5 28.6 28.9 51.9 65.3
Poorest 1,984 68.3 29.9 26.6 25.2 45.0 57.5
Poor 2,393 69.8 34.4 27.4 27.8 48.1 64.0
Middle 2,132 73.2 37.6 30.7 31.2 52.3 65.9
Rich 1,652 73.3 40.5 28.5 29.2 53.3 67.2
Richest 1,300 79.0 49.5 30.3 31.8 65.6 75.3
Urban 8,864 71.0 42.6 29.1 29.9 56.1 67.4
Poorest 436 71.7 37.0 29.0 29.6 48.4 60.0
Poor 1,012 66.0 35.5 28.6 29.5 47.5 61.3
Middle 1,692 67.4 37.5 28.5 28.7 49.4 62.8
Rich 2,408 69.8 41.9 28.6 30.0 56.2 66.5
Richest 3,316 75.0 48.0 29.9 30.5 62.3 72.7
Region
NCR 7,523 64.0 40.2 28.5 29.3 55.0 60.3
CAR 3,360 70.0 37.8 31.2 33.5 47.3 70.0
Ilocos Region 5,150 71.6 35.9 30.5 30.7 49.9 72.0
Cagayan Valley 5,041 72.2 33.0 30.0 30.8 43.2 70.1
Central Luzon 7,460 81.3 44.7 30.5 29.0 58.5 76.5
CALABARZON 8,870 68.5 40.6 27.3 28.8 51.4 61.6
MIMAROPA 2,624 67.5 34.3 26.4 28.2 50.0 55.6
Bicol Region 5,548 70.4 35.5 29.0 30.8 52.4 66.2
Western Visayas 6,533 74.5 38.1 24.3 26.1 54.2 69.4
Central Visayas 5,531 69.1 36.5 29.2 30.0 53.2 63.2
Eastern Visayas 5,068 72.6 42.0 32.4 35.5 61.0 64.0
Zamboanga Peninsula 3,506 80.8 44.1 26.9 26.4 60.2 73.3
Northern Mindanao 4,122 75.3 45.5 27.6 27.4 59.4 64.6
Davao Region 4,477 74.8 45.7 27.3 27.5 55.3 72.1
SOCCSKSARGEN 4,365 79.0 46.2 35.8 35.5 59.8 73.3
ARMM 3,270 75.1 50.4 29.7 22.4 59.0 69.1
Caraga 3,973 71.5 45.9 33.1 31.8 59.7 62.5

However, not all adults complied with the given treatment/advice. As shown in Figure 14,
only 10.1% and 12.3% of adults complied with the advice on smoking and alcohol drinking cessation,
respectively. More adults followed the advice regarding diet modification and took the prescribed
medication at 56.6% and 54.4%, respectively. Also, more females complied with the advice on diet
modification (60.3% vs. 51.3%), medication intake (58.1% vs 49.2%), and weight loss (32.0% vs.
27.9%).
100.0
80.0
Percentage (%)
56.6 60.3 58.1

60.0 51.3 54.4
49.2
41.8 42.0 41.7
40.0 30.3 27.9 32.0
23.7
18.9
20.0 10.1 12.3
3.9 4.4
0.0
Alcohol
All Male Female
Figure 14. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of hypertension who were
compliant with the given treatment/advice, by sex: Philippines, 2015
Minor difference was observed in the proportion of adults who comply with the different
hypertension treatment/advice between rural and urban areas. Proportion of adults who followed the
advice to lose weight, stop smoking and alcohol consumption, start an exercise regimen, and take
medications was slightly higher in urban areas, while compliance with diet modification was slightly
higher in rural areas (Figure 15). Compliance to the different hypertension treatment/advice was
highest among adults belonging to the richest wealth quintile (Table 14).
100.0
80.0
Percentage (%)
58.6 55.1 57.0

60.0 51.1
41.5 42.1
40.0 28.7 31.6
20.0 9.8 10.3 11.6 12.9
0.0
Alcohol
Rural Urban
Figure 15. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of hypertension who were
compliant with the given treatment/advice, by place of residence: Philippines, 2015

Among regions, Central Luzon and Zamboanga Peninsula registered the highest proportion of
adults who followed the advice on diet modification while ARMM had the highest proportion of
adults compliant with prescribed weight loss. More hypertensive adults in Ilocos, CALABARZON,
Davao, and SOCCSKSARGEN followed the advice to stop smoking. CALABARZON also had the
highest proportion of adults who stopped alcohol consumption as advised. Meanwhile, Eastern
Visayas and Ilocos recorded the highest proportion of adults who were compliant with advice on
exercise regimen and medications, respectively (Table 14).
Table 14. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of hypertension, by
compliance to given treatment/advice and by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
% of Compliance to Treatment/Advice for Hypertension

Background Stop
n Weight Stop
characteristics Diet Drinking Exercise Medication
loss Smoking
Alcohol
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 2,420 57.2 25.3 9.8 10.2 37.9 39.9
Poor 3,405 54.5 26.6 9.8 11.3 38.5 46.6
Middle 3,824 55.4 28.5 9.5 11.9 39.0 50.3
Rich 4,060 55.6 30.9 9.3 12.1 40.4 56.4
Richest 4,616 59.3 35.4 11.3 14.3 48.7 66.2
Rural 9,461 58.6 28.7 9.8 11.6 41.5 51.1
Poorest 1,984 56.4 23.6 9.8 9.8 37.1 39.2
Poor 2,393 55.6 25.9 9.7 10.8 39.2 47.2
Middle 2,132 58.8 28.8 10.3 12.7 41.8 52.1
Rich 1,652 59.5 31.4 8.8 11.1 41.7 55.8
Richest 1,300 65.2 36.8 10.4 14.2 50.7 67.0
Urban 8,864 55.1 31.6 10.3 12.9 42.1 57.0
Poorest 436 60.4 31.9 9.5 12.2 40.9 42.5
Poor 1,012 52.7 27.9 10.1 12.2 37.3 45.4
Middle 1,692 52.2 28.2 8.8 11.1 36.4 48.6
Rich 2,408 53.6 30.6 9.6 12.6 39.8 56.7
Richest 3,316 57.6 35.0 11.5 14.3 48.1 66.0
Region
NCR 2,076 47.7 28.9 10.3 13.4 39.9 52.3
CAR 823 57.3 28.4 9.0 12.4 34.5 58.7
Ilocos Region 1,232 60.2 27.9 11.2 11.7 40.5 63.1
Cagayan Valley 1,209 56.9 25.0 10.4 12.7 34.5 57.5
Central Luzon 1,642 63.8 31.7 10.3 11.3 42.0 60.4
CALABARZON 2,063 53.6 30.6 11.3 14.4 40.2 52.6
MIMAROPA 602 53.1 26.8 7.0 10.2 38.9 47.2
Bicol Region 1,095 58.8 27.6 10.5 13.5 40.4 50.9
Western Visayas 1,456 60.0 29.8 7.4 10.2 43.6 57.5
Central Visayas 1,224 54.4 27.8 9.0 10.8 41.8 52.8
Eastern Visayas 1,010 58.2 30.4 8.5 12.9 51.5 47.0
Zamboanga Peninsula 549 63.5 34.3 9.4 11.6 46.2 52.1
Northern Mindanao 774 59.1 35.9 10.1 12.1 45.5 52.0
Davao Region 830 61.6 35.7 11.5 12.6 43.8 56.9
SOCCSKSARGEN 651 62.6 36.3 11.8 13.0 45.3 56.3
ARMM 378 62.0 39.7 10.8 8.3 48.7 48.9
Caraga 723 58.7 36.2 8.5 10.7 50.4 48.0
Based on source, advice or treatment for hypertension was mainly received from doctors
(71.6%), followed by nurses (12.2%), midwives (7.3%), and barangay health workers (BHW) (6.1%)
(Figure 16).

Dentist, 0.3
BHW, 6.1 Others, 2.1
Medical Midwife, 7.3
Technologist, 0.3
Nutritionist-
Dietitian, 0.1
Nurse, 12.2
Doctor, 71.6
Figure 16. Sources of advice/treatment given to adults, 20.0 years old and over, with previous history of
hypertension: Philippines, 2015
Figure 17 shows that less than 10% of adults with previous history of hypertension have
visited a traditional healer to seek treatment for hypertension while less than a quarter were taking
herbal medicines to treat hypertension. More females have seen a traditional healer (9.0%) and were
taking herbal medicines for hypertension (25.3%) than males (7.8% and 20.8%, respectively).
50.0
40.0
Percentage (%)
30.0 25.3
23.4
20.8
20.0
8.5 7.8 9.0

10.0
0.0
Traditional Healer Herbal Medicine
All Male Female
Figure 17. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who have seen a traditional healer and were
taking herbal medicines to treat hypertension, by sex: Philippines, 2015
More rural dwellers visited a traditional healer and took herbal medicines to treat
hypertension. Furthermore, a directly proportional relationship was observed between wealth quintile
and the proportion of adults who have seen a traditional healer and were taking herbal medicines.

Those belonging to the poorest wealth quintile registered the highest proportion of adults who
have visited a traditional healer (12.0%) and were taking herbal medicines (32.1%) to treat
hypertension, while these were lowest among those in the richest wealth quintile at 6.4% and 20.3%,
respectively. Adults belonging to the rich and richest wealth quintile have the same proportion of
adults who were taking herbal medicines to treat hypertension (Figure 18).
50.0
40.0
32.1
Percentage (%)
30.0 27.0 26.0 24.5

20.6 20.3 20.3
20.0
12.0
9.9 10.1 9.0
10.0 7.4 7.9 6.4
0.0
Traditional Healer Herbal Medicines
Figure 18. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who have seen a traditional healer and were
taking herbal medicines to treat hypertension, by place of residence and wealth quintile:
Philippines, 2015
3.1.4. Obesity among Adolescents, 10.0 to 19.0 years old
Based on the WHO-Growth Reference, a BMI-for-age above +1SD indicates

overweight/obesity. Children with this BMI are likely to stay obese in adulthood and develop non-
communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (World Health Organization,
2017b). The double burden of malnutrition which is characterized as the coexistence of
overweight/obesity with undernutrition, affects both low- and middle-income countries, such as the
Philippines.
Nine in every 100 (9.2%) Filipino adolescents were found to be overweight/obese in 2015,
with more cases seen among young males and the 10.0- to 12.9-year-old age group (Table 15).
Moreover, prevalence of overweight/obesity was shown to increase with improving socioeconomic
status of the adolescent. Urban dwellers and those in the richest wealth quintile have the highest
prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents (Figure 19).

Table 15. Percent distribution and mean z-scores of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.0 years old, by BMI-for-age
classification using WHO-Growth Reference and by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015
BMI-for-age (%)
Over-
Age group/ Severely Moderately Over-
n Thin Normal Obese weight/
Sex Thin Thin Weight Mean
Obese
-2SD to >+1SD to z-scores
<-3SD <-2SD to -3SD <-2SD >+2SD >+1SD
+1SD +2SD
All 33,082 2.5 10.0 12.5 78.3 6.3 2.8 9.2 -0.69
10.0-12.9 12,092 2.7 11.2 14.0 75.3 7.2 3.6 10.8 -0.71
13.0-15.9 12,060 2.7 10.0 12.7 79.0 6.0 2.3 8.3 -0.71
16.0-19.0 8,930 1.9 8.5 10.4 81.4 5.8 2.4 8.2 -0.64
Male 17,192 3.2 11.9 15.1 75.5 6.0 3.4 9.4 -0.80
10.0-12.9 6,138 3.2 12.1 15.3 72.6 7.2 4.9 12.1 -0.72
13.0-15.9 6,216 3.6 13.1 16.7 75.6 5.2 2.6 7.8 -0.89
16.0-19.0 4,838 2.7 10.3 13.0 79.0 5.5 2.5 8.0 -0.78
Female 15,890 1.7 8.0 9.7 81.4 6.7 2.2 8.9 -0.58
10.0-12.9 5,954 2.3 10.3 12.6 78.1 7.2 2.2 9.3 -0.71
13.0-15.9 5,844 1.7 6.8 8.4 82.7 6.8 2.1 8.8 -0.52
16.0-19.0 4,092 1.0 6.5 7.5 84.0 6.1 2.4 8.5 -0.48
*Totals may not add up due to rounding
30.0
25.0
21.1
Prevalence (%)
20.0
15.0 12.4 12.4
10.0 7.8
6.3
4.6
5.0 2.6
0.0
Figure 19. Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.0 years old, by place of
Among regions, the National Capital Region (NCR) registered the highest prevalence rate of
overweight/obesity at 16.1%, followed by Central Luzon and CALABARZON at 12.7% and 11.8%,
respectively. On the other hand, Bicol Region recorded the lowest prevalence rate at 3.6%
(Figure 20).

Philippines 9.2
NCR 16.1
CAR 11.4
Ilocos 11.1
Cagayan Valley 10.1
Central Luzon 12.7
CALABARZON 11.8
MIMAROPA 4.1
Bicol 3.6
Western Visayas 6.6
Central Visayas 7.1
Eastern Visayas 5.7
Davao 7.2
SOCCSKSARGEN 7.4
ARMM 4.3
Caraga 5.5
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Figure 20. Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.0 years old, by region:
Philippines, 2015
3.1.5. Obesity among Adults, 20.0 years old and over
The World Health Organization defines overweight and obesity as an abnormal or excessive
fat accumulation that presents risks to health (World Health Organization, 2017a). This is caused by
chronic over-intake of food and increased physical inactivity (World Health Organization, 2015a).
Genetic factors also play a role in the etiology of obesity. Obesity can be assessed in two ways:
1) through measurement of weight and height and determining the Body Mass Index (BMI)
classification and 2) through measurement of waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR).
High BMI increases the risk of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and some cancers (World Health Organization, 2015a).
However, distribution of body fat is more critical than the total amount of body fat. Central obesity or
the fat stored around the organs of the abdomen is associated with increased risks of heart disease,
stroke, diabetes, hypertension, gallstones, and some types of cancer (Rolfes, 2009). The indices WC
and WHR, which are used to measure android obesity or the accumulation of body fat in the
abdominal area, are considered better predictors of risk to NCDs.
Three in every 10 (31.1%) Filipino adults aged 20.0 years old and over were found to be
overweight/obese based on the 2015 Updating Survey. More females (35.2%) were overweight/obese
compared to males (26.8%). Moreover, more overweight/obese adults belonged to the 40.0- to 49.9-
year-old age group (39.1%) while the least were from the elderly, ≥70 years old (18.8%) (Table 16).

Table 16. Mean BMI and percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by BMI classification
(WHO) and by sex, age group and region: Philippines, 2015
BMI Classification (%)

Chronic
Overweight/
Age group/ Energy Normal Overweight Obese
n Mean BMI Obese
Sex Deficient
18.5 to 25.0 to
<18.5 ≥30.0 ≥25.0
<25.0 <30.0
All 82,821 23.3 10.3 58.7 24.2 6.9 31.1
20.0-29.9 16,519 22.3 13.6 65.6 16.0 4.7 20.8
30.0-39.9 15,589 23.8 7.0 59.3 25.8 7.9 33.7
40.0-49.9 18,247 24.3 6.0 54.9 30.0 9.1 39.1
50.0-59.9 16,318 23.8 9.0 54.6 28.9 7.5 36.4
60.0-69.9 10,303 23.0 14.0 55.9 24.4 5.7 30.1
>70.0 5,845 21.6 23.1 58.1 15.5 3.3 18.8
Male 40,438 22.9 10.0 63.2 21.8 5.0 26.8
20.0-29.9 9,271 22.3 12.0 68.0 15.8 4.2 19.9
30.0-39.9 7,914 23.3 7.0 63.2 24.0 5.8 29.8
40.0-49.9 8,797 23.7 6.3 60.6 26.6 6.5 33.1
50.0-59.9 7,520 23.2 9.3 60.5 25.1 5.2 30.3
60.0-69.9 4,639 22.4 14.7 60.4 21.8 3.0 24.9
>70.0 2,297 21.2 23.2 62.3 12.6 1.9 14.5
Female 42,383 23.7 10.5 54.3 26.5 8.7 35.2
20.0-29.9 7,248 22.4 15.5 62.7 16.4 5.4 21.8
30.0-39.9 7,675 24.2 6.9 55.4 27.7 10.0 37.7
40.0-49.9 9,450 24.8 5.8 49.6 33.1 11.5 44.6
50.0-59.9 8,798 24.3 8.7 49.5 32.2 9.6 41.8
60.0-69.9 5,664 23.5 13.3 52.1 26.7 7.9 34.6
>70.0 3,548 21.8 23.0 55.3 17.5 4.3 21.8
*Totals may not add up due to rounding
High prevalence of overweight/obesity among adults was found in urban areas (35.7%) and
in the richest quintile (43.7%). A direct relationship between wealth quintile and the prevalence of
overweight/obesity was noted (Figure 21).
50.0
43.7
40.0 35.7 37.0

Prevalence (%)
29.8
30.0 26.2
23.5
20.0 16.6
10.0
0.0
Figure 21. Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on WHO-BMI
classification, by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015

Figure 22 shows that eight out of 17 regions exceeded the national prevalence for
overweight/obesity (31.1%), with NCR (37.7%) recording the highest prevalence, which was a 6.6-
percentage point higher than the national estimate. Meanwhile, Western Visayas had the lowest
estimate at 23.5%.
Philippines 31.1
NCR 37.7
CAR 35.4
Ilocos 27.6
Cagayan Valley 25.6
Central Luzon 32.7
CALABARZON 34.2
MIMAROPA 23.9
Bicol 25.2
Davao 34.7
SOCCSKSARGEN 27.5
ARMM 25.6
Caraga 31.5
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
Figure 22. Prevalence of overweight/obesity among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on WHO-BMI
classification, by region: Philippines, 2015
Android obesity was eight times more common in women than in men, affecting 57.9% adult
female and 7.1% adult male based on high waist-hip ratio (WHR). In both males and females, the
prevalence of android obesity based on WHR increased with age; however, it peaked at different age
brackets. Among males, prevalence was highest at the age of 60.0-69.9 years (13.5%) while among
females, it was highest at the age of 50.0-59.9 years (68.1%) (Table 17).

Table 17. Mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) and percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over,
by WHR and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
% Distribution by various levels of WHR

Age group/ Mean
n <0.9/0.8 0.9 to 0.99/0.8 to 0.84 ≥1.0/≥0.85
Sex WHR
% SE % SE % SE
Male 40,541 0.90 54.1 0.35 38.9 0.31 7.1 0.14
20.0-29.9 9,267 0.86 75.5 0.53 22.6 0.51 1.9 0.16
30.0-39.9 7,927 0.89 57.0 0.64 38.3 0.61 4.7 0.27
40.0-49.9 8,821 0.91 44.1 0.62 47.2 0.62 8.7 0.34
50.0-59.9 7,537 0.92 39.4 0.65 48.7 0.66 11.8 0.40
60.0-69.9 4,647 0.92 38.7 0.77 47.8 0.79 13.5 0.57
>70.0 2,342 0.91 44.3 1.09 44.5 1.08 11.3 0.72
Female 42,509 0.87 17.1 0.24 24.9 0.25 57.9 0.33
20.0-29.9 7,247 0.84 29.9 0.62 31.9 0.60 38.1 0.67
30.0-39.9 7,661 0.86 15.8 0.46 27.4 0.56 56.8 0.64
40.0-49.9 9,455 0.87 11.7 0.38 22.6 0.47 65.7 0.57
50.0-59.9 8,805 0.88 11.7 0.37 20.2 0.46 68.1 0.57
60.0-69.9 5,675 0.88 13.4 0.49 19.4 0.54 67.2 0.67
>70.0 3,666 0.88 18.0 0.68 23.1 0.74 58.9 0.89
*WHO Classification
As shown in Figure 23, android obesity among males and females was common in urban
areas (9.0% and 60.6%, respectively) and among those in the richest wealth quintile (13.4% and
62.5%, respectively) based on high waist-hip ratio.
100.0 Male Female
80.0
60.6 61.4 62.5
Prevalence (%)
55.0 55.0 58.3

60.0
48.2
40.0
20.0 13.4
5.2 9.0 6.3 9.2
2.2 4.0
0.0
Figure 23. Prevalence of high waist-hip ratio (WHR) among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex, place
of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015

Prevalence of high waist-hip ratio was highest for males in NCR at 10.2%, while for females,
CALABARZON and Northern Mindanao registered the highest prevalence, both at 62.5%. Other
regions with prevalence higher than the national estimate for males were CALABARZON (9.4%),
Central Luzon (8.7%), and Davao (7.3%). Among females, Caraga (62.0%), Davao (61.5%), Central
Luzon (61.3%), and NCR (61.1%) have prevalence higher than the national estimate (Figure 24).
Philippines 57.9
7.1
NCR 61.1
10.2
CAR 57.9
5.2
Ilocos 53.0
5.8
Cagayan Valley 49.9
6.3
Central Luzon 61.3
8.7
CALABARZON 62.5
9.4
MIMAROPA 49.4
4.4
Bicol 55.1
5.3 Female
5.4 Male
6.7
5.4
5.3
5.8
Davao 61.5
7.3
SOCCSKSARGEN 52.9
4.4
ARMM 55.8
2.6
Caraga 62.0
6.1
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0
Figure 24. Prevalence of high waist-hip ratio (WHR) among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex and
The prevalence of android obesity based on high waist circumference was still highest among
females (18.5%) compared to males (3.0%). Among females, the proportion of high waist
circumference was highest in the 50.0- to 69.9-year-old age groups, while among males, it was
highest among 50.0-59.9 years old (Table 18). Android obesity by high waist circumference was
highest in urban dwellers and those belonging to the richest wealth quintile (Figure 25).

Table 18. Mean waist circumference (WC) and percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over,
by WC and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
% Distribution by various levels* of WC

Age group/ Mean WC
n <90.0/80.0 90-101/ 80-87 ≥102/88
Sex (cm)
% SE % SE % SE
Male 40,544 78.7 83.2 0.24 13.8 0.21 3.0 0.10
20.0-29.9 9,267 74.9 91.7 0.35 6.4 0.30 1.9 0.17
30.0-39.9 7,927 79.0 84.5 0.44 13.0 0.42 2.5 0.20
40.0-49.9 8,822 81.1 78.2 0.50 18.0 0.46 3.8 0.23
50.0-59.9 7,537 81.2 76.7 0.55 18.9 0.50 4.4 0.27
60.0-69.9 4,648 80.4 77.4 0.68 19.1 0.64 3.5 0.30
>70.0 2,343 76.5 84.9 0.81 12.2 0.74 2.9 0.38
Female 42,513 77.5 58.9 0.30 22.6 0.22 18.5 0.24
20.0-29.9 7,247 72.7 77.8 0.55 13.9 0.44 8.2 0.36
30.0-39.9 7,661 77.7 59.9 0.64 22.7 0.51 17.4 0.51
40.0-49.9 9,457 79.8 51.6 0.57 26.5 0.50 22.0 0.49
50.0-59.9 8,807 80.2 48.1 0.60 27.2 0.51 24.7 0.53
60.0-69.9 5,675 79.4 50.2 0.73 25.6 0.63 24.2 0.63
>70.0 3,666 73.8 61.0 0.89 20.0 0.72 19.0 0.70
*WHO Classification
50.0 Male Female
40.0
Prevalence (%)
30.0
24.1
21.7 21.7
20.0 17.9
15.0 14.6
10.4
10.0 7.5
4.4 3.8
1.7 0.6 1.2 1.9
0.0
Figure 25. Prevalence of high waist circumference (WC) among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex,
place of residence, and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
Prevalence of high waist circumference was highest in NCR for males (5.5%) and females
(22.4%). Two other regions with prevalence higher than the national estimate for males were
CALABARZON (4.2%) and Central Luzon (3.3%). Among females, six other regions exceeded the
national estimate, namely, CALABARZON (21.5%), Central Luzon (21.3%), Northern Mindanao
(20.3%), Davao (19.7%), Caraga (19.0%), and Eastern Visayas (18.9%) (Figure 26).
Notably, these regions also have the highest prevalence of high waist-hip ratio for both males
and females, indicating that android obesity was widespread in these regions. In addition, NCR,
Central Luzon, CALABARZON, Davao, and Northern Mindanao were highest in terms of obesity
prevalence based on body mass index, indicating that both types of obesity were present in these
regions.

Philippines 18.5
3.0
NCR 22.4
5.5
CAR 16.9
1.6
Ilocos 13.7
2.1
Cagayan Valley 12.0
1.7
Central Luzon 21.3
3.3
CALABARZON 21.5
4.2
MIMAROPA 15.1
2.8
Bicol 16.0
2.2 Female
1.6 Male
2.8
2.4
2.2
3.0
Davao 19.7
2.8
SOCCSKSARGEN 16.5
1.7
ARMM 17.5
1.6
Caraga 19.0
2.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Figure 26. Prevalence of high waist circumference (WC) among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex
and region: Philippines, 2015
For both males and females, the prevalence of high waist circumference exhibited a
continuous increase from 1998 until 2013 and then dropped to 3.0% and 18.5%, respectively, in 2015.
Moreover, a reduction in the prevalence of android obesity by high waist-hip ratio was observed after
an increase in 2013, from 8.0% to 7.1% in 2015 (males) and from 63.2% to 57.9% in 2015 (females)
(Figure 27).

25.0
Waist Circumference 23.1
19.0 19.9
18.5
20.0 17.0
Prevalence (%)
15.0 10.7
10.0
2.7 3.1 3.2 3.8 3.0
5.0 2.4
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Waist-Hip Ratio
80.0
65.5 62.5 63.2
54.8 57.9
60.0
Prevalence (%)
39.5
40.0
20.0 12.1 11.1

7.9 6.9 8.0 7.1
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Male Female
Figure 27. Trend in the prevalence of high waist circumference (WC) and high waist-hip ratio (WHR)
among adults, 20.0 years old and over: Philippines, 1998-2015

3.2. Behavioral Risk Factors
3.2.1. Cigarette Smoking Status
Smoking is estimated to increase the risk of the individual for coronary heart disease,
respiratory disease, and cancer (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). At an early age,
adolescents are tempted to smoke and drink alcoholic beverages due to the influence of their family,
friends, and mass media, and this can continue until adulthood. Thus, a child whose father or a
relative is a smoker or a drinker is more likely to adopt the habit.
According to the 2015 Updating Survey, almost one in 100 (0.8%) Filipinos were current
smokers at an early age of 10.0 years, and the proportion was found to increase with increasing age.
Overall, 5.5% of adolescents aged 10.0-19.9 years were current smokers. Significantly more young
males (9.4%) were currently smoking than young females (1.4%). Still, majority (90.3%) of Filipino
adolescents have never smoked at all and four in 100 (4.2%) stopped or were no longer smoking at
the time of the survey (Table 19).
Table 19. Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by smoking status, age group, and
Smoking Status
Age group/
n Never Current Former
Sex
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
All 9,255 90.3 (89.5-91.1) 5.5 (4.9-6.1) 4.2 (3.7-4.8)
10.0-12.9 3,138 97.8 (97.1-98.4) 0.8 (0.4-1.1) 1.5 (0.9-2.0)
13.0-15.9 3,128 94.0 (93.1-95.0) 2.7 (2.0-3.3) 3.3 (2.6-3.9)
16.0-17.9 1,674 83.1 (81.1-85.1) 9.6 (8.0-11.1) 7.3 (5.8-8.8)
18.0-19.9 1,315 74.1 (71.6-76.6) 17.1 (15.0-19.3) 8.8 (7.1-10.4)
Male 4,787 84.8 (83.6-86.0) 9.4 (8.4-10.4) 5.8 (5.0-6.6)
10.0-12.9 1,589 97.1 (96.1-98.0) 0.8 (0.4-1.3) 2.1 (1.2-2.9)
13.0-15.9 1,654 90.4 (88.8-92.0) 4.6 (3.4-5.8) 5.0 (3.9-6.0)
16.0-17.9 873 73.7 (70.7-76.8) 16.4 (13.9-18.9) 9.9 (7.7-12.1)
18.0-19.9 671 57.7 (53.9-61.6) 31.2 (27.5-35.0) 11.0 (8.5-13.6)
Female 4,468 96.0 (95.3-96.7) 1.4 (1.0-1.8) 2.6 (2.0-3.2)
10.0-12.9 1,549 98.4 (97.7-99.2) 0.7 (0.2-1.2) 0.8 (0.3-1.4)
13.0-15.9 1,474 98.0 (97.2-98.7) 0.6 (0.2-1.0) 1.4 (0.8-2.1)
16.0-17.9 801 92.9 (90.7-95.1) 2.5 (1.1-3.8) 4.6 (2.9-6.3)
18.0-19.9 644 90.2 (87.5-92.9) 3.3 (1.7-4.9) 6.5 (4.3-8.8)
Disaggregated by place of residence, the proportion of adolescents who were current smokers
was higher in urban than in rural areas (6.3% vs. 4.8%), and were also highest among adolescents
belonging to the middle wealth quintile (7.7%) (Figure 28).

10.0
7.7
8.0
6.3
Percentage (%)
5.6
6.0
4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5
4.0
2.0
0.0
Figure 28. Proportion of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who currently smoke, by place of residence,
and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
Among regions, NCR posted the highest proportion of adolescents who currently smoke at
9.7%, which is 4.2-percentage point higher than the national estimate (5.5%). Western Visayas
(7.0%), Davao (6.4%) and Bicol (5.8%) also exceeded the national estimate (Figure 29).
Philippines 5.5
NCR 9.7
CAR 3.8
Ilocos 3.8
Cagayan Valley 4.7
Central Luzon 5.0
CALABARZON 4.5
MIMAROPA 5.3
Bicol 5.8
Western Visayas 7.0
Central Visayas 4.6
Eastern Visayas 5.5
Davao 6.4
SOCCSKSARGEN 3.6
ARMM 3.9
Caraga 2.3
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Figure 29. Proportion of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who currently smoke, by region:
Philippines, 2015

Overall, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of adolescents who currently and
formerly smoke and a significant increase in the proportion of adolescents who has never smoked.
The proportion of adolescents who currently smoke decreased from 9.1% in 2008 to 6.9% in 2013
and was further reduced to 5.5% in 2015. In addition, the proportion of adolescents who has never
smoked registered a 2.9-percentage point increase. Moreover, there was a 1.5-percentage point
reduction in the proportion of adolescents who had quit smoking (Figure 30).
100.0 87.4 90.3

86.4
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0
40.0
20.0 9.1 6.9 5.5
0.0 4.5 5.7 4.2

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Never Current Former
Figure 30. Trend in the smoking status of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old: Philippines, 2008-2015
Adults, 20.0 years old and over
Twenty-three (23.3%) percent of the adult population were current smokers, 13.0% were
former smokers, and 63.7% has never smoked. The proportion of current smokers was highest among
males (42.8%) and among young adults, 20.0 to 29.9 years old (25.0%). Among males, the proportion
of current smokers was found to decrease with age and peaked at the age of 30.0 to 39.9 years,
decreasing thereafter. For females, the proportion was seen to increase as age increases and was
highest among adults, 60.0 years old and over (Figure 31 and Table 20).
All 63.7 23.3 13.0
Male 36.5 42.8 20.7
Female 86.7 6.8 6.5
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Figure 31. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smoking status and sex:
Philippines, 2015

Table 20. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smoking status, age group, and sex:
Philippines, 2015
Smoking Status
Age group/
n Never Current Former
Sex
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
All 21,954 63.7 (62.7-64.6) 23.3 (22.6-24.1) 13.0 (12.4-13.6)
20.0-29.9 4,832 65.7 (64.0-67.3) 25.0 (23.6-26.4) 9.3 (8.3-10.3)
30.0-39.9 4,308 65.4 (63.8-67.0) 23.9 (22.6-25.2) 10.7 (9.6-11.8)
40.0-49.9 4,652 64.3 (62.7-65.9) 23.4 (22.0-24.7) 12.3 (11.3-13.4)
50.0-59.9 4,038 60.8 (59.1-62.5) 23.6 (22.2-25.1) 15.5 (14.3-16.8)
60.0-69.9 2,506 59.6 (57.5-61.8) 21.2 (19.4-23.0) 19.2 (17.6-20.8)
> 70.0 1,618 59.5 (56.9-62.0) 15.8 (14.0-17.6) 24.8 (22.6-26.9)
Male 10,162 36.5 (35.2-37.9) 42.8 (41.6-44.0) 20.7 (19.6-21.7)
20.0-29.9 2,406 42.4 (40.1-44.8) 45.5 (43.3-47.7) 12.1 (10.5-13.6)
30.0-39.9 1,980 36.8 (34.3-39.2) 46.4 (43.9-48.8) 16.9 (15.1-18.6)
40.0-49.9 2,157 35.6 (33.2-37.9) 43.2 (40.8-45.5) 21.3 (19.4-23.1)
50.0-59.9 1,884 32.3 (29.8-34.8) 42.0 (39.6-44.3) 25.7 (23.4-28.0)
60.0-69.9 1,121 31.7 (28.6-34.8) 35.9 (32.9-38.9) 32.4 (29.4-35.5)
> 70.0 614 30.9 (26.9-34.8) 24.5 (20.9-28.1) 44.6 (40.5-48.7)
Female 11,792 86.7 (85.8-87.6) 6.8 (6.1-7.5) 6.5 (5.9-7.1)
20.0-29.9 2,426 86.5 (84.8-88.2) 6.6 (5.3-7.8) 6.9 (5.7-8.1)
30.0-39.9 2,328 89.1 (87.5-90.6) 5.3 (4.1-6.5) 5.6 (4.5-6.7)
40.0-49.9 2,495 89.1 (87.6-90.6) 6.2 (5.0-7.4) 4.6 (3.8-5.5)
50.0-59.9 2,154 85.7 (84.1-87.4) 7.6 (6.3-8.9) 6.7 (5.5-7.8)
60.0-69.9 1,385 82.7 (80.3-85.1) 9.0 (7.4-10.7) 8.3 (6.7-9.8)
> 70.0 1,004 78.7 (76.0-81.3) 9.9 (8.0-11.8) 11.5 (9.4-13.5)
Difference in the proportion of current smokers between urban and rural areas was
insignificant (23.5% vs. 23.1%). Interestingly, more current smokers belonged to the poorest wealth
quintile, with proportion decreasing as socioeconomic status improves (Figure 32).
50.0
40.0
Percentage (%)
29.1
30.0 26.6
23.5 23.1 23.8
21.2
17.9
20.0
10.0
0.0
Figure 32. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who currently smoke, by place of residence and
wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
By region, NCR recorded the highest proportion of adults who were current smokers at
27.5%. Three more regions were above the national estimate, namely, Western Visayas, Cagayan
Valley, and Central Luzon (Figure 33).

Philippines 23.3
NCR 27.5
CAR 15.3
Ilocos 22.0
Cagayan Valley 24.9
Central Luzon 24.9
CALABARZON 23.3
MIMAROPA 22.4
Bicol 22.4
Davao 23.1
SOCCSKSARGEN 21.4
ARMM 21.2
Caraga 22.2
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
Figure 33. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who currently smoke, by region:
Philippines, 2015
As shown in Figure 34, the proportion of current smokers significantly decreased in 2015;
overall, there was an 11.5-percentage point reduction since 2003. Meanwhile, the proportion of non-
smokers continues to increase for the past surveys, with the proportion of non-smokers increasing
from 54.5% (1998) to 63.7% (2015). On the other hand, proportion of former smokers significantly
decreased in 2015, from 15.5% (2013) to 13.0% in 2015.
100.0
80.0
63.7
59.2
54.5 55.0 54.3
Percentage (%)
60.0
32.7 34.8 31.0

40.0 25.4 23.3
20.0 12.8 10.2
14.7 15.5 13.0
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Never Smokers Current Smokers Former Smokers
Figure 34. Trend in the smoking status of adults, 20.0 years old and over: Philippines, 1998-2015

Tobacco Products Used*
Nine in 10 (90.6%) current smokers used manufactured cigarettes (Table 21). Majority of
them smoked Fortune cigarette (25.5%), followed by Marlboro (20.1%), and Mighty (15.2%)
(Figure 35). Hand-rolled cigarettes were still used by a small fraction of the population (5.0%) while
less than 1% used other type of tobacco products, including e-cigarette (Table 21).
Table 21. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were current users of various tobacco
products: Philippines, 2015 (n = 4,994)
% of Current Users of
Tobacco Products
Type of Tobacco Products 95% CI
% SE CV
LL UL
Manufactured Cigarettes 90.6 0.6 89.3 91.8 0.7
Hand-rolled Cigarettes 5.0 0.5 4.1 5.9 9.4
Pipes Full of Tobacco 0.7 0.1 0.4 1.0 20.1
Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 47.5
E-cigarette (w/ nicotine solution) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 46.0
E-cigarette (solution w/o nicotine) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 71.8
Dallas, 0.9 Others, 5.6

Winnsboro, 2.1
Marvels, 9.3 Fortune, 25.5
Jackpot, 10.2
Mighty, 15.2 Marlboro, 20.1
More, 5.0 Champion, 2.2

Hope, 1.7
Winston, 2.2
Figure 35. Percent distribution of the different brands of manufactured cigarette used by currently
smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over: Philippines, 2015
Among current smokers, Fortune was the most popular brand of manufactured cigarette
among males while it was Marlboro for females. Majority of adults belonging to the 30- to 69-year-
old age group used Fortune cigarette, younger adults used Marlboro, and majority of the elderly used
Mighty cigarette. Mighty cigarette was also popular in the lower wealth quintiles (poorest to middle)
(Appendix 14).
* The mention of products or brand names from certain companies is for information purposes only
and does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the DOST-FNRI.

Average Cigarette Expenditure
Adults spent an average of Php 113.61 per week on cigarette, which translates to an average
cigarette expenditure of Php 16.23 per day. Males have a significantly higher average cigarette
expenditure per week than females (Php 119.61 vs. Php 77.65). Meanwhile, adults belonging to the
40.0- to 49.9-year-old age group spent the most on cigarette products at Php 130.74 per week.
Younger adults and the elderly were the least likely to spend on cigarette products at Php 99.31 and
Php 82.78 per week, respectively (Table 22). As expected, urban dwellers have the highest average
cigarette expenditure per week (Php 119.90). A directly proportional relationship between average
expenditure and wealth quintile was also observed; i.e., cigarette expenditure was found to increase as
socioeconomic status improves (Appendix 15).
Table 22. Average cigarette expenditure per week among adult current smokers, 20.0 years old and over,
by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Cigarette expenditures per week (in pesos)

Age group/Sex n 95% CI
Average SE
LL UL
All 4,810 113.61 1.8 109.98 117.24
20.0-29.9 1,169 99.31 3.0 93.35 105.28
30.0-39.9 973 112.45 3.3 105.89 119.01
40.0-49.9 1,026 130.74 4.4 122.17 139.32
50.0-59.9 920 125.90 4.4 117.21 134.60
60.0-69.9 502 110.93 6.1 98.96 122.90
>70.0 220 82.78 7.3 68.44 97.11
Male 4,127 119.61 2.0 115.59 123.64
20.0-29.9 1,064 101.22 3.1 95.06 107.37
30.0-39.9 884 116.87 3.5 110.02 123.71
40.0-49.9 891 138.09 4.9 128.53 147.66
50.0-59.9 771 134.28 4.7 125.08 143.47
60.0-69.9 384 122.73 6.7 109.66 135.80
>70.0 133 101.86 10.6 81.08 122.65
Female 683 77.65 4.4 69.00 86.30
20.0-29.9 105 85.16 12.5 60.67 109.65
30.0-39.9 89 75.75 7.6 60.84 90.66
40.0-49.9 135 83.24 9.4 64.74 101.75
50.0-59.9 149 82.67 9.0 65.03 100.31
60.0-69.9 118 70.02 11.2 47.96 92.08
>70.0 87 49.88 5.9 38.29 61.47
The average number of sticks last purchased is shown in Table 23. On the average, males
bought 10 cigarette sticks during their last purchase while females bought only eight cigarettes. The
difference in the number of cigarettes sticks bought between males and females, however, was not
significant. Similar to average expenditure, the number of cigarettes sticks bought was found to
increase as socioeconomic status improves (Appendix 16).
Adults aged 20.0 to 29.9 years old have the highest prevalence of current smokers but tended
to spend less and buy fewer cigarette sticks. Meanwhile, adults, 40.0 to 49.9 years old, have a slightly
lower prevalence of current smokers compared to younger adults, but they tended to spend and buy
more cigarettes.

Table 23. Average number of cigarette sticks last purchased among adult current smokers, 20.0 years
old and over, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Number of cigarette sticks purchased last time

Age group/Sex n 95% CI
Average SE
LL UL
All 4,768 10 0.3 9 10
20.0-29.9 1,167 7 0.3 6 7
30.0-39.9 969 9 0.3 8 9
40.0-49.9 1,023 12 0.7 10 13
50.0-59.9 912 12 0.7 10 13
60.0-69.9 488 12 1.0 10 14
>70.0 209 12 1.4 9 15
Male 4,103 10 0.3 9 10
20.0-29.9 1,062 7 0.3 6 7
30.0-39.9 881 9 0.3 8 10
40.0-49.9 888 12 0.7 10 13
50.0-59.9 766 13 0.8 11 14
60.0-69.9 375 12 1.2 10 15
>70.0 131 13 1.9 9 17
Female 665 8 0.8 7 10
20.0-29.9 105 7 1.6 4 10
30.0-39.9 88 7 0.8 5 8
40.0-49.9 135 11 2.9 5 17
50.0-59.9 146 7 0.6 6 8
60.0-69.9 113 10 1.3 7 12
>70.0 78 10 1.7 7 13
Smoking Initiation
Selling of cigarette products to minors (below 18 years of age) is prohibited in the

Philippines. However, recent survey showed that 44.7% of currently smoking adults reported to have
started smoking at an early age; 14.8% started smoking when they were younger than 15 years old
and 29.9% when they were 15.0-17.9 years old (Figure 36). More males reported having initiated
smoking when they were 15.0-17.9 years old (32.3%) and at the age of 20 years (32.1%), while
majority (58.9%) of females started smoking at the age of 20 years (Appendix 17).
50.0
40.0 36.3
Percentage (%)
29.9
30.0
19.0
20.0 14.8
10.0
0.0
<15.0 15.0-17.9 18.0-19.9 ≥20.0
Figure 36. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were current smokers, by age at
smoking initiation: Philippines, 2015

Smoking Cessation
Thirteen percent (13.0%) of the adult population were former smokers or those who have not
smoked for the past year prior to the survey. These adults were asked at what age they stopped
smoking cigarettes. Majority (26.5%) reported having stopped at the age of 20.0-29.9 years, while
two in 10 (22.2%) adults reported quitting at the age of 30.0-39.9 years (Figure 37).
30.0
26.5
25.0 22.2
18.7
Percentage (%)
20.0
15.0 12.1
11.5
8.9
10.0
5.0
0.0
<20.0 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 ≥60.0
Figure 37. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were former smokers, by age at
smoking cessation: Philippines, 2015
Former smokers were asked about their reasons for quitting smoking and improving health
(81.2%) was the main reason adults stopped smoking. Less than 10% reported that they quit smoking
because their family does not like it (6.9%), to save money (6.6%), and because it is expensive
(4.2%). Less than one percent quit smoking due to influence of friends and by force of law or
policies (Figure 38). Hence, formulating tobacco control programs through an intensive health
promotion intervention may be effective since majority were driven to stop smoking to improve
health.
Friends do not Expensive, 4.2

Family doesn't like it, 0.2 Law/Policies,
like it, 6.9 0.9
To save money,
6.6
To improve
health, 81.2
Figure 38. Reasons for stopping smoking among former smokers, 20.0 years old and over:
Philippines, 2015

3.2.2. Smokeless Smoking
Majority (96.6%) of Filipino adults never smoked smokeless tobacco products and only 2.4%
were currently using smokeless tobacco products or products that were not smoked but consumed by
other means. One in 100 (1.0%) adults have tried using smokeless tobacco products but were no
longer users one year prior to the survey period (Appendix 20).
The proportion of current smokeless smokers was significantly higher among males than in
females (3.4% vs. 1.6%). It was usually the elderly (adults aged 70 years old and over) who used
tobacco, betel, or other smokeless products at 4.8%. A directly proportional relationship was observed
between the proportion of current smokeless smokers and age, as the proportion was found to
increase as the age increases (Figure 39).
4.8
5.0
4.0
3.4
3.2
Percentage (%)
3.0 2.5 2.6

2.4 2.4
2.0 1.6
1.4
1.0
0.0
All Male Female 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥ 70.0
Figure 39. Proportion of current smokeless smokers among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex and
age group: Philippines, 2015
Adults belonging to the poorest wealth quintile (6.7%) and living in rural areas (4.0%) were
the highest users of smokeless tobacco products. Conversely, these products were used less by those
in the richest wealth quintile (0.4%) and living in urban areas (0.8%) (Figure 40).
10.0
8.0
6.7
Percentage (%)
6.0
4.0
4.0 3.4
1.6
2.0 1.1
0.8 0.4
0.0
Figure 40. Proportion of current smokeless smokers among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by place of

Among regions, the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) recorded a significantly higher
proportion of current smokeless smokers at 21.8%, which was nine times higher than the national
average (2.4%), followed by Cagayan Valley at 8.3%. The rest of the regions registered proportions
less than five percent (Figure 41).
Unlike in other regions, chewing betel nut or nganga is part of the culture and tradition of
some tribes in the Cordillera region (Cosala, 2017), which explains the high proportion of current
smokeless smokers. Despite having the lowest proportion of current smokers (other cigarette
products), people in the Cordillera are still at risk of health problems related to smokeless smoking
such as addiction, cancer, precancerous mouth lesions, heart disease, dental disease, pregnancy risk,
and poison risk for children (Mayo Clinic, 2017).
Philippines 2.4
NCR 1.0
CAR 21.8
Ilocos 0.8
Cagayan Valley 8.3
Central Luzon 0.3
CALABARZON 0.7
MIMAROPA 2.0
Bicol 4.2
Western Visayas 2.1
Central Visayas 2.9
Eastern Visayas 3.8
Davao 0.6
SOCCSKSARGEN 2.4
ARMM 4.4
CARAGA 1.2
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Figure 41. Proportion of current smokeless smokers among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by region:
Philippines, 2015

Smokeless Smoking Initiation
The recent survey showed that majority (29.7%) of current smokeless smokers reported to
have started using these products at the age of 20.0-29.9 years and 25.3% reported having started at
age below 20.0 years old (Figure 42).
50.0
40.0
Percentage (%)
29.7
30.0 25.3 23.7
21.3
20.0
10.0
0.0
<20.0 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 ≥40.0
Figure 42. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were current smokeless smokers,
by age at smoking initiation: Philippines, 2015
Smokeless Smoking Cessation
One in 100 (1.0%) adults were former smokers of smokeless tobacco products or those who
were no longer smoking smokeless tobacco products for the past year prior to the survey. These
adults were asked at what age they stopped smoking smokeless tobacco. Majority (39.6%) reported
having stopped using these products at 20.0 to 40.0 years old. About three in 10 (28.1%) adults
reported to have stopped using smokeless products when they were younger than 20 years old and at
40 years old and over (32.3%) (Figure 43). More males (44.6%) and urban dwellers (47.7%) have
stopped smoking between the age of 20 to 40 years, while more females (46.5%) and rural dwellers
(37.1%) have stopped at 40 years old and over (Table 24).
50.0
39.6
40.0
32.3
Percentage (%)
28.1
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
<20.0 20.0-40.0 >40.0
Figure 43. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were former smokers of smokeless
tobacco products, by age at smoking cessation: Philippines, 2015

Table 24. Percent distribution of former smokeless smokers, 20.0 years old and over, by age at which
respondent stopped smoking smokeless tobacco products and by sex and place of residence:
Philippines, 2015
Age at smokeless smoking cessation (in years)

Characteristics n <20.0 20.0-40.0 >40
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Philippines 225 28.1 (21.8-34.5) 39.6 (32.7-46.5) 32.3 (26.1-38.5)
Sex
Male 151 29.2 (21.3-37.1) 44.6 (36.2-52.9) 26.2 (19.6-32.8)
Female 74 25.6 (14.8-36.4) 27.9 (17.1-38.7) 46.5 (33.0-59.9)
Place of Residence
Rural 169 27.5 (20.5-34.5) 35.4 (28.5-42.3) 37.1 (29.4-44.7)
Urban 56 29.4 (16.4-42.4) 47.7 (32.4-62.9) 22.9 (12.3-33.5)
3.2.3. Secondhand Smoking
Secondhand smoke can come from exposure to cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoke from another
person, even without smoking directly. Inhaling secondhand smoke is considered more dangerous
than actual cigarette smoking, since not all smoke goes into the lungs of smokers (active user) but
exhaled into the air where everyone can breathe it.
Exposure to secondhand smoke also increases the risk of developing lung cancer, respiratory
diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Children are more susceptible to secondhand smoke since they
are still in their growing years and breathe at a faster rate compared to adults. Based on the recent
survey, 44.0% of adolescents aged 10.0-19.9 years old were exposed to secondhand smoke inside
their homes at least once a week (Figure 44). In addition, 61.6% of adolescents reported being
exposed to secondhand smoke outside their homes at least once a week (Figure 45).
100.0
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0
44.8 44.8 48.2
44.0 43.2 43.5 42.3
40.0
20.0
0.0
All Male Female 10.0-12.9 13.0-15.9 16.0-17.9 18.0-19.9
Figure 44. Proportion of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who were exposed to secondhand smoke at
home, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015

100.0
80.0 72.1
63.3 67.0
61.6 62.1
Percentage (%)
59.8
60.0 53.3
40.0
20.0
0.0
All Male Female 10.0-12.9 13.0-15.9 16.0-17.9 18.0-19.9
Figure 45. Proportion of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, who were exposed to secondhand smoke
outside home, by sex and age group: Philippines, 2015
Individuals who do not smoke but are able to inhale smoke from „active‟ smokers are also
considered passive smokers. Almost four in 10 (39.7%) adults reported being exposed to secondhand
smoke inside their homes, and a significant 68.9% were exposed to secondhand smoke outside their
homes at least once a week (Figure 46 and Figure 47).
100.0
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0
48.0
43.3
39.7 37.3 37.5 38.0
40.0 35.5 35.1
31.5
20.0
0.0
All Male Female 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥ 70.0
Figure 46. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were exposed to secondhand smoke at

100.0
80.0 74.8 72.2 71.4

68.9 71.2 68.0
63.9 60.8
Percentage (%)
60.0 50.5
40.0
20.0
0.0
All Male Female 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥ 70.0
Figure 47. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were exposed to secondhand smoke outside
3.2.4. Tobacco Policy
Several tobacco policies were implemented since 1987 to control and reduce tobacco use in
the Philippines. These include the promotion of smoke-free areas, informing the public of the health
risks of tobacco use, prohibition of all tobacco advertisements and sponsorships, restriction of
promotion, regulation of labelling of tobacco products, and protecting the youth from initiating
smoking (Department of Health, 2012).
Health Warning
In November 2008, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) adopted
the guidelines on packaging and labelling of tobacco products. The guideline states that tobacco
products should have health warnings covering at least 50%, but not less than 30%, of the front and
back of the package (Framework Convention Alliance, n.d.). The warnings should include harmful
health effects of tobacco, impact of exposure to tobacco smoke, advice on cessation, the addictive
nature of tobacco, adverse economic and social outcomes, and the impact of tobacco use on
significant others (World Health Organization, n.d.-d).
In line with this, the Department of Health (DOH) issued Administrative Order No. 2010-
0013 requiring all tobacco product packages to bear graphic health information and ensuring that the
packaging and labelling of these products do not promote tobacco use by any means that are false,
misleading, deceptive, or likely to create an erroneous impression (Department of Health, n.d.). In
2014, Republic Act No. 10643 or the “Graphic Health Warnings Law” was signed into law, but was
only fully implemented in March 2016. Thus, the effects of this law may not yet be evident in the
result of the survey, which was conducted from July to November 2015, four months before the law
was in full effect.
Results showed that seven in 10 (70.9%) currently smoking adults have noticed health
warnings in tobacco packaging during the past 30 days, while 7.4% have noticed cigarette packages
without health warnings (Figure 48). The proportion was higher among males than females, which
may be explained by the higher proportion of males who were current cigarette smokers relative to

females. The proportion of adults who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages was highest
among younger adults at 74.5% and was lowest among the elderly at 44.3%. On the other hand, the
proportion of adults who have seen cigarette packages but without health warnings was highest
among adults aged 50.0-59.9 years old at 7.7 % and was lowest among the elderly, 70 years old and
above, at 6.8% (Figure 48).
All 21.7 7.4 70.9
Male 20.2 7.8 71.9
Female 29.4 5.1 65.4
20.0-29.9 17.9 7.6 74.5
30.0-39.9 20.5 7.3 72.2
40.0-49.9 19.2 7.4 73.4
50.0-59.9 22.5 7.7 69.7
60.0-69.9 30.0 6.9 63.1
≥ 70.0 48.9 6.8 44.3
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
No Yes but without health warnings Yes, with health warnings
Figure 48. Percent distribution of currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed health
warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30 days, by age group and sex:
Philippines, 2015

As shown in Figure 49, more adults in urban areas have seen cigarette packages with (74.5%)
and without (8.2%) health warnings. Meanwhile, more adults in rural areas have not seen cigarette
packages (25.8% vs. 17.3%). A directly proportional relationship was observed between wealth
quintile and the proportion of adults who have noticed health warnings in cigarette packages. The
proportion was highest among adults belonging to the richest wealth quintile at 80.1% and was lowest
to those belonging to the poorest wealth quintile at 59.8% (Figure 49).
Rural 25.8 6.7 67.5
Urban 17.3 8.2 74.5
Poorest 34.1 6.1 59.8
Poor 25.1 6.7 68.2
Middle 18.4 8.7 72.9
Rich 15.3 9.7 75.0
Richest 14.4 5.5 80.1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
No Yes but without health warnings Yes, with health warnings
Figure 49. Percent distribution of currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over, who have noticed
health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30 days, by wealth quintile and place of
residence: Philippines, 2015
Studies have shown that pictorial warnings are more likely to be noticed, are more effective
in educating smokers on the health risks of smoking and in increasing smokers‟ thoughts about the
health risks, and are also associated with increased motivation to quit smoking (Fong, 2009). Adults
who have seen health warnings in cigarette packages during the last 30 days were asked if they ever
considered quitting on account of these labels. Nearly six in 10 (56.9%) adults reported having
considered quitting after seeing the warning labels while the rest have not considered quitting.
Females, adults aged 40.0-49.9 years old, those belonging to the poor wealth quintile, and rural
dwellers were likely to quit smoking due to health warnings (Table 25).

Table 25. Percent distribution of currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over, who considered
quitting among those who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30
days, by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
No Yes Do not know

Background
n 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
characteristics % SE CV % SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL LL UL
All 3,459 38.2 1.1 36.1 40.4 2.8 56.9 1.1 54.8 59.0 1.9 4.9 0.6 3.8 6.0 11.3
20.0-29.9 891 37.6 1.9 33.9 41.4 5.1 56.4 1.9 52.6 60.1 3.4 6.0 1.1 3.9 8.1 17.7
30.0-39.9 716 38.3 1.9 34.6 42.1 5.0 56.6 2.0 52.8 60.5 3.5 5.0 0.9 3.3 6.7 17.2
40.0-49.9 762 36.7 2.0 32.7 40.6 5.5 59.0 2.0 55.0 63.0 3.4 4.4 0.8 2.9 5.9 17.5
50.0-59.9 661 37.1 2.2 32.9 41.4 5.8 58.8 2.2 54.4 63.2 3.8 4.1 1.0 2.1 6.1 25.1
60.0-69.9 327 46.6 3.0 40.6 52.5 6.5 50.8 3.0 44.9 56.6 5.8 2.7 1.2 0.4 5.0 44.1
>70.0 102 38.6 5.3 28.1 49.0 13.8 54.4 5.6 43.4 65.4 10.3 7.0 2.5 2.0 12.0 36.2
Male 3,001 39.3 1.1 37.1 41.5 2.9 55.7 1.1 53.5 57.9 2.0 5.0 0.6 3.9 6.2 11.7
20.0-29.9 797 38.3 2.1 34.3 42.3 5.4 54.9 2.1 50.8 59.0 3.8 6.8 1.2 4.4 9.2 18.0
30.0-39.9 647 39.3 2.0 35.4 43.2 5.0 55.4 2.0 51.4 59.4 3.7 5.3 1.0 3.4 7.2 17.9
40.0-49.9 658 38.7 2.0 34.7 42.7 5.2 56.7 2.0 52.7 60.7 3.6 4.6 0.8 2.9 6.2 18.4
50.0-59.9 564 37.8 2.1 33.8 41.9 5.5 58.8 2.1 54.6 63.0 3.6 3.4 0.9 1.6 5.3 27.7
60.0-69.9 263 48.2 3.4 41.6 54.8 7.0 49.9 3.3 43.4 56.3 6.6 2.0 0.8 0.3 3.6 42.5
>70.0 72 38.7 5.9 27.2 50.2 15.2 56.4 6.1 44.3 68.4 10.9 5.0 2.5 0.1 9.8 49.7
Female 458 32.0 2.5 27.1 36.9 7.8 63.9 2.6 58.7 69.1 4.1 4.1 1.0 2.2 6.0 23.9
20.0-29.9 94 33.6 5.1 23.6 43.6 15.1 64.9 5.0 55.1 74.7 7.7 1.5 1.5 -1.4 4.4 97.9
30.0-39.9 69 31.0 5.7 19.9 42.2 18.3 66.1 5.9 54.6 77.6 8.9 2.9 1.8 -0.7 6.4 63.4
40.0-49.9 104 24.4 5.2 14.3 34.6 21.1 72.4 5.4 61.7 83.1 7.5 3.2 1.9 -0.5 6.8 59.0
50.0-59.9 97 33.3 5.4 22.7 43.8 16.1 58.9 5.8 47.5 70.4 9.9 7.8 3.2 1.5 14.1 41.1
60.0-69.9 64 39.9 6.8 26.5 53.4 17.1 54.4 6.9 40.8 68.0 12.7 5.6 3.9 -2.0 13.3 69.1
>70.0 30 38.2 9.3 19.9 56.6 24.4 49.7 9.6 30.9 68.5 19.3 12.1 6.3 -0.4 24.6 52.5
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 719 38.6 2.1 34.4 42.7 5.5 57.8 2.2 53.6 62.0 3.7 3.6 0.7 2.2 5.1 20.3
Poor 765 35.4 2.0 31.5 39.3 5.6 59.6 2.0 55.6 63.6 3.4 5.0 1.2 2.6 7.3 24.1
Middle 761 38.8 2.0 34.9 42.7 5.1 57.5 2.1 53.5 61.6 3.6 3.6 0.8 2.1 5.2 21.4
Rich 676 39.3 2.0 35.3 43.3 5.1 54.9 2.0 50.9 58.9 3.7 5.8 1.2 3.4 8.1 20.9
Richest 529 39.1 2.7 33.8 44.4 6.9 54.3 2.5 49.4 59.2 4.6 6.6 1.5 3.7 9.4 22.3
Rural 2,005 37.2 1.4 34.5 40.0 3.7 57.5 1.5 54.5 60.5 2.6 5.2 0.8 3.7 6.8 15.3
Poorest 611 39.1 2.3 34.6 43.5 5.8 56.9 2.3 52.3 61.5 4.1 4.1 0.9 2.4 5.7 20.9
Poor 549 35.9 2.4 31.1 40.7 6.8 59.1 2.5 54.1 64.1 4.3 5.0 1.2 2.7 7.3 23.3
Middle 419 37.7 2.8 32.2 43.2 7.4 58.3 3.2 52.0 64.6 5.5 4.0 1.2 1.7 6.2 29.0
Rich 284 36.2 2.6 31.2 41.3 7.1 58.5 2.6 53.4 63.6 4.4 5.3 1.6 2.1 8.5 30.7
Richest 142 35.4 3.8 27.9 43.0 10.8 51.0 4.9 41.5 60.6 9.5 13.5 5.2 3.4 23.6 38.2
Urban 1,445 39.2 1.6 35.9 42.4 4.2 56.3 1.6 53.2 59.4 2.8 4.6 0.7 3.1 6.0 16.4
Poorest 108 36.3 5.2 26.1 46.6 14.3 62.1 5.2 51.9 72.3 8.4 1.5 1.1 -0.6 3.7 70.7
Poor 216 34.5 3.4 27.7 41.3 10.0 60.6 3.6 53.5 67.7 5.9 4.9 2.7 -0.4 10.1 54.6
Middle 342 39.8 2.8 34.3 45.3 7.0 56.9 2.8 51.4 62.3 4.9 3.3 1.0 1.3 5.3 30.2
Rich 392 40.9 2.8 35.4 46.4 6.8 53.1 2.8 47.6 58.5 5.2 6.0 1.6 2.9 9.1 26.3
Richest 387 40.1 3.1 34.0 46.3 7.8 55.2 2.8 49.6 60.8 5.2 4.6 1.0 2.6 6.7 22.4
Adults were asked if they noticed any information about the dangers of smoking cigarette or
any information that encourages quitting during the past 30 days. Majority of adults who have noticed
such information saw it on television (39.3%). Less than 10 percent read or heard such information on
the radio, newspapers/magazines, and poster/print ads (Figure 50).

50.0
39.3
40.0
Percentage (%)
30.0
20.0
10.0 6.7
4.6
1.6
0.0
Newspaper/ Television Radio Poster/Print Ads
Magazines
Figure 50. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed information about the dangers of
smoking cigarettes or that encourages quitting during the past 30 days, by source of
information: Philippines, 2015
About 15% of the adult population noticed cigarette advertisements or promotions during the
past 30 days. More males, younger adults, urban dwellers, and those belonging to the richest wealth
quintile noticed these kinds of advertisement or promotion (Table 26). The most common type of
cigarette promotion include free cigarettes samples (4.5%), sale or discounted prices (3.9%), and
items with the brand name or logo of the products (2.2%) (Figure 51).
Table 26. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed cigarette advertisements/promotions
during the past 30 days, by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
Type of Cigarette Promotion

Clothing/other
Advertisements/ Free
Background Free items with a
n Promotions Sale prices Coupons gifts/special
characteristics samples brand name
discounts
or logo
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Philippines 21,954 14.8 (13.6, 15.9) 4.5 (3.9, 5.1) 3.9 (3.3, 4.6) 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) 1.8 (1.4, 2.1) 2.2 (1.8, 2.6)
Sex
Male 10,162 16.8 (15.4, 18.2) 6.3 (5.4, 7.1) 4.9 (4.1, 5.7) 1.8 (1.3, 2.3) 2.2 (1.7, 2.7) 2.6 (2.2, 3.1)
Female 11,792 13.1 (11.9, 14.2) 3.0 (2.5, 3.5) 3.1 (2.5, 3.7) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) 1.5 (1.1, 1.8) 1.8 (1.4, 2.2)
Age Group
20.0-29.9 4,832 16.6 (15.0, 18.2) 4.1 (3.3, 4.9) 4.1 (3.3, 5.0) 1.4 (0.9, 1.9) 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) 2.6 (2.0, 3.2)
30.0-39.9 4,308 13.8 (12.4, 15.3) 5.3 (4.4, 6.3) 4.5 (3.6, 5.5) 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) 2.4 (1.7, 3.0)
40.0-49.9 4,652 15.9 (14.3, 17.5) 4.8 (3.9, 5.6) 4.4 (3.6, 5.3) 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) 1.6 (1.0, 2.1) 2.2 (1.5, 2.9)
50.0-59.9 4,038 15.3 (13.6, 17.0) 4.9 (3.9, 5.8) 3.7 (3.0, 4.5) 1.5 (0.9, 2.0) 1.8 (1.2, 2.4) 2.1 (1.5, 2.6)
60.0-69.9 2,506 12.1 (10.3, 13.9) 3.9 (2.9, 4.8) 2.6 (1.6, 3.5) 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) 1.6 (0.9, 2.3) 1.5 (0.9, 2.2)
>70.0 1,618 9.3 (7.4, 11.2) 1.9 (1.1, 2.8) 1.7 (0.9, 2.5) 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) 0.9 (0.4, 1.5)
Place of Residence
Rural 13,036 12.3 (10.6, 14.0) 2.8 (2.1, 3.5) 2.9 (2.0, 3.9) 0.7 (0.3, 1.1) 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) 1.3 (1.0, 1.7)
Urban 8,918 17.3 (15.8, 18.9) 6.3 (5.4, 7.2) 5.0 (4.2, 5.8) 2.0 (1.5, 2.4) 2.5 (1.9, 3.1) 3.1 (2.4, 3.8)
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 4,298 8.6 (7.2, 10.0) 2.1 (1.5, 2.7) 1.8 (1.2, 2.4) 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) 0.8 (0.4, 1.1) 1.2 (0.7, 1.6)
Poor 4,470 13.2 (11.6, 14.9) 4.2 (3.3, 5.0) 3.4 (2.6, 4.2) 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) 1.3 (0.9, 1.7)
Middle 4,603 15.4 (13.6, 17.2) 4.9 (3.8, 6.0) 3.8 (3.0, 4.6) 1.3 (0.7, 1.8) 1.9 (1.3, 2.6) 2.4 (1.6, 3.1)
Rich 4,515 16.4 (14.4, 18.4) 6.3 (5.1, 7.5) 5.4 (4.2, 6.7) 2.3 (1.4, 3.2) 2.2 (1.6, 2.8) 2.6 (1.9, 3.2)
Richest 4,036 18.3 (16.2, 20.3) 4.4 (3.5, 5.3) 4.5 (3.1, 6.0) 1.4 (0.9, 1.9) 2.6 (1.6, 3.5) 3.1 (2.1, 4.0)

10.0
Percentage (%) 8.0
6.0
4.5
3.9
4.0
2.2
1.8
2.0 1.3
0.0
Free Sale Prices Coupons Free Gifts/ Clothing/
Samples Special Discounts other items
with a brand name
or logo
Figure 51. Proportion of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed cigarette advertisements during the
past 30 days, by type of cigarette promotion: Philippines, 2015
3.2.5. Alcohol Drinking
Drinking alcoholic beverages always carries the risk of adverse health and social
consequences, which include intoxication, injury, and development of chronic diseases. Shown in
Table 27 are the standard measurements of drinks with their corresponding alcohol by volume derived
by DOST-FNRI for NNS. Consuming too much alcoholic beverages increases the risk of heart and
liver diseases and weakens the immune system, which may lead to pneumonia and tuberculosis.
Table 27. Measurement of standard drinks with their corresponding alcohol by volume (ABV)
(Food and Nutrition Research Institute - Department of Science and Technology, 2015)
ABV
Standard Drink mL
(Alcohol by Volume)
1 - bottle of beer 330 2%–12%
1/2 - glass of wine 125 9%–16%
1 - bottle of alcomix 330 5%
1 - jigger/ shot glass of liqueurs 30 15%–55%
1 - jigger/ shot glass of tequila 30 32%–60%
1 - jigger/ shot glass of brandy 30 35%–60%
1 - jigger/ shot glass of rum 30 37.5%–80%
1 - jigger/ shot glass of gin 30 40%–50%
1 - jigger/ shot glass of whisky 30 40%–55%
1 - glass of tuba 250 4%
1 - jigger/ shot glass of lambanog 30 80-90 proof (40%)
1 - jigger/ shot glass of tapuy (rice wine) 30 14%

About 15% of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, were consuming alcoholic beverages
during the survey period, majority (44.9%) of which were 18.0 to 19.9 years old. Though the legal
drinking age in the Philippines is 18 years old, about three in 10 (27.0%) adolescents at the age of
16.0 to 17.9 years were found to be currently drinking alcoholic beverages (Figure 52).
50.0 44.9
40.0
Percentage (%)
30.0 27.0
20.0 14.9
7.9
10.0
1.8
0.0
All 10.0-12.9 13.0-15.9 16.0-17.9 18.0-19.9
Figure 52. Proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by age
Proportion of current drinkers was significantly higher among males (19.6%) than among
females (10.1%), with the proportion increasing with age. Meanwhile, majority (77.8%) of
adolescents have never consumed alcoholic beverages while 7.3% were no longer drinking alcohol at
the time of survey (Table 28).
Table 28. Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by alcohol consumption status, age
Alcohol Consumption Status

Age Group/Sex n Lifetime abstainers Current drinkers Former drinkers
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
All 9,226 77.8 (76.4-79.1) 14.9 (13.9-15.9) 7.3 (6.6-8.0)
10.0-12.9 3,131 94.7 (93.8-95.7) 1.8 (1.2-2.4) 3.5 (2.7-4.2)
13.0-15.9 3,116 85.1 (83.5-86.8) 7.9 (6.9-9.0) 6.9 (5.8-8.1)
16.0-17.9 1,668 62.2 (59.6-64.8) 27.0 (24.6-29.4) 10.8 (9.1-12.5)
18.0-19.9 1,311 42.7 (39.6-45.9) 44.9 (41.9-48.0) 12.3 (10.5-14.2)
Male 4,770 72.7 (70.9-74.5) 19.6 (18.3-21.0) 7.6 (6.7-8.6)
10.0-12.9 1,585 92.9 (91.3-94.5) 2.2 (1.3-3.1) 4.9 (3.6-6.1)
13.0-15.9 1,648 81.6 (79.3-84.0) 10.3 (8.7-11.8) 8.1 (6.5-9.8)
16.0-17.9 868 54.3 (50.7-57.9) 35.6 (32.3-39.0) 10.0 (7.8-12.3)
18.0-19.9 669 29.6 (25.9-33.4) 60.7 (56.6-64.8) 9.7 (7.3-12.0)
Female 4,456 83.0 (81.5-84.4) 10.1 (8.9-11.2) 7.0 (6.1-7.8)
10.0-12.9 1,546 96.6 (95.7-97.6) 1.3 (0.7-2.0) 2.1 (1.3-2.8)
13.0-15.9 1,468 89.0 (87.1-90.9) 5.4 (4.1-6.7) 5.6 (4.3-7.0)
16.0-17.9 800 70.4 (66.8-73.9) 18.1 (14.9-21.3) 11.6 (9.2-13.9)
18.0-19.9 642 55.6 (51.0-60.2) 29.5 (25.3-33.6) 14.9 (12.1-17.8)
More adolescents were current alcohol drinkers in urban than in rural areas (18.8% vs.
11.6%), and this was significant. Disaggregated by wealth quintile, the proportion of current drinkers

was highest among the rich wealth quintile at 19.7% and was lowest among the poorest wealth
quintile at 7.7% (Figure 53).
25.0
18.8 19.7 18.8

20.0 18.1
Percentage (%)
15.0
11.6 10.8
10.0 7.7
5.0
0.0
Figure 53. Proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by wealth
quintile and place of residence: Philippines, 2015
Majority of adolescents were non-frequent drinkers of alcoholic beverages, with 68.0% of

adolescent population consuming alcohol less than once a month, while only one percent consumed
alcoholic beverages 5-6 days a week or on a daily basis. Among daily drinkers, the proportion was
highest among females (1.2%), younger adolescents (4.7%), urban dwellers (1.0%), and those who
belong to the poor (1.5%) and richest (1.3%) wealth quintile, although the differences were not
significant with the overlapping of confidence intervals (Table 29).
On the other hand, the proportion of non-frequent drinkers (less than once a month) was also
highest among females (77.7%), younger adolescents (83.1%), rural dwellers (71.1%), and those
belonging to rich wealth quintile (72.3%) (Table 29).
Table 29. Percent distribution of current alcohol drinkers among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by
frequency of alcohol consumption and by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
Frequency of Alcohol Consumption

Background Less than once
n Daily 5-6 days/week 1-4 days/week 1-3 days/month
characteristics a month
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Philippines 1,266 0.9 (0.3, 1.5) 1.1 (0.4, 1.7) 6.2 (4.5, 7.9) 23.9 (21.1, 26.6) 68.0 (64.7, 71.2)
Sex
Male 888 0.8 (0.0, 1.5) 1.1 (0.3, 1.8) 7.5 (5.4, 9.7) 27.5 (24.2, 30.8) 63.2 (59.3, 67.0)
Female 378 1.2 (0.1, 2.3) 1.1 (-0.1, 2.3) 3.5 (1.3, 5.6) 16.6 (12.3, 20.9) 77.7 (72.8, 82.5)
Age Group
10.0-12.9 52 4.7 (-2.1, 11.4) -- 1.9 (-1.8, 5.7) 10.3 (2.2, 18.5) 83.1 (73.3, 92.8)
13.0-15.9 239 0.3 (-0.3, 1.0) 1.3 (-0.2, 2.8) 5.5 (2.3, 8.7) 14.7 (9.9, 19.5) 78.1 (72.7, 83.6)
16.0-17.9 422 0.6 (-0.2, 1.4) 1.0 (-0.1, 2.2) 5.1 (2.8, 7.3) 21.4 (17.2, 25.5) 72.0 (67.4, 76.5)
18.0-19.9 553 1.0 (0.2, 1.9) 1.2 (0.2, 2.1) 7.6 (4.8, 10.5) 30.5 (26.2, 34.9) 59.6 (54.8, 64.4)
Place of Residence
Rural 637 0.8 (-0.2, 1.8) 0.5 (-0.1, 1.0) 4.9 (2.9, 6.9) 22.7 (18.9, 26.4) 71.1 (66.8, 75.4)
Urban 629 1.0 (0.2, 1.8) 1.5 (0.5, 2.5) 7.1 (4.5, 9.6) 24.7 (20.8, 28.7) 65.7 (61.1, 70.4)
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 158 0.6 (-0.6, 1.8) 1.8 (-0.3, 4.0) 10.8 (5.1, 16.5) 23.5 (15.8, 31.2) 63.3 (54.6, 72.0)
Poor 225 1.5 (-0.3, 3.2) 0.5 (-0.4, 1.4) 5.1 (1.9, 8.3) 28.7 (22.3, 35.0) 64.3 (57.7, 70.9)
Middle 322 0.5 (-0.5, 1.4) 1.4 (-0.2, 2.9) 5.9 (3.0, 8.8) 25.2 (19.8, 30.5) 67.1 (60.9, 73.2)
Rich 319 0.8 (-0.1, 1.8) 0.9 (-0.2, 2.0) 7.1 (4.1, 10.0) 18.9 (13.6, 24.2) 72.3 (66.5, 78.1)
Richest 240 1.3 (-0.2, 2.8) 1.0 (-0.4, 2.4) 4.0 (1.3, 6.7) 24.9 (19.2, 30.6) 68.8 (62.6, 75.0)

NCR posted the highest proportion of adolescents who were current drinkers among regions
at 28.4%, which is 13.5-percentage point higher than the national estimate of 14.9%. Eastern Visayas,
CALABARZON, Central Luzon, and CAR also exceeded the national estimate. Meanwhile, about
two in 100 (1.7%) adolescents in ARMM were drinking alcoholic beverages during the survey period
(Figure 54).
Philippines 14.9
NCR 28.4
CAR 15.9
Ilocos 12.0
Cagayan Valley 13.7
Central Luzon 17.3
CALABARZON 18.3
MIMAROPA 11.8
Bicol 11.4
Davao 11.5
SOCCSKSARGEN 7.6
ARMM 1.7
Caraga 8.3
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Figure 54. Proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by region:
Philippines, 2015
The proportion of current drinkers among adolescents continued to decrease for the past three
surveys, from 21.7% in 2008 to 18.6% in 2013 and to 14.9% in 2015. Furthermore, the proportion of
adolescents who were lifetime abstainers and those who were no longer drinking at the time of the
survey exhibited an increase (Figure 55). However, the difference in the proportions between 2013
and 2015 was only significant for current and former drinkers.
100.0
76.4 77.8
80.0 72.4
Percentage (%)
60.0
40.0
21.7 18.6 14.9
20.0
6.0 5.1 7.3
0.0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Lifetime Abstainers Current Drinkers Former Drinkers
Figure 55. Trend in the alcohol consumption status of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old: Philippines,
2008-2015

Out of 10 Filipino adults, four (44.9%) were currently drinking alcoholic beverages, almost
four (39.4%) were lifetime abstainers, and nearly two (15.8%) were former drinkers. More males
were alcohol drinkers compared to females at 69.1% and 24.3%, respectively, and this was
significant. A decreasing trend in alcohol consumption was noted across age groups, with the highest
percentage noted among young adults, aged 20.0-29.9 years (50.9%), and the lowest among the
elderly, 70.0 years old and above, at 20.3% (Table 30).
Majority (56.9%) of females never consumed alcoholic drinks in their lifetime while only
18.7% of men were lifetime abstainers. Among females, the proportion of alcohol drinking was
highest among younger females (31.0%) belonging to the 20.0- to 29.9-year-old age group; while
among males, drinking prevalence peaked at the age of 30.0-39.9 (76.3%), decreasing thereafter
(Table 30).
Table 30. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by alcohol consumption status, age

Age Group/ Sex n Never Current Former
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
All 21,871 39.4 (38.0-40.8) 44.9 (43.7-46.0) 15.8 (14.8-16.7)
20.0-29.9 4,814 34.0 (31.9-36.1) 50.9 (49.0-52.8) 15.1 (13.8-16.5)
30.0-39.9 4,229 36.0 (34.1-37.9) 49.5 (47.7-51.3) 14.5 (13.0-15.9)
40.0-49.9 4,636 38.8 (36.8-40.8) 46.6 (44.7-48.4) 14.6 (13.3-15.9)
50.0-59.9 4,025 40.9 (38.9-42.9) 41.8 (40.0-43.7) 17.3 (15.9-18.7)
60.0-69.9 2,491 50.8 (48.4-53.3) 32.2 (30.1-34.3) 16.9 (15.2-18.7)
> 70.0 1,606 57.6 (54.7-60.4) 20.3 (18.2-22.4) 22.1 (19.6-24.6)
Male 10,118 18.7 (17.3-20.1) 69.1 (67.7-70.6) 12.2 (11.3-13.1)
20.0-29.9 2,396 19.1 (16.8-21.3) 73.2 (70.8-75.5) 7.8 (6.4-9.1)
30.0-39.9 1,976 15.0 (13.1-16.9) 76.3 (74.1-78.4) 8.7 (7.3-10.1)
40.0-49.9 2,148 17.1 (15.1-19.2) 72.1 (69.7-74.5) 10.8 (9.3-12.2)
50.0-59.9 1,877 17.9 (15.8-20.0) 66.3 (63.7-68.9) 15.8 (13.8-17.8)
60.0-69.9 1,112 25.6 (22.5-28.7) 54.7 (51.5-57.8) 19.7 (17.0-22.5)
> 70.0 609 31.0 (26.9-35.1) 36.7 (32.6-40.7) 32.4 (27.9-36.8)
Female 11,753 56.9 (55.2-58.6) 24.3 (23.1-25.5) 18.8 (17.5-20.0)
20.0-29.9 2,418 47.3 (44.7-50.0) 31.0 (28.7-33.3) 21.6 (19.6-23.7)
30.0-39.9 2,323 53.4 (50.8-55.9) 27.4 (25.2-29.6) 19.2 (17.2-21.3)
40.0-49.9 2,488 57.5 (54.9-60.1) 24.6 (22.5-26.7) 17.9 (16.0-19.8)
50.0-59.9 2,148 61.0 (58.4-63.6) 20.4 (18.4-22.5) 18.6 (16.6-20.6)
60.0-69.9 1,379 71.7 (68.9-74.4) 13.7 (11.7-15.7) 14.6 (12.6-16.7)
> 70.0 997 75.5 (72.4-78.6) 9.3 (7.4-11.3) 15.2 (12.6-17.8)
The proportion of current drinkers was significantly higher among urban dwellers at 48.3%
than among rural dwellers at 41.5%. A direct relationship was observed between socioeconomic status
and the prevalence of current alcohol drinkers, the latter increasing with improving wealth status
(Figure 56).

60.0
48.3 46.9 48.7
45.7
41.5 42.1
38.7
Percentage (%)
40.0
20.0
0.0
Figure 56. Proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by place of
Majority of adults were non-frequent drinkers of alcoholic beverages, with 52.4% of them
consuming alcoholic drinks less than once a month, while 2.9% consumed alcoholic beverages daily
and 2.3% consumed 5-6 times a week. Among daily drinkers, the proportion was highest among
males (3.3%), the elderly (9.9%), and those belonging to the poor wealth quintile (3.1%). The
proportions of daily drinkers in rural and urban areas were nearly identical at 2.9% and 2.8%,
respectively (Table 31).
Meanwhile, the proportion of non-frequent drinkers (less than once a month) was highest
among females (74.4%), among adults aged 30.0-39.9 (53.8%), and those belonging to the rich wealth
quintile (55.6%) (Table 31). The proportion of non-frequent drinkers was equal for rural and urban
areas.
Table 31. Percent distribution of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by
frequency of alcohol consumption and by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015

% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Philippines 9,352 2.9 (2.5-3.3) 2.3 (1.9-2.7) 14.6 (13.6-15.5) 27.9 (26.5-29.3) 52.4 (50.8-54.1)
Sex
Male 6,795 3.3 (2.8-3.9) 2.7 (2.2-3.1) 18.0 (16.8-19.2) 32.6 (31.1-34.1) 43.4 (41.6-45.1)
Female 2,557 1.7 (1.2-2.2) 1.3 (0.8-1.9) 6.2 (4.9-7.5) 16.4 (14.1-18.6) 74.4 (71.9-76.9)
Age Group
20.0-29.9 2,394 1.4 (0.9-1.9) 1.5 (0.9-2.0) 13.6 (11.8-15.4) 30.6 (28.2-33.0) 52.9 (50.3-55.5)
30.0-39.9 2,063 1.6 (1.1-2.2) 2.4 (1.6-3.1) 14.9 (13.2-16.6) 27.3 (25.1-29.4) 53.8 (51.3-56.4)
40.0-49.9 2,096 3.1 (2.3-3.9) 2.7 (1.8-3.5) 14.8 (13.2-16.5) 27.7 (25.5-30.0) 51.6 (49.2-54.1)
50.0-59.9 1,677 5.2 (3.9-6.5) 2.5 (1.7-3.4) 16.6 (14.6-18.5) 24.6 (22.3-26.9) 51.0 (48.1-54.0)
60.0-69.9 804 5.4 (3.6-7.2) 3.0 (1.6-4.4) 12.5 (10.0-14.9) 28.0 (24.6-31.4) 51.1 (47.3-54.9)
> 70.0 318 9.9 (6.3-13.5) 4.1 (1.3-6.8) 12.6 (8.8-16.3) 22.1 (17.6-26.6) 51.4 (45.7-57.1)
Place of Residence
Rural 5,269 2.9 (2.3-3.6) 1.8 (1.4-2.2) 13.6 (12.1-15.1) 29.2 (27.2-31.3) 52.4 (50.0-54.9)
Urban 4,083 2.8 (2.2-3.4) 2.7 (2.1-3.3) 15.4 (14.1-16.7) 26.6 (24.7-28.5) 52.4 (50.2-54.7)

Continuation of Table 31...

% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Wealth Index
Poorest 1,611 2.7 (1.6-3.8) 2.2 (1.5-3.0) 14.7 (12.3-17.1) 30.2 (27.4-33.0) 50.2 (47.1-53.2)
Poor 1,794 3.1 (2.3-4.0) 1.9 (1.2-2.7) 15.1 (13.0-17.2) 30.4 (27.7-33.2) 49.4 (46.3-52.4)
Middle 2,026 2.8 (2.1-3.6) 2.2 (1.5-3.0) 14.7 (12.9-16.5) 28.0 (25.5-30.5) 52.2 (49.1-55.4)
Rich 2,038 2.8 (2.0-3.5) 2.7 (1.9-3.5) 15.5 (13.5-17.5) 26.0 (23.7-28.3) 53.0 (50.1-56.0)
Richest 1,861 2.8 (2.0-3.6) 2.1 (1.4-2.8) 13.1 (11.3-14.9) 26.4 (23.8-29.0) 55.6 (52.9-58.4)
Among regions, Eastern Visayas obtained the highest proportion of currently drinking adults
with 58.7%, followed by NCR and CALABARZON with 56.3% and 53.1%, respectively. Only 6.7%
of adults in ARMM were drinking alcoholic beverages (Figure 57).
Philippines 44.9
NCR 56.3
CAR 47.2
Ilocos 43.4
Cagayan Valley 48.5
Central Luzon 41.2
CALABARZON 53.1
MIMAROPA 47.2
Bicol 48.1
Davao 37.4
SOCCSKSARGEN 32.2
ARMM 6.7
Caraga 46.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
Figure 57. Proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by region:
Philippines, 2015
The overall prevalence of current alcohol drinking exhibits an erratic trend (Figure 58), with
the highest national estimate (53.0%) recorded during the 2003 NNS. During 2008 survey, the
prevalence of current drinkers was halved, but this decline was not sustained, leading to an increase to
48.2% in 2013. In 2015, a significant reduction in the prevalence of current drinkers among adults
was registered.

100.0
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0
53.0
40.0 48.2
44.9
30.6
20.0 26.9
0.0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Figure 58. Trend in the proportion of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 years old and over:
3.2.6. Binge Drinking
Binge drinking or the harmful use of alcohol occurs when females drink four or more
standard drinks in a row and males drink five or more standard drinks in a row (World Health
Organization, 2008a). This could lead to many health problems such as cardiovascular and liver
diseases, neurological damage, poor control of diabetes, unintentional and intentional injuries, alcohol
poisoning, and sexual dysfunction (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017).
Out of ten adults currently consuming alcoholic beverages (those who reported drinking
alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days), five (54.9%) engaged in binge drinking. Binge drinking was
more common among males (58.5%) than among females (41.1%) and was more frequent among
adults 40.0-49.9 years old at 57.2% (Table 32).

Table 32. Prevalence of binge drinking among currently drinking adults (those who reported drinking
alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days), 20.0 years old and over, by age group and sex:
Philippines, 2015
Age group/ Binge Drinker

n
Sex % (95% CI)
All 5,666 54.9 (53.2-56.6)
20.0-29.9 1,419 55.4 (52.5-58.2)
30.0-39.9 1,216 56.7 (53.4-60.0)
40.0-49.9 1,306 57.2 (54.0-60.3)
50.0-59.9 1,043 52.1 (48.8-55.5)
60.0-69.9 493 48.9 (44.1-53.6)
> 70.0 189 43.5 (35.1-52.4)
Male 4,557 58.5 (56.6-60.5)
20.0-29.9 1,131 60.2 (56.9-63.4)
30.0-39.9 984 60.0 (56.3-63.7)
40.0-49.9 1,055 60.1 (56.7-63.5)
50.0-59.9 851 56.0 (52.2-59.7)
60.0-69.9 404 51.0 (45.6-56.4)
> 70.0 132 46.5 (36.6-56.8)
Female 1,109 41.1 (37.8-44.5)
20.0-29.9 288 40.1 (34.5-45.9)
30.0-39.9 232 43.9 (36.7-51.3)
40.0-49.9 251 44.7 (38.3-51.3)
50.0-59.9 192 35.3 (28.7-42.5)
60.0-69.9 89 38.9 (29.0-49.9)
> 70.0 57 35.3 (23.8-48.8)
80.0
58.5 56.7 57.2

60.0 54.9 55.4
52.1
48.9
Prevalence (%)
41.1 43.5
40.0
20.0
0.0
All Male Female 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥ 70.0
Figure 59. Prevalence of binge drinking among currently drinking adults (those who reported drinking
alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days), 20.0 years old and over, by sex and age group:
Philippines, 2015
The prevalence of binge drinking among currently drinking adults was higher in rural than in
urban areas at 56.3% and 53.6%, respectively. On the other hand, more adults belonging to the middle
(59.2%) and poor (58.4%) wealth quintile engaged in binge drinking (Figure 60).

100.0
80.0
59.2
Prevalence (%)
56.3 58.4
60.0 53.6 54.3 54.1
49.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days), 20.0 years old and over, by place of residence and
wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
Among regions, Bicol (68.7%) registered the highest proportion of currently drinking adults
who engaged in binge drinking, followed by Cagayan Valley, CAR, CALABARZON, and Ilocos.
Davao has the lowest proportion of adults who were binge drinkers (Figure 61).
Philippines 54.9
NCR 52.4
CAR 65.7
Ilocos 62.0
Cagayan Valley 66.3
Central Luzon 53.9
CALABARZON 62.5
MIMAROPA 53.5
Bicol 68.7
Davao 41.2
SOCCSKSARGEN 46.1
ARMM 55.8
Caraga 46.2
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days), 20.0 years old and over, by region: Philippines, 2015

Between 2013 and 2015, the proportion of binge drinkers among currently drinking adults
slightly decreased from 56.2% in 2013 to 54.9% in 2015. The decrease was also apparent among male
adults. However, there was a 2.9-percentage point increase in the proportion of binge drinkers among
females from 38.2% in 2013 to 41.1% in 2015 (Figure 62). However, these were not significant.
100.0
80.0
Prevalence (%)
60.8 58.5
56.2 54.9
60.0
38.2 41.1
40.0
20.0
0.0
2013 2015
All Male Female
Figure 62. Trend in the prevalence of binge drinking among currently drinking adults (those who
reported drinking alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days): Philippines, 2013-2015
3.2.7. Physical Inactivity
An insufficiently physically active person is someone who does not meet any of the following
criteria: 1) three or more days of vigorous-intensity activity for at least 20 minutes per day; or 2) five
or more days of moderate-intensity activity or walking for at least 30 minutes per day (World Health
Organization, 2008a).
Figure 63 shows that less than half (42.5%) of the adult population was insufficiently
physically active. Significantly more females (52.9%) were observed to be physically inactive
compared to males (30.1%).
A J-shaped relationship was observed with age, with the highest proportion of physically
inactive adults found in the 70.0-year-old and over (65.4%) and 20.0- to 29.9-year-old (45.0%) age
groups, while the lowest was manifested among adults aged 40.0-49.9 years old (37.3%) (Figure 63).

100.0
80.0
65.4
Percentage (%)
60.0 52.9
42.5 45.0 45.1
40.2 37.3 38.9
40.0
30.1
20.0
0.0
All Male Female 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥70.0
Figure 63. Proportion of insufficiently physically active adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex and age
A significantly higher proportion of insufficiently physically active adults were observed in

urban (47.0%) than in rural areas (38.2%). In addition, the percentage of physically inactive adults
increased as wealth quintile increases and was highest among the richest wealth quintile (51.9%) and
lowest among the poorest wealth quintile (31.5%) (Figure 64).
100.0
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0 51.9
47.0 46.5
42.3
38.2 36.4
40.0 31.5
20.0
0.0
Figure 64. Proportion of insufficiently physically active adults, 20.0 years old and over, by place of
Central Luzon (52.2%) obtained the highest proportion of adults who were insufficiently
physically active among regions, followed by CALABARZON (50.7%) and Davao (50.6%). Western
Visayas posted the lowest proportion of insufficiently physically active adults at 25.8% (Figure 65).

Philippines 42.5
NCR 43.3
CAR 28.3
Ilocos 38.0
Cagayan Valley 31.8
Central Luzon 52.2
CALABARZON 50.7
MIMAROPA 49.5
Bicol 35.5
Davao 50.6
SOCCSKSARGEN 48.7
ARMM 39.0
Caraga 38.3
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Figure 65. Proportion of insufficiently physically active adults, 20.0 years old and over, by region:
Philippines, 2015
Meanwhile, the proportion of insufficiently physically active adults slightly decreased from
45.5% in 2013 to 42.5% in 2015. Males also showed a significant reduction in the proportion of
insufficiently physically active adults while females remained at 52.9% (Figure 66).
100.0
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0 52.9 52.9

45.5 42.5
37.0
40.0 30.1
20.0
0.0
2013 2015
All Male Female
Figure 66. Proportion of insufficiently physically active adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex:

Figure 67 shows the distribution of adults by domain of physical activity. Majority (94.8%)
of adults spent less time on leisure-related activities such as basketball, swimming, jogging, ballroom
dancing, and other recreational activities (Appendix 34). Meanwhile, the proportion of adults with
low leisure-related activities was significantly higher in females than in males (96.9% vs. 92.3%)
(Figure 67 and Table 33). With regard to transportation-related activities, seven in 10 adults (72.1%)
spent less than 30 minutes per day for biking or walking to and from places, and this was more
apparent in females than in males (78.1% vs 64.9%), and the difference was significant. For work-
related physical activity, about seven in 10 adults (65.1%) were not engaged in work with moderate or
vigorous intensity such as farming, carpentry, nursing, caregiving, and the like. Significantly, more
females registered a low level of work-related activities than males (74.1% vs. 54.4%).
94.8 96.9 All Male Female

100.0 92.3
78.1 74.1
80.0 72.1
64.9 65.1
Percentage (%)
60.0 54.4
40.0
20.0
0.0
Leisure-Related PA Transportation-Related PA Work-Related PA
Figure 67. Percentage of low leisure-related, travel-related, and work-related physical activity among
adults, 20.0 years old and over, by sex: Philippines, 2015
Table 33. Percentage of low leisure-related, travel-related, and work-related physical activity among
adults, 20.0 years old and over, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Physical Activity Domain

Age group/
n Leisure-Related Travel-Related Work-Related
Sex
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
All 20,903 94.8 (94.3-95.3) 72.1 (70.9-73.3) 65.1 (63.5-66.7)
20.0-29.9 4,607 93.0 (92.1-93.8) 75.8 (74.0-77.4) 70.5 (68.6-72.3)
30.0-39.9 4,101 95.3 (94.4-96.1) 72.8 (71.0-74.6) 61.9 (59.6-64.1)
40.0-49.9 4,411 95.2 (94.4-95.9) 69.4 (67.4-71.2) 58.0 (55.8-60.1)
50.0-59.9 3,852 95.5 (94.7-96.1) 68.1 (66.2-70.0) 61.6 (59.4-63.7)
60.0-69.9 2,394 95.6 (94.4-96.5) 68.6 (66.1-70.9) 68.7 (66.1-71.3)
> 70.0 1,538 96.0 (94.5-97.1) 79.5 (77.2-81.6) 84.2 (82.0-86.2)
Male 9,619 92.3 (91.5-93.0) 64.9 (63.4-66.4) 54.4 (52.5-56.3)
20.0-29.9 2,285 87.7 (86.1-89.2) 68.3 (65.9-70.7) 60.4 (57.9-62.9)
30.0-39.9 1,863 93.4 (92.0-94.5) 65.8 (63.3-68.1) 48.5 (45.5-51.5)
40.0-49.9 2,025 94.4 (93.1-95.4) 62.2 (59.6-64.7) 46.4 (43.6-49.2)
50.0-59.9 1,795 93.9 (92.6-95.0) 62.0 (59.4-64.5) 52.1 (49.3-54.8)
60.0-69.9 1,069 94.3 (92.6-95.6) 60.6 (57.2-63.8) 59.8 (56.2-63.2)
> 70.0 582 94.1 (91.6-95.8) 71.6 (67.6-75.2) 80.9 (77.4-84.0)
Female 11,284 96.9 (96.3-97.3) 78.1 (76.7-79.4) 74.1 (72.5-75.6)
20.0-29.9 2,322 97.6 (96.8-98.2) 82.3 (80.3-84.2) 79.5 (77.3-81.5)
30.0-39.9 2,238 96.9 (95.8-97.7) 78.6 (76.3-80.6) 72.6 (70.1-75.1)
40.0-49.9 2,386 95.9 (94.9-96.7) 75.4 (73.0-77.6) 67.8 (65.4-70.1)
50.0-59.9 2,057 96.8 (95.9-97.5) 73.4 (71.2-75.5) 69.9 (67.4-72.3)
60.0-69.9 1,325 96.6 (95.3-97.5) 75.1 (72.3-77.8) 76.1 (73.1-78.9)
> 70.0 956 97.2 (95.5-98.3) 84.8 (82.1-87.2) 86.3 (83.6-88.7)

3.2.8. Unhealthy Diet
Diets high in sugars, saturated and trans-fats, and low in fiber are considered unhealthy and
are linked to the top four risk factors causing death, which are elevated blood pressure, high blood
glucose, overweight and obesity, and high cholesterol (World Heart Federation, 2011). To prevent
diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and other micronutrient
deficiencies, the World Health Organization recommends a minimum intake of 400 grams of fruits
and vegetables per day or a total of five servings or portions a day. Vegetables are defined as the
edible part of the plant, commonly collected and/or cultivated for their nutritional value for humans.
Fruits, meanwhile, refer to the mature ovary of a plant that encloses the seeds and is a subset of
vegetables (Agudo, 2004).
Results of the 2015 Updating Survey (based on household food weighing) revealed that
majority (91.4%) of Filipino households with per capita intake of fruits and vegetables failed to meet
the WHO recommended intake of 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day. This was higher in
urban areas compared to rural areas (93.5% vs 89.6%). As shown in Figure 68, the difference in the
proportion of households with per capita intake of fruits and vegetables less than 400 grams across
wealth quintiles was insignificant, although slightly higher proportion was recorded for middle and
rich quintiles.
100.0 89.6 93.5 91.4 93.9 93.1 90.1

88.2
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Figure 68. Proportion of households with per capita intake of fruits and/or vegetables not meeting the
recommended intake (≥400 grams) per day, by place of residence and wealth quintile:
Philippines, 2015
Across all regions, more than 80% of households failed to meet the recommended per capita
intake of 400 grams of fruits and vegetables, particularly in Eastern Visayas (95.5%), Central Luzon
(94.8%), and NCR (94.3%) (Figure 69).

Philippines 91.4
NCR 94.3
CAR 84.5
Ilocos 92.5
Cagayan Valley 88.6
Central Luzon 94.8
CALABARZON 92.6
MIMAROPA 87.8
Bicol 92.6
Davao 91.9
SOCCSKSARGEN 85.0
ARMM 86.4
Caraga 88.1
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
Figure 69. Proportion of households with per capita intake of fruits and/or vegetables not meeting the
recommended intake (≥400 grams) per day, by region: Philippines, 2015

3.3. Awareness and Usage of Health Supplements
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines food/dietary supplements as processed
food products intended to supplement the diet that contain one or more of the following dietary
ingredients: vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanical parts, amino acids, and dietary substances to
increase the total intake to conform with the Philippine Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes
(RENI) or internationally-agreed minimum daily requirements. These are usually in the form of
capsules, tablets, liquids, gels, powders, or pills and are not represented for use as a conventional food
or as a sole item of a meal or diet or replacement of drugs or medicines (Food and Drug
Administration, 2009). While health supplements are broader as these encompass any product that
used to supplement a diet.
The use of health, food or dietary supplements is becoming popular in the country due to its
promise of good health, weight loss, and other miracle cures for different illnesses.
Based on the recent survey, seven in 10 (72.8%) Filipinos aged 18 years old and above were
aware of health, food or dietary supplements, with the proportion highest among females (75.7%) and
among age groups from 20.0 to 49.9 years old (74%) (Figure 70 and Figure 71). By age group,
awareness was lowest among 18.0-19.9 years old and among 70.0 years old and over, both at 65%.
100.0
80.0 72.8 75.7

69.3
Percentage (%)
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
All Male Female
Figure 70. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were aware of health, food or dietary
supplements, by sex: Philippines, 2015

100.0
80.0 74.0 74.8 74.7 71.5 70.7

Percentage (%) 65.7 65.2
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
18.0-19.9 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 70.0 & over
Figure 71. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were aware of health supplements, by age
Respondents were also asked if they consumed any health supplements during the past six
months. About a quarter (26.1%) of adults reported to have consumed health supplements. The
proportion of adults taking supplements was higher among females than among males at 29.0% and
22.6%, respectively (Figure 72).
50.0
40.0
Percentage (%)
29.0
30.0 26.1
22.6
20.0
10.0
0.0
All Male Female
Figure 72. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were consuming health supplements during
the past 6 months, by sex: Philippines, 2015
Supplement use was found to increase with increasing age, with the lowest proportion
observed among 18.0 to 19.9 years old (18.4%), plateauing at 30.0 to 49.9 years old (26%), and
peaking at 70 years old and over (33.1%) (Figure 73).

50.0
40.0
Percentage (%) 32.5 33.1
29.5
30.0 26.1 26.3
21.7
18.4
20.0
10.0
0.0
18.0-19.9 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥ 70.0
the past 6 months, by age group: Philippines, 2015
Majority of adults were not consuming supplements. More males were not taking health
supplements than females, at 77.4% and 71.0%, respectively (Appendix 39). When asked about their
reasons for stopping/non-usage of supplements, almost five in 10 (46.0%) adults reported non-usage
due to the high-cost of supplements. More than a quarter (28.9%) reported that there is no need for
them to take supplements. Equal or less than five percent reported that they do not take health
supplements due to adverse reactions, unavailability in the area and respondents were not aware of
health supplements (Figure 74).
Not effective,
0.3 Not available in
Others, 10.9 the area, 4.9
Not aware, 4.0
Adverse
reactions, 5.0 No need, 28.9
Expensive, 46.0
Figure 74. Percent distribution of reasons for stopping/non-usage of health supplements among adults,
18.0 years old and over: Philippines, 2015
Adults who reported having consumed supplements in the past six months were asked the
duration of their supplement intake. Majority have either consumed supplements for less than a month
or one to six months at 34.9% and 34.0%, respectively. Among adults taking supplements within
these durations, the proportion was slightly higher among males (35.5% and 34.0%, respectively) than

among females (34.4% and 33.9%, respectively). Meanwhile, more women have consumed
supplements for over six months than males at 31.6% and 30.5%, respectively (Figure 75).
50.0
40.0 34.9 35.5 34.4 34.0 34.0 33.9

31.2 31.6
Percentage (%)
30.5
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
<1 month 1-6 months >6 months
All Male Female
the past 6 months, by duration of intake and sex: Philippines, 2015
Among adults consuming supplements for less than a month, the proportion was highest
among 18.0-19.9 years old at 46.3% and was lowest among the elderly at 25.0%. For adults
consuming supplements for one to six months, the proportion was highest among adults, 20.0-39.9
years old (36%), decreasing thereafter. On the other hand, the proportion of adults consuming
supplements longer than six months were found to increase with increasing age and was lowest
among adults, 18.0-19.9 years (20.4%) and was highest among adults aged 70.0 years old and over
(44.7%) (Figure 76).
60.0
46.3 44.7
40.0 35.5 34.2 36.9 35.6 36.7 36.6 36.5

Percentage (%)
32.4 33.4 32.8 31.9 31.1 32.5

30.3 30.2
27.8 29.2
25.0
20.4
20.0
0.0
18.0-19.9 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥70.0
Figure 76. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were taking health supplements during the
past 6 months, by duration of intake and age group: Philippines, 2015

Among adults currently taking supplements, majority were consuming a combination of

vitamins and minerals (37.9%), with higher proportion among males at 46.5% than among females at
32.9%. This was followed by single vitamins (32.0%) and herbal products (30.4%), with females
registering higher proportion for both at 34.8% and 31.4%, respectively. Furthermore, less than 10%
of adults aged 18.0 years and over were consuming minerals supplements (Na, Cl, Mg, S, K, P, Ca,
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, I, and Se). Usage of mineral supplements among females was twice higher than that
of males at 11.6% and 5.2%, respectively (Figure 77).
60.0
46.5
Percentage (%)
37.9
40.0 32.0 34.8 32.9 30.4 28.8 31.4
27.1
20.0 11.6
9.2
5.2
0.0
Vitamins Minerals Vitamins and Herbal
Minerals
All Male Female
Figure 77. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were currently taking health supplements,
by type of supplements and sex: Philippines, 2015
Intake of single vitamin and mineral supplements was highest among adults 20.0-29.9 years
old at 38.6% and 14.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, intake of a combination of vitamins and minerals
was highest among adults 18.0-19.9 years old at 44.4% while intake of herbal products was highest
among adults aged 50.0-59.9 years old at 40.5% (Figure 78).

Vitamins Minerals
50.0 50.0
38.6
40.0 34.6 40.0
Percetage (%)
32.8
Percentage (%)
28.4 30.6 30.1

30.0 27.1 30.0
20.0 20.0 14.4

9.2 8.4 10.1
7.0 7.5 5.7
10.0 10.0
0.0 0.0
18.0-19.9 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥ 70.0 18.0-19.9 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥ 70.0
Vitamins and Minerals Herbal

50.0 44.4 50.0
39.6 38.9 39.6 40.5 38.7
37.8 36.2
40.0 34.2 40.0
Percentage (%)
Percentage (%)
29.7 29.0 29.5
30.0 30.0 24.5
20.0 20.0 17.4
10.0 10.0
0.0 0.0
18.0-19.9 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥70.0 18.0-19.9 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 50.0-59.9 60.0-69.9 ≥70.0
by type of supplements and age group: Philippines, 2015
Majority of adults who were currently taking supplements took it in the form of tablets
(36.1%), followed by hard gel capsules (28.4%). Almost two in 10 (16.6%) adults were taking
supplements in caplet form while one in 10 were taking it in soft gel capsule (11.8%) and liquid form
(10.3%). Less than six percent of the adult population took supplements in the form of tea, powder,
chews, and granules (Figure 79).
50.0
40.0 36.1
Percentage (%)
28.4
30.0
20.0 16.6
11.8 10.3
10.0 5.2
3.7
0.4 0.1 0.0
0.0
Hard gel Tablet Caplet Soft gel Liquid Powder Chews Granules Lozenges Tea
capsule capsule
by form of supplements: Philippines, 2015

Intake of supplements in the form of liquid and powder was highest among 18.0-19.9 years
old at 21.8% and 5.5%, respectively, while for supplements in the form of hard gel capsule, the
proportion was highest among 30.0-39.9 years old at 31.3%. The biggest consumers of supplements in
the form of tea were adults aged 40.0-49.9 years old at 8.1%, and adults aged 60.0-69.9 years old for
soft gel capsules at 14.1%. The proportion of adults taking tablets and caplets, on the other hand, was
highest among the elderly at 43.4% and 21.0%, respectively (Appendix 43).
Majority (76.0%) of adults who were currently taking supplements purchased it while 26.3%
reported that the supplements were provided to them. The proportion of adults who purchased
supplements was higher among males than females (76.5% and 75.7%, respectively). By age group,
those aged 20.0-29.9 years old and 40.0-49.9 years old posted the highest proportion of adults who
purchased the supplements, both at 78.1%, while adults aged 60.0 years old and over recorded the
highest proportion of those who reported that the supplements were given to them (Appendix 44).
Eight in 10 (80.1%) adults consumed supplements daily while less than 10% took
supplements six times a week or less. The proportion of adults who consumed supplements daily was
higher among females at 82.4% and among those aged 18.0-19.9 years old, at 86.5% (Figure 80 and
Appendix 45).
100.0
80.1 76.3 82.4
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0
40.0
20.0 9.6 11.3 8.7 8.1 9.5 7.3 4.9 5.0 4.9
0.0
Daily 3-6x/week <3x/week Others
All Male Female
by frequency of intake and sex: Philippines, 2015
Adults currently taking supplements were asked about how long were they consuming health
supplements. Majority (39.3%) reported having consumed supplements for 1-6 months, followed by
consumption for more than a year (31.9%). Two in 10 (24.1%) adults have consumed supplements for
less than a month, while less than 10% reported to have consumed it for 7-12 months (Figure 81).

50.0
39.3 39.8
40.0 38.2
31.9 32.0 31.9
Percentage (%) 30.0
24.1 24.6
23.1
20.0
9.0 9.1 9.0

10.0
0.0
<1 month 1-6 months 7-12 months >1 year
All Male Female
Figure 81. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and above, who were currently taking health supplements,
by duration of intake and sex: Philippines, 2015
Majority of adults currently taking supplements took it because it was recommended to them
by friends or relatives (43.7%), and this was true for more males than females (47.9% vs. 41.3%).
Meanwhile, three in 10 (34.2%) adults were advised by a doctor or a health professional to take health
supplements, with the proportion higher among females than males (39.5% vs. 25.3%). Other sources
of recommendation/promotion were television, radio, print media, and from sales representatives
(Figure 82).
100.0
80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0
47.9
39.5 43.7 41.3
40.0 34.2
25.3
20.0 12.7
10.7 9.5 7.9 8.6 7.4
3.1 4.2 2.4 1.6 2.0 1.3 2.7 2.3 2.8
0.0
Doctors/Health Friends/ Radio Television Print Sales Others
Professionals Relatives Media Representatives
All Male Female
Figure 82. Sources of recommendation/promotion to take health supplements among adults, 18.0 years
old and over, by sex: Philippines, 2015
About half of elderly adults (50.7%) took supplements as advised by a doctor or by a health
practitioner while more younger adults (18.0-29.9 years old) took it due to the influence of friends or
relatives (Appendix 47).

Adults currently taking supplements were asked about their reasons and majority reported that
it makes them healthy (43.5%), with more males (47.1%) and adults aged 18.0-19.9 years old and
60.0-69.9 years old (45%) citing this as the reason. The next most popular reason was that
supplements increase the body‟s resistance (22.8%), with more males (25.1%) and adults aged 30.0-
39.9 years old (27.1%) mentioning this as their rationale. Meanwhile, one in 10 (13.3%) adults took
supplements because it was recommended to them, and this was highest among females (15.7%) and
among the elderly (22.5%). Other reasons reported included the following: cure for disease,
influenced by someone, curiosity, increases appetite, and aids in bowel movement (Figure 83 and
Table 34).
50.0
43.5
40.0
Percentage (%)
30.0
22.8
20.0
13.3
10.0 8.1 7.3
5.5
2.5 1.8 0.3
0.0
Makes me Recommended Cure for Influenced Curiosity Increases Increases Aids in bowel Others
healthy disease by someone body's appetite movement
resistance
Figure 83. Reasons for taking health supplements among adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were
currently taking supplementation: Philippines, 2015

Table 34. Proportion adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were currently taking health supplements, by
reason for taking supplements and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Reasons for taking supplements

Age Group/ Increase Aids in
n Make me Cure for Influenced Increase
Sex Recommended Curiosity body’s bowel Others
healthy disease by someone appetite
resistance movement
All 3,020 43.5 13.3 8.1 5.5 2.5 22.8 1.8 0.3 7.3
18.0-19.9 84 45.3 7.7 5.3 5.3 1.9 15.0 6.9 1.2 15.5
20.0-29.9 433 41.6 11.2 6.9 4.7 1.9 24.7 2.7 - 11.0
30.0-39.9 508 41.8 12.0 7.2 4.8 3.0 27.1 1.2 0.1 7.6
40.0-49.9 591 44.2 12.1 8.6 4.5 2.5 25.2 1.6 0.2 6.3
50.0-59.9 609 44.4 12.0 9.3 5.8 2.9 21.8 1.0 0.6 5.9
60.0-69.9 471 45.8 17.3 9.3 8.6 2.5 15.7 1.5 0.2 5.6
> 70.0 324 43.6 22.5 8.0 5.7 1.4 17.8 2.4 0.3 3.6
Males 1,115 47.1 9.3 7.2 5.4 2.7 25.1 2.0 - 5.3
18.0-19.9 37 56.2 2.5 2.4 5.6 4.4 19.1 6.9 - 7.7
20.0-29.9 176 47.5 3.6 7.9 6.5 2.6 23.9 3.9 - 7.5
30.0-39.9 183 45.6 5.4 5.3 3.2 3.8 33.7 1.6 - 6.0
40.0-49.9 215 41.2 9.2 7.5 3.8 3.3 30.1 1.6 - 6.3
50.0-59.9 234 51.8 9.1 6.6 5.5 1.4 23.3 0.5 - 4.3
60.0-69.9 169 48.8 16.3 9.0 8.9 3.3 14.6 0.9 - 2.6
> 70.0 101 47.4 24.5 9.8 7.0 0.7 17.6 3.7 - 2.0
Females 1,905 41.3 15.7 8.6 5.5 2.3 21.4 1.6 0.4 8.4
18.0-19.9 47 37.0 11.7 7.4 5.1 - 11.9 6.9 2.2 21.3
20.0-29.9 257 37.9 16.2 6.2 3.6 1.4 25.3 1.9 - 13.2
30.0-39.9 325 39.7 15.5 8.2 5.7 2.5 23.5 1.0 0.2 8.5
40.0-49.9 376 46.0 13.8 9.2 5.0 2.1 22.4 1.6 0.2 6.3
50.0-59.9 375 39.9 13.8 11.0 6.0 3.8 20.9 1.3 1.0 7.0
60.0-69.9 302 44.0 17.9 9.5 8.4 2.0 16.4 1.8 0.4 7.4
> 70.0 223 41.6 21.4 7.1 5.0 1.8 17.9 1.7 0.5 4.5
Respondents currently taking supplements were also asked about the perceived effect of
taking supplements on their health, with majority reporting that their health has improved much
(48.3%) or has slightly improved (46.4%). Less than 10% reported having experienced no change in
their health upon intake of health supplements, while a very small proportion reported that their health
worsened (0.2%) (Figure 84).
More than half of adults aged 50 years old and over reported to have experienced much
improvement in their health, with the proportion higher among females than in males (49.9% vs.
45.6%). On the other hand, those who have reported slight improvement in health was higher in males
than in females (48.0% vs. 45.5%) (Appendix 48).
100.0 All Male Female

80.0
Percentage (%)
60.0 48.3 45.6 49.9 46.4 48.0 45.5

40.0
20.0 6.5 7.0 6.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.0
Much improved Slightly improved Worsened No change
Figure 84. Perceived effects of taking health supplements among adults, 18.0 years old and over, by sex:
Philippines, 2015

4. CONCLUSIONS
The Clinical and Health Survey Component of the 2015 Updating of Nutritional Status of
Filipino Children and Other Population Groups focused on the assessment of risk factors to
non-communicable diseases, which include biological risk factors, such as blood pressure and obesity,
and modifiable behavioral risk factors, namely, smoking, harmful use of alcohol, physical inactivity,
and unhealthy diet. It also presented the level of awareness and usage of health supplements. Survey
results presented in this monograph lead to the following conclusions:
 Improvements were apparent in majority of the risk factors except for blood pressure and for
overweight and obesity in adolescents.
 The reduction in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure between 2008 (25.3%) and 2013
(22.3%) was not sustained as prevalence significantly rose to 23.9% in 2015, with two in 10
adults at risk of non-communicable diseases.
 Prevalence of high WC and WHR declined in both males and females. Prevalence, however,
was still higher among females, thus they were more likely to suffer from android obesity,
putting them at higher risk of developing non-communicable diseases than males.
 The global NCD target of 30% reduction in the prevalence of tobacco use or smoking
remained to be on-track as prevalence continued to decrease from 34.8% in 2003 to 23.3% in
2015 among adults and from 9.1% in 2008 to 5.5% in 2013 among adolescents. The decrease
was partly attributed to those who have stopped smoking and mostly from individuals who
have never initiated smoking.
 Majority of adolescents and adults were exposed to secondhand smoke outside their homes or
in their neighborhood, in schools/workplaces, in eating places, and transport terminals than
inside their homes.
 Even though 18.0 years is the legal age for drinking alcoholic beverages in the Philippines,
four in 10 adolescents at age group 18.0 to 19.9 years old had already experienced drinking
alcoholic beverages.
 The time trend for the proportion of current drinkers of alcoholic beverages among adults was
erratic. Overall, it decreased by an average of 0.68-percentage point annually since 2003.
 Among adults, five in 10 current drinkers of alcoholic beverages engaged in binge drinking.
 Almost half of Filipino adults were physically inactive, with prevalence for this risk factor
exhibiting a J-shaped relationship with respect to age.
 More adults spent less time being active in transportation- and leisure-related activities.
 The risk of developing non-communicable diseases is greatly increased from the age of 50.0
to 69.9 years old.

 The WHO-recommended minimum intake of 400 grams of fruit and vegetables per day was
not met by an overwhelming majority of Filipino households.
 Majority of Filipinos aged 18 years and over were aware of health supplements but only three
in 10 adults were using it during the past six months, with proportion of usage higher among
females than among males. However, majority (43.7%) were taking supplements without
prescription from a medical doctor but as per recommendation of friends or relatives. Only
three in 10 adults took health supplements as advised by a doctor or health professional.
 The main reason for non-usage was the high-cost of health supplements while the main
reason for usage among those who were currently taking them was that it makes them
healthy. Current users reported to have experienced much improvement in their health.
The succeeding summary table provides the global monitoring framework for selected NCD
Global Targets:
Table 35. NCD Global Targets Monitoring Framework
Baseline Target
NCD Global Targets Indicator 2015
2013 2025
A. Behavioral Risk Factors
Harmful use of alcohol  Age-standardized prevalence of heavy 56.2% 10% reduction 55.2%
episodic drinking among adults, as
appropriate, within the national context
Physical inactivity  Age-standardized prevalence of 45.5% 10% reduction 42.5%
insufficiently physically active adults
Tobacco use  Prevalence of current tobacco use 6.9% 30% reduction 5.5%
among adolescents
 Age-standardized prevalence of current 25.4% 23.3%
tobacco use among adults
B. Biological Risk Factors
Raised blood pressure  Age-standardized prevalence of raised 22.3% 25% reduction 23.9%
blood pressure in adults
(>140/90mmHg)
Diabetes and Obesity  Age-standardized prevalence of raised 5.6% 0% increase (not collected)
blood glucose/diabetes (>126 mg/dL) in
adults
 Prevalence of overweight (>+1 SD) and 8.3% 9.2%
obesity (>+2 SD) in adolescents
 Age-standardized prevalence of
overweight (BMI >25kg/m2) and obesity 31.1% 31.1%
in adults (BMI >30kg/m2)
Additional Indicators  Age-standardized prevalence of adults 95.8% (individual data
consuming less than five total servings was not
(400 grams) of fruit and vegetables collected)
per day
 Age-standardized prevalence of raised 47.2% (not collected)
total cholesterol among adults (>200mg/dL)
(>190mg/dL)

The results of the 2015 Updating of Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Other
Population Groups show that there is improvement in the clinical and health status of Filipinos as
indicated by a reduction in the prevalence of high waist circumference and high waist-hip ratio,
proportion of current smokers, current drinkers, binge drinkers, and physically inactive adults.
However, attention must be devoted to the prevalence of elevated blood pressure since its decreasing
trend was not sustained. Current advancements in the clinical and health status must not serve as
cause for complacency but as motivation to push forward and effect more positive changes.
Continuing and accelerating the development of programs and policies that address NCD risk factors,
with focus on population groups identified as facing the highest risks of developing NCDs, shall be
instrumental to fulfilling the Philippines‟ commitment towards achieving both the WHO Global
Targets for NCDs by 2025 and the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

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Factsheet_Unhealthy_diet.pdf

6. APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among adults, 20.0
years old and over, based on single-visit BP measurement, by age group and sex: Philippines,
2015
Mean SBP (mmHg) Mean DBP (mmHg)

Age n 95 % CI 95 % CI
Mean S.E CV Mean S.E CV
LL UL LL UL
All 88,976 119.5 0.1 119.3 119.8 0.1 77.3 0.1 77.2 77.5 0.1
20.0-29.9 19,054 110.2 0.1 109.9 110.4 0.1 72.4 0.1 72.2 72.6 0.1
30.0-39.9 17,591 114.5 0.2 114.2 114.8 0.1 76.5 0.1 76.3 76.7 0.1
40.0-49.9 18,786 121.6 0.2 121.3 122.0 0.1 80.2 0.1 79.9 80.4 0.1
50.0-59.9 16,428 127.3 0.2 126.9 127.8 0.2 81.4 0.1 81.1 81.6 0.2
60.0-69.9 10,487 131.4 0.3 130.9 131.9 0.2 80.0 0.1 79.7 80.3 0.2
>70.0 6,630 133.4 0.3 132.8 134.1 0.3 77.0 0.2 76.6 77.4 0.3
Male 40,914 122.3 0.1 122.0 122.5 0.1 79.2 0.1 79.1 79.4 0.1
20.0-29.9 9,263 115.7 0.2 115.4 116.0 0.1 75.7 0.1 75.5 76.0 0.2
30.0-39.9 7,942 118.4 0.2 118.0 118.8 0.2 79.0 0.2 78.7 79.3 0.2
40.0-49.9 8,854 123.3 0.2 122.8 123.7 0.2 81.5 0.2 81.2 81.8 0.2
50.0-59.9 7,592 128.5 0.3 127.9 129.0 0.2 82.5 0.2 82.1 82.8 0.2
60.0-69.9 4,728 131.8 0.4 131.1 132.5 0.3 80.4 0.2 79.9 80.8 0.3
>70.0 2,535 132.1 0.5 131.1 133.0 0.4 76.9 0.3 76.3 77.4 0.4
Female 48,062 117.2 0.1 117.0 117.5 0.1 75.7 0.1 75.6 75.9 0.1
20.0-29.9 9,791 105.4 0.1 105.1 105.6 0.1 69.5 0.1 69.3 69.8 0.2
30.0-39.9 9,649 111.3 0.2 110.9 111.7 0.2 74.5 0.1 74.2 74.7 0.2
40.0-49.9 9,932 120.2 0.2 119.7 120.6 0.2 79.0 0.1 78.7 79.3 0.2
50.0-59.9 8,836 126.3 0.3 125.8 126.9 0.2 80.5 0.2 80.1 80.8 0.2
60.0-69.9 5,759 131.1 0.3 130.4 131.8 0.3 79.7 0.2 79.3 80.0 0.2
>70.0 4,095 134.3 0.4 133.5 135.1 0.3 77.1 0.2 76.6 77.5 0.3
** included pregnant women and lactating mothers
years old and over, based on single-visit BP measurement, by place of residence and wealth
Place of Mean SBP (mmHg) Mean DBP (mmHg)

Residence/ n 95 % CI 95 % CI
Wealth Quintile LL UL LL UL
All 88,976 119.5 0.1 119.3 119.8 0.1 77.3 0.1 77.2 77.5 0.1
Poorest 17,749 117.9 0.2 117.5 118.3 0.2 75.5 0.1 75.2 75.8 0.2
Poor 18,855 119.4 0.2 119.0 119.8 0.2 76.5 0.1 76.3 76.8 0.2
Middle 18,160 119.9 0.2 119.5 120.3 0.2 77.5 0.1 77.2 77.7 0.2
Rich 16,865 120.1 0.2 119.7 120.5 0.2 78.2 0.1 77.9 78.4 0.2
Richest 16,676 120.2 0.2 119.8 120.6 0.2 78.5 0.1 78.3 78.8 0.2
Rural 50,777 119.6 0.1 119.4 119.9 0.1 76.7 0.1 76.5 76.9 0.1
Poorest 14,991 117.8 0.2 117.4 118.3 0.2 75.4 0.2 75.1 75.7 0.2
Poor 13,435 119.8 0.2 119.3 120.2 0.2 76.4 0.2 76.1 76.7 0.2
Middle 10,233 120.9 0.3 120.4 121.5 0.2 77.4 0.2 77.1 77.7 0.2
Rich 6,867 120.7 0.3 120.1 121.2 0.2 77.9 0.2 77.5 78.3 0.2
Richest 4,805 120.5 0.3 119.9 121.2 0.3 78.1 0.2 77.7 78.6 0.3
Urban 38,199 119.5 0.2 119.1 119.8 0.1 77.9 0.1 77.7 78.2 0.1
Poorest 2,758 118.0 0.5 117.0 119.0 0.4 76.2 0.3 75.6 76.8 0.4
Poor 5,420 118.7 0.3 118.0 119.3 0.3 76.7 0.2 76.3 77.1 0.3
Middle 7,927 118.9 0.3 118.4 119.5 0.2 77.5 0.2 77.1 77.9 0.2
Rich 9,998 119.8 0.3 119.3 120.3 0.2 78.3 0.2 78.0 78.6 0.2
Richest 11,871 120.1 0.2 119.7 120.6 0.2 78.7 0.1 78.4 79.0 0.2

years old and over, based on single-visit BP measurement, by province and region:
Philippines, 2015

Region /Province n 95 % CI 95 % CI
LL UL LL UL
Philippines 88,976 119.5 0.1 119.3 119.8 0.1 77.3 0.1 77.2 77.5 0.1
NCR 3 8,079 118.4 0.3 117.8 119.0 0.3 78.5 0.2 78.2 78.9 0.2
District I 1063 116.0 0.7 114.7 117.4 0.6 76.7 0.6 75.6 77.8 0.7
District II 2818 119.5 0.6 118.4 120.6 0.5 79.0 0.3 78.4 79.6 0.4
District III 2064 118.1 0.6 116.9 119.2 0.5 78.9 0.4 78.2 79.6 0.5
District IV 2134 118.0 0.5 117.1 119.0 0.4 78.4 0.3 77.7 79.0 0.4
CAR 3,489 121.3 0.7 120.0 122.6 0.5 78.9 0.4 78.1 79.6 0.5
Abra 677 120.3 1.8 116.8 123.9 1.5 78.7 1.4 76.0 81.4 1.8
Apayao 264 115.8 0.9 114.1 117.5 0.8 75.5 1.1 73.3 77.7 1.5
Benguet 1341 123.0 1.1 120.7 125.2 0.9 80.8 0.5 79.7 81.8 0.7
Ifugao 407 120.2 1.1 118.1 122.3 0.9 77.3 0.7 75.9 78.7 0.9
Kalinga 459 120.6 1.7 117.2 124.0 1.4 77.6 1.2 75.1 80.0 1.6
Mountain Province 341 121.4 1.4 118.6 124.2 1.2 75.6 1.3 73.1 78.2 1.7
Ilocos Region 5394 119.4 0.5 118.4 120.3 0.4 77.9 0.3 77.4 78.4 0.3
Ilocos Norte 761 119.0 1.2 116.6 121.5 1.0 78.5 0.8 76.9 80.0 1.0
Ilocos Sur 745 120.9 1.1 118.7 123.1 0.9 78.5 0.9 76.8 80.2 1.1
La Union 969 118.2 1.1 116.1 120.4 0.9 76.7 0.7 75.3 78.0 0.9
Pangasinan 2919 119.4 0.7 118.2 120.7 0.5 78.0 0.3 77.4 78.7 0.4
Cagayan Valley 5,136 121.2 0.4 120.4 122.0 0.3 77.0 0.3 76.3 77.7 0.4
Batanes
Cagayan 1784 120.5 0.8 119.0 122.0 0.6 76.7 0.6 75.5 77.8 0.8
Isabela 2523 122.0 0.5 121.0 123.0 0.4 77.1 0.5 76.1 78.0 0.7
Nueva Vizcaya 599 120.4 1.1 118.3 122.5 0.9 77.0 0.8 75.4 78.6 1.1
Quirino 230 120.2 2.4 115.5 124.9 2.0 78.6 1.5 75.7 81.5 1.9
Central Luzon 7,650 121.1 0.3 120.5 121.7 0.2 77.9 0.2 77.5 78.4 0.3
Aurora 123 121.6 1.0 119.6 123.6 0.8 75.3 0.6 74.2 76.4 0.7
Bataan 442 119.8 1.4 117.1 122.5 1.2 76.3 0.7 75.0 77.7 0.9
Bulacan 2154 119.4 0.5 118.4 120.4 0.4 78.2 0.4 77.4 78.9 0.5
Nueva Ecija 1800 122.3 0.6 121.0 123.6 0.5 78.0 0.6 76.8 79.2 0.8
Pampanga 1648 120.2 0.6 119.0 121.5 0.5 77.2 0.5 76.2 78.1 0.6
Tarlac 1054 124.1 0.7 122.8 125.5 0.6 80.0 0.5 79.2 80.9 0.6
Zambales 429 123.8 1.0 121.8 125.8 0.8 77.2 0.8 75.6 78.8 1.0
CALABARZON 9,101 119.5 0.3 118.8 120.1 0.3 78.2 0.2 77.7 78.6 0.3
Batangas 1761 117.8 0.7 116.5 119.1 0.6 77.5 0.5 76.6 78.4 0.6
Cavite 2167 118.5 0.6 117.3 119.7 0.5 78.5 0.4 77.8 79.2 0.5
Laguna 2091 119.5 0.6 118.3 120.7 0.5 78.6 0.5 77.7 79.5 0.6
Quezon 1432 121.4 0.9 119.6 123.2 0.8 78.6 0.6 77.5 79.8 0.8
Rizal 1650 121.0 0.8 119.5 122.5 0.6 77.5 0.7 76.2 78.8 0.9
MIMAROPA 2,707 120.4 0.6 119.2 121.6 0.5 78.0 0.4 77.3 78.7 0.5
Marinduque 331 127.4 1.1 125.2 129.6 0.9 80.3 1.1 78.1 82.5 1.4
Occidental Mindoro 408 123.1 1.2 120.8 125.4 1.0 78.8 1.0 76.9 80.8 1.3
Oriental Mindoro 746 116.7 1.1 114.5 118.9 1.0 76.7 0.7 75.3 78.0 0.9
Palawan 875 120.0 1.2 117.7 122.3 1.0 77.9 0.6 76.7 79.1 0.8
Romblon 347 120.3 1.6 117.2 123.4 1.3 78.1 0.7 76.8 79.5 0.9
Bicol Region 5,748 120.1 0.4 119.3 120.9 0.3 77.8 0.3 77.2 78.4 0.4
Albay 1310 119.5 0.7 118.1 120.9 0.6 78.4 0.6 77.2 79.6 0.8
Camarines Norte 625 120.9 0.8 119.3 122.5 0.7 78.3 0.7 77.0 79.7 0.9
Camarines Sur 1772 120.2 0.6 119.0 121.4 0.5 77.5 0.6 76.4 78.6 0.7
Catanduanes 299 123.4 1.5 120.5 126.3 1.2 76.5 1.3 73.9 79.1 1.7
Masbate 831 118.1 1.0 116.2 120.1 0.8 76.6 0.7 75.3 78.0 0.9
Sorsogon 911 121.1 1.6 118.1 124.2 1.3 78.7 0.7 77.4 80.0 0.9

Continuation of Appendix 3…
Region /Province n 95 % CI 95 % CI
LL UL LL UL
Western Visayas 6,636 120.8 0.4 120.0 121.5 0.3 75.7 0.2 75.2 76.1 0.3
Aklan 418 123.9 1.4 121.2 126.6 1.1 77.7 1.1 75.6 79.8 1.4
Antique 448 121.1 1.1 118.9 123.3 0.9 76.9 0.9 75.2 78.6 1.1
Capiz 808 122.2 0.8 120.6 123.7 0.6 75.5 0.6 74.3 76.6 0.8
Guimaras 143 116.2 2.2 112.0 120.5 1.9 72.7 2.2 68.5 77.0 3.0
Iloilo 2336 121.2 0.7 119.9 122.5 0.5 75.5 0.4 74.7 76.4 0.6
Negros Occidental 2483 119.6 0.7 118.2 121.1 0.6 75.4 0.4 74.6 76.2 0.5
Central Visayas 5,723 119.3 0.4 118.4 120.2 0.4 76.4 0.3 75.8 77.0 0.4
Bohol 1067 119.3 1.2 116.9 121.6 1.0 75.8 0.6 74.7 76.9 0.7
Cebu 3226 119.3 0.6 118.1 120.6 0.5 77.0 0.4 76.2 77.7 0.5
Negros Oriental 1288 119.5 0.7 118.2 120.8 0.5 75.4 0.7 74.0 76.8 1.0
Siquijor 142 117.0 1.1 114.9 119.2 0.9 74.7 1.4 71.9 77.5 1.9
Eastern Visayas 5,171 119.7 0.5 118.8 120.7 0.4 76.4 0.3 75.8 77.0 0.4
Biliran 274 123.3 1.7 119.9 126.7 1.4 75.2 1.1 73.0 77.3 1.4
Eastern Samar 539 119.2 1.3 116.7 121.7 1.1 76.1 0.6 75.0 77.2 0.7
Leyte 2505 118.8 0.6 117.5 120.0 0.5 76.4 0.4 75.6 77.2 0.5
Northern Samar 613 124.1 1.3 121.6 126.5 1.0 77.8 0.8 76.3 79.3 1.0
Southern Leyte 432 117.5 2.3 113.0 121.9 1.9 75.9 1.6 72.8 79.0 2.1
Western Samar 808 120.1 1.3 117.5 122.7 1.1 76.3 0.9 74.5 78.1 1.2
Zamboanga Peninsula 1 3,541 119.8 0.5 118.8 120.7 0.4 76.5 0.3 75.8 77.1 0.4
Zamboanga del Norte 1131 121.5 0.9 119.8 123.2 0.7 76.4 0.6 75.2 77.6 0.8
Zamboanga del Sur 1732 119.5 0.7 118.1 120.9 0.6 76.2 0.5 75.3 77.1 0.6
Zamboanga Sibugay 584 118.9 0.9 117.0 120.7 0.8 76.4 0.8 74.8 78.0 1.1
Northern Mindanao 4,169 119.8 0.6 118.7 120.9 0.5 76.5 0.4 75.8 77.3 0.5
Bukidnon 1252 120.7 1.1 118.5 122.9 0.9 76.6 0.6 75.4 77.8 0.8
Camiguin 104 121.9 1.0 119.9 123.9 0.9 78.4 1.7 75.1 81.7 2.1
Lanao del Norte 830 116.6 1.2 114.2 119.0 1.0 75.1 0.8 73.5 76.8 1.1
Misamis occidental 572 119.9 1.6 116.7 123.1 1.4 77.3 0.7 76.0 78.7 0.9
Misamis Oriental 1411 120.6 0.9 118.7 122.4 0.8 76.8 0.7 75.4 78.2 0.9
Davao Region 4,570 118.5 0.5 117.5 119.4 0.4 76.3 0.3 75.7 76.8 0.4
Compostela Valley 708 119.3 1.0 117.3 121.2 0.8 75.2 0.5 74.2 76.1 0.6
Davao del Norte 873 116.4 1.0 114.5 118.3 0.8 76.7 0.6 75.6 77.9 0.8
Davao del Sur 2435 118.9 0.6 117.6 120.1 0.5 76.4 0.4 75.6 77.2 0.5
Davao Oriental 554 118.7 1.9 114.9 122.5 1.6 76.3 0.8 74.7 77.9 1.1
SOCCSKSARGEN 2 4,490 118.3 0.4 117.4 119.1 0.4 76.6 0.4 75.9 77.4 0.5
North Cotabato 1548 118.5 0.8 117.0 120.0 0.7 75.5 0.6 74.3 76.8 0.8
Sarangani 443 118.0 1.0 116.0 120.0 0.9 77.4 0.8 75.8 79.0 1.1
South Cotabato 1620 118.8 0.6 117.6 120.0 0.5 77.3 0.6 76.1 78.5 0.8
Sultan Kudarat 879 116.8 1.1 114.7 118.9 0.9 76.9 0.9 75.1 78.7 1.2
CARAGA 4,041 117.5 0.4 116.7 118.4 0.4 75.7 0.3 75.0 76.3 0.4
Agusan del Norte 1132 117.9 0.9 116.2 119.6 0.7 76.0 0.9 74.3 77.7 1.1
Agusan del Sur 992 116.4 1.0 114.5 118.3 0.8 75.2 0.5 74.2 76.2 0.7
Surigao del Norte 935 118.6 0.8 117.1 120.2 0.7 76.2 0.6 75.1 77.3 0.8
Surigao del Sur 982 117.2 0.6 116.0 118.5 0.5 75.2 0.4 74.4 76.0 0.5
ARMM 4 3,331 117.5 0.5 116.5 118.4 0.4 76.8 0.4 76.1 77.6 0.5
Basilan 5 228 111.5 1.2 109.1 114.0 1.1 78.5 0.6 77.3 79.7 0.8
Lanao del Sur 1127 119.6 0.8 118.0 121.3 0.7 75.6 0.7 74.2 77.0 0.9
Maguindanao 1326 117.2 0.6 116.0 118.4 0.5 76.5 0.5 75.4 77.5 0.7
Sulu 427 119.7 0.8 118.1 121.3 0.7 77.9 1.2 75.6 80.3 1.5
Tawi-Tawi 317 111.8 1.7 108.4 115.1 1.5 78.1 0.4 77.4 78.9 0.5
Note: Prevalences between provinces are significantly different if the confidence intervals (CIs) do not overlap with each other. CVs that are ≤20 are
acceptable estimates for the province.
1Although administratively City of Isabela is the capital of the province of Basilan, it is not part of the ARMM and is placed under Zamboanga Peninsula
Region. However, in generating provincial estimates, the city is included in the province of Basilan.
2Cotabato City is the regional center of ARMM but the city is actually part of SOCCSKSARGEN and does not belong to the ARMM. Thus, in generating
provincial estimates, Cotabato City is classified under the province of Cotabato.

3National Capital Region includes all the four districts and cities therein.
4excluding the Cities of Isabela and Cotabato
5including the City of Isabela

Appendix 4. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by BP classification, using single-visit
BP measurement, by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
BP Classification
Place of
Residence/ n Hypertension Hypertension
Normal Pre-hypertension
Wealth Quintile Stage 1 Stage 2
(<120/<80) (120-139/80-89)
(140-159/90-99) (>160/>100)
All
Poorest 17,749 45.1 35.0 13.2 6.7
Poor 18,855 42.8 34.9 14.2 8.1
Middle 18,160 40.6 35.1 15.0 9.3
Rich 16,865 38.9 34.8 17.3 9.0
Richest 16,676 36.6 37.2 17.8 8.5
Rural 50,777 41.6 35.8 14.5 8.1
Poorest 14,991 45.1 35.5 12.8 6.6
Poor 13,435 42.3 35.2 14.3 8.2
Middle 10,233 39.5 36.0 14.9 9.5
Rich 6,867 38.1 36.5 16.8 8.7
Richest 4,805 38.4 36.5 16.4 8.8
Urban 38,199 39.6 35.2 16.5 8.7
Poorest 2,758 45.1 32.7 15.1 7.1
Poor 5,420 43.7 34.4 14.1 7.8
Middle 7,927 41.7 34.1 15.0 9.1
Rich 9,998 39.3 33.9 17.6 9.2
Richest 11,871 36.0 37.4 18.2 8.4
Appendix 5. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by BP classification, using single-visit
BP measurement, by province and region: Philippines, 2015
BP Classification**
Region /Province n Hypertension Hypertension
Pre-Hypertension
Normal (<120/<80) Stage 1 Stage 2
(120-139/ 80-89)
(140-159/90-99) (>160/>100)
Philippines 88,976 40.6 35.5 15.5 8.4
NCR 3 8,079 39.5 35.4 16.5 8.6
District I 1063 44.4 35.5 13.7 6.4
District II 2818 37.9 35.0 18.2 8.9
District III 2064 39.3 34.4 16.7 9.6
District IV 2134 39.9 36.7 15.2 8.2
CAR 3,489 34.5 39.0 18.3 8.2
Abra 677 33.8 41.1 18.4 6.7
Apayao 264 43.7 43.3 9.1 3.9
Benguet 1341 30.2 39.7 21.5 8.5
Ifugao 407 38.9 36.2 15.1 9.8
Kalinga 459 40.5 34.8 14.8 9.9
Mountain Province 341 36.6 37.5 17.8 8.0
Ilocos Region 5394 39.0 38.5 14.9 7.6
Ilocos Norte 761 37.7 42.8 12.5 7.1
Ilocos Sur 745 38.0 34.3 19.8 7.9
La Union 969 42.8 38.1 13.0 6.2
Pangasinan 2919 38.4 38.6 14.9 8.0
Cagayan Valley 5,136 40.0 34.2 16.1 9.7
Batanes
Cagayan 1784 41.7 34.2 15.5 8.6
Isabela 2523 39.2 34.3 16.2 10.3
Nueva Vizcaya 599 39.6 33.9 16.7 9.8
Quirino 230 37.9 33.5 17.4 11.2

BP Classification**
Pre-Hypertension
(120-139/ 80-89)
(140-159/90-99) (>160/>100)
Central Luzon 7,650 36.8 35.8 18.6 8.8
Aurora 123 39.9 39.1 16.5 4.5
Bataan 442 43.7 35.6 12.2 8.4
Bulacan 2154 36.8 35.5 19.9 7.8
Nueva Ecija 1800 35.8 35.6 18.5 10.1
Pampanga 1648 36.7 36.1 18.7 8.4
Tarlac 1054 33.7 37.0 19.3 10.0
Zambales 429 39.8 34.0 16.0 10.1
CALABARZON 9,101 39.4 36.1 15.5 9.1
Batangas 1761 42.6 37.0 13.4 7.0
Cavite 2167 37.0 39.4 15.9 7.7
Laguna 2091 39.4 32.7 17.4 10.6
Quezon 1432 37.2 36.1 15.6 11.1
Rizal 1650 41.0 34.9 14.5 9.6
MIMAROPA 2,707 41.0 34.8 14.7 9.5
Marinduque 331 27.7 36.3 18.2 17.9
Occidental Mindoro 408 40.5 29.5 18.9 11.1
Oriental Mindoro 746 47.1 37.5 11.1 4.3
Palawan 875 42.0 35.1 12.9 10.1
Romblon 347 37.3 33.5 19.5 9.6
Bicol Region 5,748 39.3 34.5 16.4 9.8
Albay 1310 38.2 34.8 17.4 9.5
Camarines Norte 625 38.2 34.1 18.6 9.1
Camarines Sur 1772 39.4 35.4 15.8 9.5
Catanduanes 299 37.9 36.1 13.3 12.6
Masbate 831 43.7 32.2 15.1 9.1
Sorsogon 911 37.8 34.4 16.7 11.1
Western Visayas 6,636 43.2 33.1 14.7 9.0
Aklan 418 36.3 37.1 15.1 11.5
Antique 448 40.0 33.6 17.0 9.4
Capiz 808 42.2 33.3 15.4 9.1
Guimaras 143 56.9 22.3 12.9 7.9
Iloilo 2336 41.5 35.2 15.2 8.1
Negros Occidental 2483 45.9 31.0 13.7 9.3
Central Visayas 5,723 43.5 35.1 13.4 8.0
Bohol 1067 45.5 33.6 13.4 7.4
Cebu 3226 42.9 36.0 13.1 8.1
Negros Oriental 1288 43.1 33.9 14.8 8.2
Siquijor 142 52.2 33.9 7.4 6.5
Eastern Visayas 5,171 42.7 38.2 11.7 7.4
Biliran 274 38.1 36.1 13.9 11.9
Eastern Samar 539 41.0 42.7 11.2 5.1
Leyte 2505 43.6 38.6 11.4 6.4
Northern Samar 613 36.5 38.3 13.7 11.4
Southern Leyte 432 52.6 29.1 10.4 7.9
Western Samar 808 41.5 40.0 11.6 7.0
Zamboanga Peninsula 1 3,541 41.4 33.4 16.4 8.7
Zamboanga del Norte 1131 40.8 32.5 17.1 9.6
Zamboanga del Sur 1732 41.6 34.5 15.8 8.2
Zamboanga Sibugay 584 42.9 33.7 15.5 7.9
Northern Mindanao 4,169 43.4 32.6 15.4 8.6
Bukidnon 1252 43.1 33.2 14.4 9.3
Camiguin 104 41.4 32.5 15.9 10.2
Lanao del Norte 830 48.1 32.3 13.3 6.3
Misamis Occidental 572 39.4 36.7 15.3 8.6
Misamis Oriental 1411 42.7 30.7 17.4 9.2

BP Classification**
Pre-Hypertension
(120-139/ 80-89)
(140-159/90-99) (>160/>100)
Davao Region 4,570 44.0 34.9 13.5 7.6
Compostela Valley 708 46.9 31.9 12.5 8.6
Davao del Norte 873 41.2 38.4 13.3 7.0
Davao del Sur 2435 44.2 34.0 14.3 7.5
Davao Oriental 554 43.7 37.3 11.0 7.9
SOCCSKSARGEN 2 4,490 42.9 35.5 14.2 7.3
North Cotabato 1548 43.8 36.7 13.3 6.3
Sarangani 443 40.4 36.0 15.3 8.3
South Cotabato 1620 42.2 34.5 14.4 9.0
Sultan Kudarat 879 44.1 35.3 15.0 5.6
CARAGA 4,041 45.1 34.8 13.9 6.2
Agusan del Norte 1132 43.6 33.2 16.1 7.1
Agusan del Sur 992 46.7 35.9 11.6 5.8
Surigao del Norte 935 43.6 35.5 14.1 6.9
Surigao del Sur 982 46.9 34.6 13.6 4.9
ARMM 4 3,331 40.5 38.7 15.5 5.3
Basilan 5 228 42.2 29.7 19.3 8.8
Lanao del Sur 1127 46.1 33.5 12.7 7.7
Maguindanao 1326 45.4 34.0 15.8 4.9
Sulu 427 29.1 49.8 17.9 3.2
Tawi-Tawi 317 37.6 42.0 15.8 4.7
Note: Prevalences between provinces are significantly different if the confidence intervals (CIs) do not overlap from each other. CVs that are ≤20 are
acceptable estimates for the province.
** JNC VII (included pregnant and lactating)
1Although administratively City of Isabela is the capital of the province of Basilan, it is not part of the ARMM and is placed under Zamboanga Peninsula Region.
However, in generating provincial estimates, the city is included in the province of Basilan
2Cotabato City is the regional center of ARMM but the city is actually part of SOCCSKSARGEN and does not belong to the ARMM. Thus, in generating
provincial estimates, Cotabato City is classified under the province of Cotabato.

3National Capital Region includes all the four districts and cities therein
4excluding the Cities of Isabela and Cotabato
5including the City of Isabela

Appendix 6. Percent distribution of treatment/advice given to adults, 20.0 years old and over, with
previous history of hypertension, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
% of Receiving Treatment/Advice for Hypertension

Age group/Sex n Weight Stop Stop Alcohol
Diet Exercise Drugs
loss Smoking Drinking
All 86,421 71.6 40.3 28.9 29.5 54.2 66.5
20.0-29.9 18,370 49.7 28.1 21.0 23.0 37.2 28.0
30.0-39.9 17,121 61.9 38.8 27.2 28.8 46.7 47.8
40.0-49.9 18,325 71.6 44.7 28.9 30.6 54.8 63.2
50.0-59.9 16,079 75.4 44.4 31.3 32.9 58.4 72.8
60.0-69.9 10,232 76.8 40.1 30.7 29.7 59.1 78.3
> 70.0 6,294 77.1 32.5 26.9 24.1 54.1 80.8
Male 39,645 67.5 37.4 41.7 44.5 52.9 62.1
20.0-29.9 8,904 47.9 25.4 26.6 30.0 36.9 27.2
30.0-39.9 7,696 60.1 36.5 39.0 41.8 47.7 46.8
40.0-49.9 8,606 67.7 40.9 41.9 45.3 53.5 58.8
50.0-59.9 7,438 71.7 40.8 45.6 51.0 55.8 69.3
60.0-69.9 4,599 71.4 37.0 45.1 46.1 57.4 72.9
> 70.0 2,402 74.2 31.9 40.1 38.5 55.4 78.2
Female 46,776 74.4 42.4 20.0 19.0 55.2 69.5
20.0-29.9 9,466 51.4 30.8 15.7 16.2 37.5 28.8
30.0-39.9 9,425 63.2 40.6 18.1 18.7 46.0 48.7
40.0-49.9 9,719 74.4 47.4 20.0 20.3 55.7 66.3
50.0-59.9 8,641 78.1 47.1 21.2 20.0 60.2 75.3
60.0-69.9 5,633 80.4 42.1 21.1 18.9 60.1 81.9
> 70.0 3,892 78.6 32.7 19.9 16.6 53.5 82.2
Appendix 7. Percent distribution of compliance to treatment/advice given to adults, 20.0 years old and
over, with previous history of hypertension, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
% of Compliance to Treatment/Advice
Age group/Sex n Weight Stop Stop Drinking
Diet Exercise Drugs
loss Smoking Alcohol
All 18,337 56.6 30.3 10.1 12.3 41.8 54.4
20.0-29.9 871 35.0 19.7 7.0 9.5 27.2 16.2
30.0-39.9 1912 46.5 27.1 8.9 12.0 32.5 34.1
40.0-49.9 3854 54.9 32.6 9.2 11.9 41.8 49.2
50.0-59.9 4904 59.2 33.4 10.9 13.9 45.1 60.8
60.0-69.9 4115 63.5 31.6 11.6 13.3 47.8 68.0
> 70.0 2681 65.4 26.8 10.4 10.3 43.5 71.2
Male 7,310 51.3 27.9 18.9 23.7 42.0 49.2
20.0-29.9 448 32.3 16.6 8.5 12.0 28.6 14.4
30.0-39.9 819 43.1 25.7 15.5 20.4 34.0 32.6
40.0-49.9 1579 49.9 29.8 17.6 22.7 43.3 43.1
50.0-59.9 1993 54.0 30.3 20.8 27.3 44.0 56.9
60.0-69.9 1585 57.5 29.7 23.5 28.1 46.8 61.7
> 70.0 886 61.4 26.2 20.9 22.4 46.2 68.9
Female 11,027 60.3 32.0 3.9 4.4 41.7 58.1
20.0-29.9 423 37.7 22.7 5.6 7.0 25.9 17.8
30.0-39.9 1093 49.1 28.2 3.9 5.5 31.3 35.3
40.0-49.9 2275 58.4 34.6 3.3 4.4 40.7 53.4
50.0-59.9 2911 63.0 35.7 3.8 4.4 45.9 63.6
60.0-69.9 2530 67.5 32.8 3.7 3.5 48.5 72.1
> 70.0 1795 67.5 27.1 4.9 4.0 42.0 72.5

Appendix 8. Percent distribution of source of treatment/advice given to adults, 20.0 years old and over,
with previous history of hypertension, by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
% of Source of Advice
Background
n Nutritionist- Medical
characteristics Doctor Nurse Dentist Midwife BHW Others
Dietitian Technologist
All 18,337 71.6 12.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 7.3 6.1 2.1
20.0-29.9 871 46.9 28.8 0.3 0.4 0.2 10.1 8.2 5.0
30.0-39.9 1,912 56.5 20.4 0.1 0.5 0.3 10.5 8.3 3.5
40.0-49.9 3,854 68.2 12.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 8.4 7.3 2.3
50.0-59.9 4,904 75.8 9.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 6.9 5.6 1.7
60.0-69.9 4,115 80.7 7.7 0.0 0.2 0.2 5.0 4.9 1.3
> 70.0 2,681 83.4 6.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 5.2 3.6 0.9
Male 7,310 69.2 14.8 0.1 0.4 0.3 6.5 6.2 2.5
20.0-29.9 448 45.3 33.0 0.3 0.9 0.0 5.8 9.1 5.7
30.0-39.9 819 54.3 24.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 8.8 8.3 3.7
40.0-49.9 1,579 66.4 16.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 7.3 6.5 2.7
50.0-59.9 1,993 74.4 10.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 6.6 5.6 2.1
60.0-69.9 1,585 79.2 8.9 0.0 0.2 0.3 4.7 5.2 1.4
> 70.0 886 82.1 7.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 5.7 3.4 1.4
Female 11,027 73.2 10.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 7.9 6.1 1.8
20.0-29.9 423 48.5 24.8 0.4 0.0 0.5 14.2 7.4 4.3
30.0-39.9 1,093 58.1 17.6 0.1 0.4 0.3 11.8 8.4 3.3
40.0-49.9 2,275 69.4 10.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 9.2 7.8 2.0
50.0-59.9 2,911 76.8 8.6 0.0 0.3 0.3 7.1 5.5 1.4
60.0-69.9 2,530 81.7 7.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 5.2 4.6 1.2
> 70.0 1,795 84.1 6.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 5.0 3.7 0.7
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 2,420 56.0 11.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 18.9 10.8 1.9
Poor 3,405 64.3 12.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 12.6 8.2 2.1
Middle 3,824 68.9 13.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 7.6 7.1 2.0
Rich 4,060 73.6 12.6 0.1 0.4 0.3 4.6 5.8 2.7
Richest 4,616 82.2 11.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 1.7 2.6 1.8
Rural 9,461 68.9 10.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 11.3 7.4 1.5
Poorest 1,984 55.6 10.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 20.2 11.2 1.7
Poor 2393 64.3 10.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 15.0 8.5 1.6
Middle 2,132 71.3 10.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 9.4 7.2 1.5
Rich 1,652 73.5 12.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 6.1 6.0 1.6
Richest 1,300 85.7 8.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.0 2.5 1.2
Urban 8,864 73.6 13.7 0.2 0.4 0.3 4.3 5.1 2.5
Poorest 436 57.7 15.8 0.3 0.3 0.0 14.0 9.3 2.7
Poor 1,012 64.5 16.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 8.3 7.6 3.1
Middle 1,692 66.7 17.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 6.0 7.0 2.4
Rich 2,408 73.6 12.8 0.1 0.5 0.3 3.9 5.6 3.2
Richest 3,316 81.2 11.8 0.1 0.4 0.3 1.6 2.6 1.9

% of Source of Advice
Background
n Nutritionist- Medical
characteristics Doctor Nurse Dentist Midwife BHW Others
Dietitian Technologist
Region
NCR 2,076 69.1 18.4 0.4 0.7 0.3 2.3 5.6 3.2
CAR 823 71.2 11.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 7.8 4.2 4.1
Ilocos Region 1,232 73.0 14.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 5.5 3.4 3.8
Cagayan Valley 1,209 68.2 14.8 0.1 0.2 0.5 13.2 1.9 1.1
Central Luzon 1,642 81.9 9.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.7 3.4 1.3
CALABARZON 2,063 68.0 15.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 4.0 9.2 2.6
MIMAROPA 602 65.6 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 10.3 13.4 2.2
Bicol Region 1,095 67.6 9.6 0.1 0.3 0.6 11.5 7.9 2.4
Western Visayas 1,456 79.8 6.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 9.4 3.4 1.2
Central Visayas 1,224 72.4 8.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 10.2 7.4 1.0
Eastern Visayas 1,010 69.8 9.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 10.9 8.0 1.1
Zamboanga Peninsula 549 74.4 9.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 13.4 2.5 0.4
Northern Mindanao 774 67.4 10.2 0.0 0.6 0.0 10.7 9.3 1.9
Davao Region 830 73.2 8.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 8.9 7.6 1.4
SOCCSKSARGEN 651 71.2 9.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 12.4 6.2 0.8
ARMM 378 57.3 15.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 19.1 5.1 2.5
Caraga 723 64.6 12.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 13.6 7.5 1.6
Appendix 9. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who have seen a traditional healer
and who were taking herbal medicines to treat hypertension, by background characteristics:
Philippines, 2015
Background Have seen a Taking herbal

n
characteristics traditional healer (%) medicines (%)
All 18,337 8.5 23.4
20.0-29.9 871 4.0 6.9

30.0-39.9 1,912 7.5 17.0
40.0-49.9 3,854 9.5 24.2
50.0-59.9 4,904 8.9 27.3
60.0-69.9 4,115 8.6 27.0
> 70.0 2,681 9.2 23.7
Males 7,310 7.8 20.8
20.0-29.9 448 2.4 6.2
30.0-39.9 819 8.2 15.8
40.0-49.9 1,579 8.6 21.1
50.0-59.9 1,993 8.0 25.1
60.0-69.9 1,585 8.0 24.4
> 70.0 886 8.7 20.0
Females 11,027 9.0 25.3
20.0-29.9 423 5.5 7.6
30.0-39.9 1,093 6.9 18.0
40.0-49.9 2,275 10.2 26.3
50.0-59.9 2,911 9.5 28.9
60.0-69.9 2,530 9.1 28.8
> 70.0 1,795 9.5 25.6

Background Have seen a Taking herbal
n
characteristics traditional healer (%) medicines (%)
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 2,420 12.0 32.1
Poor 3,405 10.1 26.0
Middle 3,824 9.0 24.5
Rich 4,060 7.9 20.3
Richest 4,616 6.4 20.3
Rural 9,461 9.9 27.0
Poorest 1,984 12.2 32.4
Poor 2,393 10.2 27.7
Middle 2,132 10.3 27.5
Rich 1,652 9.7 23.4
Richest 1,300 6.2 22.4
Urban 8,864 7.4 20.6
Poorest 436 11.3 30.7
Poor 1,012 9.8 23.0
Middle 1,692 7.7 21.6
Rich 2,408 7.0 18.7
Richest 3,316 6.5 19.7
Region
NCR 2,076 7.2 15.2
CAR 823 6.4 16.8
Ilocos Region 1,232 7.7 20.5
Cagayan Valley 1,209 5.8 20.0
Central Luzon 1,642 6.5 21.8
CALABARZON 2,063 9.0 22.4
MIMAROPA 602 11.4 27.3
Bicol Region 1,095 14.9 33.4
Western Visayas 1,456 5.5 19.0
Central Visayas 1,224 9.7 25.1
Eastern Visayas 1,010 10.0 29.8
Zamboanga
549 9.3 32.7
Peninsula
Northern Mindanao 774 8.3 37.9
Davao Region 830 10.0 32.8
SOCCSKSARGEN 651 11.1 26.6
ARMM 378 15.5 31.5
Caraga 723 8.7 34.1

Appendix 10. Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by smoking status, age group,
Smoking status
Age Never Current Former
n
group/Sex 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL LL UL
All 9,255 90.3 0.4 89.5 91.1 0.4 5.5 0.3 4.9 6.1 5.5 4.2 0.3 3.7 4.8 6.3
10-12.9 3,138 97.8 0.3 97.1 98.4 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.1 22.5 1.5 0.3 0.9 2.0 18.9
13-15.9 3,128 94.0 0.5 93.1 95.0 0.5 2.7 0.3 2.0 3.3 12.1 3.3 0.3 2.6 3.9 10.2
16-17.9 1,674 83.1 1.0 81.1 85.1 1.2 9.6 0.8 8.0 11.1 8.2 7.3 0.8 5.8 8.8 10.3
18-19.9 1,315 74.1 1.3 71.6 76.6 1.7 17.1 1.1 15.0 19.3 6.3 8.8 0.8 7.1 10.4 9.5
Male 4,787 84.8 0.6 83.6 86.0 0.7 9.4 0.5 8.4 10.4 5.3 5.8 0.4 5.0 6.6 6.7
10-12.9 1,589 97.1 0.5 96.1 98.0 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.3 28.9 2.1 0.4 1.2 2.9 20.8
13-15.9 1,654 90.4 0.8 88.8 92.0 0.9 4.6 0.6 3.4 5.8 12.9 5.0 0.5 3.9 6.0 10.9
16-17.9 873 73.7 1.6 70.7 76.8 2.1 16.4 1.3 13.9 18.9 7.9 9.9 1.1 7.7 12.1 11.5
18-19.9 671 57.7 2.0 53.9 61.6 3.4 31.2 1.9 27.5 35.0 6.1 11.0 1.3 8.5 13.6 11.8
Female 4,468 96.0 0.4 95.3 96.7 0.4 1.4 0.2 1.0 1.8 15.1 2.6 0.3 2.0 3.2 11.4
10-12.9 1,549 98.4 0.4 97.7 99.2 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.2 36.7 0.8 0.3 0.3 1.4 34.5
13-15.9 1,474 98.0 0.4 97.2 98.7 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 35.8 1.4 0.3 0.8 2.1 23.2
16-17.9 801 92.9 1.1 90.7 95.1 1.2 2.5 0.7 1.1 3.8 28.1 4.6 0.9 2.9 6.3 18.9
18-19.9 644 90.2 1.4 87.5 92.9 1.5 3.3 0.8 1.7 4.9 24.9 6.5 1.2 4.3 8.8 17.7
Appendix 11. Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by smoking status and by place of
residence, wealth quintile, and region: Philippines, 2015
Smoking Status
Background Never Current Former

n
characteristics
95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
LL UL LL UL LL UL
Philippines 9,255 90.3 0.4 89.5 91.1 0.4 5.5 0.3 4.9 6.1 5.5 4.2 0.3 3.7 4.8 6.3
Poorest 2,139 92.9 0.6 91.6 94.1 0.7 4.7 0.5 3.7 5.7 10.6 2.5 0.4 1.7 3.2 16.4
Poor 2,166 90.4 0.8 88.9 91.9 0.8 5.6 0.6 4.6 6.7 9.8 4.0 0.5 3.0 4.9 12.1
Middle 1,897 86.6 1.0 84.6 88.6 1.2 7.7 0.7 6.2 9.2 9.7 5.7 0.6 4.5 6.9 10.7
Rich 1,687 91.0 0.8 89.5 92.6 0.9 4.6 0.6 3.4 5.7 12.4 4.4 0.6 3.2 5.6 13.6
Richest 1,357 90.8 0.9 89.0 92.6 1.0 4.5 0.7 3.2 5.8 14.9 4.7 0.7 3.4 6.0 13.9
Rural 5,674 91.6 0.5 90.6 92.6 0.5 4.8 0.3 4.1 5.4 7.1 3.6 0.3 3.0 4.3 8.9
Poorest 1,846 93.6 0.6 92.4 94.8 0.7 4.4 0.5 3.5 5.4 11.0 2.0 0.4 1.3 2.7 19.0
Poor 1,583 90.7 0.9 89.0 92.5 1.0 5.2 0.6 4.0 6.4 12.1 4.1 0.6 3.0 5.2 14.0
Middle 1,079 88.6 1.2 86.2 91.1 1.4 5.8 0.8 4.2 7.3 13.6 5.6 0.9 3.8 7.3 16.0
Rich 735 92.8 1.0 90.8 94.8 1.1 4.0 0.8 2.4 5.6 20.7 3.2 0.7 1.9 4.5 20.5
Richest 428 91.8 1.4 89.0 94.7 1.6 3.7 1.0 1.7 5.7 27.5 4.5 1.0 2.5 6.5 22.8
Urban 3,581 88.8 0.7 87.4 90.1 0.7 6.3 0.5 5.3 7.3 8.1 4.9 0.4 4.1 5.8 8.7
Poorest 293 89.1 2.1 85.0 93.2 2.4 6.1 1.6 2.9 9.3 26.6 4.8 1.5 1.9 7.7 30.6
Poor 583 89.7 1.4 86.9 92.5 1.6 6.6 1.1 4.4 8.7 16.6 3.7 0.9 2.0 5.4 23.3
Middle 818 84.6 1.5 81.6 87.6 1.8 9.6 1.3 7.1 12.0 13.1 5.8 0.8 4.2 7.4 14.1
Rich 952 90.0 1.1 87.8 92.2 1.2 4.9 0.8 3.4 6.4 15.8 5.1 0.9 3.4 6.8 16.9
Richest 929 90.4 1.2 88.1 92.7 1.3 4.8 0.8 3.1 6.4 17.5 4.8 0.8 3.2 6.4 17.1


Smoking Status

n
characteristics
95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
LL UL LL UL LL UL
Region
NCR 725 83.4 1.6 80.3 86.5 1.9 9.7 1.3 7.1 12.3 13.6 6.9 1.1 4.8 9.0 15.6
CAR 316 89.6 2.3 85.1 94.2 2.6 3.8 1.3 1.3 6.3 33.7 6.6 1.7 3.2 9.9 26.1
Ilocos Region 492 91.9 1.0 89.8 93.9 1.1 3.8 0.8 2.2 5.4 20.9 4.3 0.8 2.7 6.0 19.2
Cagayan Valley 414 88.5 2.0 84.7 92.4 2.2 4.7 0.9 2.8 6.6 20.1 6.8 1.8 3.2 10.3 26.4
Central Luzon 748 91.2 1.4 88.5 93.9 1.5 5.0 0.6 3.7 6.3 13.0 3.8 1.1 1.7 5.9 27.7
CALABARZON 879 91.4 1.0 89.4 93.4 1.1 4.5 0.7 3.0 6.0 16.6 4.1 0.6 2.9 5.3 15.1
MIMAROPA 233 93.9 1.3 91.4 96.5 1.4 5.3 1.0 3.3 7.3 18.8 0.8 0.5 -0.3 1.8 69.9
Bicol Region 841 91.8 1.4 88.9 94.6 1.6 5.8 1.0 3.8 7.9 17.5 2.4 0.8 0.9 3.9 31.9
Western Visayas 743 85.6 1.4 82.9 88.3 1.6 7.0 1.2 4.7 9.2 16.8 7.5 1.1 5.3 9.6 14.8
Central Visayas 591 91.5 1.2 89.1 94.0 1.4 4.6 1.0 2.7 6.5 21.3 3.9 0.6 2.6 5.1 16.2
Eastern Visayas 572 90.3 1.4 87.6 92.9 1.5 5.5 0.8 3.9 7.2 14.8 4.2 1.3 1.6 6.8 31.6
Zamboanga Peninsula 365 94.1 1.4 91.3 96.9 1.5 3.5 1.0 1.5 5.5 29.2 2.4 0.9 0.7 4.1 36.3
Northern Mindanao 469 92.6 1.3 90.1 95.1 1.4 4.6 1.0 2.6 6.7 22.4 2.8 0.9 0.9 4.6 33.5
Davao Region 423 90.2 2.4 85.5 94.9 2.6 6.4 2.0 2.5 10.3 31.3 3.4 0.8 1.8 4.9 23.4
SOCCSKSARGEN 436 94.0 1.4 91.2 96.8 1.5 3.6 1.0 1.6 5.7 28.7 2.4 0.9 0.6 4.1 37.4
ARMM 526 94.2 1.0 92.2 96.2 1.1 3.9 1.0 1.9 5.9 26.4 1.9 0.6 0.6 3.1 33.6
Caraga 482 95.4 1.0 93.5 97.4 1.1 2.3 0.6 1.1 3.5 26.1 2.2 0.9 0.5 4.0 40.6
Appendix 12. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smoking status, age group, and
Smoking status
Sex/Age Never Current Former
n
Group 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
LL UL LL UL LL UL
All 21,954 63.7 0.5 62.7 64.6 0.8 23.3 0.4 22.6 24.1 1.7 13.0 0.3 12.4 13.6 2.5
20-29.9 4,832 65.7 0.8 64.0 67.3 1.3 25.0 0.7 23.6 26.4 2.8 9.3 0.5 8.3 10.3 5.4
30-39.9 4,308 65.4 0.8 63.8 67.0 1.3 23.9 0.7 22.6 25.2 2.8 10.7 0.6 9.6 11.8 5.2
40-49.9 4,652 64.3 0.8 62.7 65.9 1.3 23.4 0.7 22.0 24.7 3.0 12.3 0.5 11.3 13.4 4.3
50-59.9 4,038 60.8 0.9 59.1 62.5 1.5 23.6 0.7 22.2 25.1 3.2 15.5 0.7 14.3 16.8 4.2
60-69.9 2,506 59.6 1.1 57.5 61.8 1.8 21.2 0.9 19.4 23.0 4.4 19.2 0.8 17.6 20.8 4.3
>70.0 1,618 59.5 1.3 56.9 62.0 2.1 15.8 0.9 14.0 17.6 5.9 24.8 1.1 22.6 26.9 4.4
Males 10,162 36.5 0.7 35.2 37.9 1.9 42.8 0.6 41.6 44.0 1.4 20.7 0.5 19.6 21.7 2.6
20-29.9 2,406 42.4 1.2 40.1 44.8 2.8 45.5 1.1 43.3 47.7 2.4 12.1 0.8 10.5 13.6 6.7
30-39.9 1,980 36.8 1.3 34.3 39.2 3.4 46.4 1.2 43.9 48.8 2.7 16.9 0.9 15.1 18.6 5.3
40-49.9 2,157 35.6 1.2 33.2 37.9 3.4 43.2 1.2 40.8 45.5 2.8 21.3 0.9 19.4 23.1 4.4
50-59.9 1,884 32.3 1.3 29.8 34.8 4.0 42.0 1.2 39.6 44.3 2.8 25.7 1.2 23.4 28.0 4.5
60-69.9 1,121 31.7 1.6 28.6 34.8 5.0 35.9 1.5 32.9 38.9 4.3 32.4 1.5 29.4 35.5 4.8
>70.0 614 30.9 2.0 26.9 34.8 6.5 24.5 1.8 20.9 28.1 7.5 44.6 2.1 40.5 48.7 4.7
Females 11,792 86.7 0.5 85.8 87.6 0.5 6.8 0.3 6.1 7.5 5.0 6.5 0.3 5.9 7.1 4.8
20-29.9 2,426 86.5 0.9 84.8 88.2 1.0 6.6 0.6 5.3 7.8 9.6 6.9 0.6 5.7 8.1 8.6
30-39.9 2,328 89.1 0.8 87.5 90.6 0.9 5.3 0.6 4.1 6.5 11.4 5.6 0.6 4.5 6.7 10.3
40-49.9 2,495 89.1 0.8 87.6 90.6 0.8 6.2 0.6 5.0 7.4 9.8 4.6 0.4 3.8 5.5 9.5
50-59.9 2,154 85.7 0.8 84.1 87.4 1.0 7.6 0.7 6.3 8.9 8.7 6.7 0.6 5.5 7.8 8.8
60-69.9 1,385 82.7 1.2 80.3 85.1 1.4 9.0 0.8 7.4 10.7 9.4 8.3 0.8 6.7 9.8 9.6
>70.0 1,004 78.7 1.3 76.0 81.3 1.7 9.9 1.0 8.0 11.8 9.7 11.5 1.0 9.4 13.5 9.0

Appendix 13. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smoking status and background
Smoking Status
n
characteristics 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
LL UL LL UL LL UL
Philippines 21,954 63.7 0.5 62.7 64.6 0.8 23.3 0.4 22.6 24.1 1.7 13.0 0.3 12.4 13.6 2.5
Poorest 4,298 59.8 1.1 57.5 62.0 1.9 29.1 1.0 27.1 31.0 3.4 11.2 0.6 10.0 12.3 5.2
Poor 4,470 61.2 1.0 59.3 63.1 1.6 26.6 0.9 24.9 28.2 3.2 12.3 0.6 11.1 13.4 4.6
Middle 4,603 63.1 0.9 61.3 64.9 1.4 23.8 0.8 22.2 25.4 3.4 13.1 0.6 12.0 14.3 4.4
Rich 4,515 65.2 0.8 63.6 66.8 1.3 21.2 0.7 19.9 22.6 3.2 13.6 0.6 12.4 14.7 4.3
Richest 4,036 67.9 1.1 65.8 70.0 1.6 17.9 0.9 16.2 19.6 4.8 14.2 0.7 12.7 15.6 5.2
Rural 13,036 64.5 0.7 63.2 65.7 1.0 23.5 0.5 22.5 24.5 2.2 12.1 0.4 11.3 12.8 3.2
Poorest 3,716 60.4 1.3 57.9 62.9 2.1 28.7 1.1 26.6 30.9 3.8 10.9 0.7 9.6 12.2 6.2
Poor 3,307 62.7 1.2 60.3 65.1 1.9 25.2 1.1 23.1 27.4 4.3 12.1 0.6 10.9 13.3 5.2
Middle 2,666 63.6 1.1 61.5 65.7 1.7 23.0 1.0 21.0 25.1 4.5 13.4 0.8 11.9 14.9 5.7
Rich 2,039 68.8 1.0 66.8 70.8 1.5 19.3 0.9 17.4 21.1 4.9 11.9 0.8 10.3 13.6 7.1
Richest 1,288 73.5 1.5 70.7 76.4 2.0 14.0 1.1 11.8 16.2 8.0 12.5 1.1 10.3 14.6 8.8
Urban 8,918 62.8 0.7 61.4 64.3 1.2 23.1 0.6 22.0 24.3 2.5 14.0 0.5 12.9 15.1 3.9
Poorest 582 56.3 2.4 51.5 61.1 4.3 31.1 2.2 26.7 35.5 7.2 12.6 1.4 9.8 15.4 11.3
Poor 1,163 58.0 1.6 54.8 61.2 2.8 29.4 1.4 26.7 32.1 4.7 12.6 1.2 10.3 14.9 9.2
Middle 1,937 62.6 1.4 59.8 65.4 2.3 24.5 1.3 22.0 27.1 5.3 12.9 0.9 11.2 14.6 6.8
Rich 2,476 63.0 1.2 60.7 65.2 1.8 22.4 0.9 20.6 24.3 4.1 14.6 0.8 13.0 16.1 5.4
Richest 2,748 65.9 1.3 63.3 68.6 2.0 19.3 1.1 17.2 21.4 5.5 14.8 0.9 13.0 16.6 6.3
Region
NCR 1,877 57.8 1.7 54.5 61.1 2.9 27.5 1.3 24.9 30.0 4.7 14.7 1.2 12.4 17.0 7.9
CAR 870 66.9 1.9 63.2 70.7 2.9 15.3 1.9 11.6 19.0 12.3 17.8 1.3 15.3 20.3 7.1
Ilocos Region 1,271 63.8 1.7 60.5 67.1 2.7 22.0 1.2 19.6 24.4 5.5 14.2 1.3 11.7 16.8 9.3
Cagayan Valley 1,179 59.2 2.9 53.5 64.9 4.9 24.9 1.2 22.5 27.3 4.9 16.0 2.2 11.7 20.2 13.6
Central Luzon 1,868 66.7 1.5 63.7 69.6 2.2 24.9 1.3 22.3 27.6 5.4 8.4 0.7 7.1 9.8 8.1
CALABARZON 2,173 61.5 1.2 59.2 63.8 1.9 23.3 1.0 21.4 25.2 4.1 15.1 1.1 13.0 17.3 7.4
MIMAROPA 501 63.6 2.6 58.5 68.8 4.1 22.4 1.5 19.4 25.4 6.7 14.0 2.0 10.1 17.8 14.1
Bicol Region 1,562 63.6 1.6 60.4 66.8 2.5 22.4 1.1 20.2 24.5 4.9 14.1 1.0 12.0 16.1 7.4
Western Visayas 1,883 59.3 1.9 55.6 63.0 3.1 25.8 1.7 22.4 29.2 6.7 14.9 1.0 13.0 16.8 6.5
Central Visayas 1,338 66.9 1.8 63.3 70.5 2.8 20.7 1.6 17.5 23.9 7.9 12.4 0.9 10.7 14.2 7.2
Eastern Visayas 1,321 62.9 1.8 59.3 66.5 2.9 21.9 1.7 18.4 25.3 8.0 15.2 1.0 13.3 17.1 6.3
Northern Mindanao 1,074 68.6 2.1 64.6 72.7 3.0 18.9 1.4 16.2 21.7 7.4 12.4 2.1 8.4 16.5 16.6
Davao Region 1,025 65.2 2.0 61.2 69.2 3.1 23.1 1.7 19.8 26.5 7.3 11.7 0.8 10.0 13.3 7.3
SOCCSKSARGEN 1,167 67.8 1.7 64.5 71.1 2.5 21.4 1.3 18.8 24.0 6.2 10.8 1.2 8.5 13.2 11.2
ARMM 986 72.6 2.3 68.0 77.1 3.2 21.2 1.7 17.8 24.6 8.2 6.2 1.0 4.2 8.2 16.2
Caraga 1,025 65.5 2.2 61.2 69.7 3.3 22.2 1.1 20.1 24.3 4.8 12.3 1.8 8.9 15.8 14.3

Appendix 14. Percent distribution of currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over, by brand of manufactured cigarette used and by background
102
characteristics: Philippines, 2015*
BRAND OF MANUFACTURED CIGARETTE

Background
n Fortune Marlboro Champion Hope Winston More Mighty Jackpot Marvels Winnsboro Dallas Others
characteristics
(n=1,059) (n=681) (n=141) (n=67) (n=81) (n=282) (n=710) (n=533) (n=495) (n=108) (n=51) (n=261)
Philippines 4,469 25.5 20.1 2.2 1.7 2.2 5.0 15.2 10.2 9.3 2.1 0.9 5.6
Sex
Male 3,914 26.2 19.0 2.3 1.5 2.3 5.5 15.6 10.0 9.3 2.2 0.8 5.4
Female 555 21.1 27.4 2.0 2.8 1.4 1.5 12.5 11.8 9.5 1.8 1.7 6.4
Age Group
20.0-29.9 1,152 27.1 33.6 0.4 0.4 2.3 7.4 10.4 5.7 6.1 1.8 0.4 4.5
30.0-39.9 929 26.8 21.5 1.7 1.7 2.4 5.6 14.6 9.1 9.2 2.4 0.4 4.7
40.0-49.9 970 25.0 12.8 3.6 1.9 2.7 4.4 17.1 12.1 10.0 2.4 2.0 5.9
50.0-59.9 849 22.8 11.8 3.3 3.4 1.9 2.3 18.9 14.5 12.4 2.1 0.7 5.9
60.0-69.9 413 24.6 7.1 4.6 1.9 0.5 2.6 19.7 14.7 12.7 1.6 1.2 8.8
>70.0 156 20.4 1.5 3.4 1.9 1.0 1.4 24.5 17.1 13.5 2.8 2.0 10.5
Place of Residence
Rural 2,648 21.4 8.5 3.7 1.1 0.9 7.4 17.8 14.1 14.4 3.6 1.4 5.7
Urban 1,821 29.8 31.9 0.8 2.3 3.4 2.5 12.6 6.2 4.2 0.6 0.3 5.4
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 1,000 17.6 2.6 3.2 0.4 0.3 11.0 18.3 16.3 16.4 4.1 2.6 7.2
Poor 1,010 25.5 7.6 3.0 0.2 1.3 7.0 20.5 13.2 13.5 2.3 0.9 5.0
Middle 987 31.7 14.7 1.6 1.7 2.2 3.8 15.7 11.3 9.4 2.7 0.6 4.5
Rich 852 28.6 30.5 1.7 2.8 3.8 2.0 13.0 6.5 5.1 1.4 0.1 4.5
Richest 608 22.4 48.6 1.5 3.4 3.2 1.5 7.5 3.0 1.7 -- 0.1 7.1
* The mention of products or brand names from certain companies is for information purposes only
and does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the DOST-FNRI.
Appendix 15. Average cigarette expenditure per week among current smokers, 20.0 years old and over,
by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
Cigarette expenditures per week (pesos)

Place of Residence/
n 95% CI
Wealth Quintile Average SE
LL UL
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 1,193 93.9 3.4 87.2 100.7
Poor 1,102 99.7 2.9 94.0 105.3
Middle 1,018 107.3 3.5 100.4 114.2
Rich 871 124.1 3.9 116.5 131.7
Richest 614 152.3 5.6 141.3 163.4
Rural 2,949 107.9 2.6 102.9 112.9
Poorest 1,025 96.2 3.8 88.7 103.8
Poor 787 101.1 3.4 94.3 107.8
Middle 582 111.9 5.2 101.8 122.1
Rich 378 124.4 6.1 112.4 136.4
Richest 168 146.2 9.5 127.6 164.8
Urban 1,861 119.9 2.9 114.3 125.5
Poorest 168 82.7 6.4 70.1 95.4
Poor 315 97.1 5.8 85.7 108.4
Middle 436 102.8 4.6 93.9 111.8
Rich 493 123.9 5.0 114.0 133.8
Richest 446 154.0 6.7 140.9 167.2
Appendix 16. Average number of cigarette sticks last purchased among current smokers, 20.0 years old
and over, by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2015
Cigarette sticks purchased last time

Place of Residence/
n 95% CI
Wealth Quintile Average SE
LL UL
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 1,175 9.5 0.4 8.7 10.4
Poor 1,086 8.8 0.4 8.1 9.5
Middle 1,012 8.6 0.4 7.8 9.3
Rich 869 9.7 0.6 8.6 10.9
Richest 614 12.4 1.1 10.2 14.6
Rural 2,908 9.9 0.3 9.3 10.4
Poorest 1,008 9.7 0.5 8.7 10.6
Poor 770 9.0 0.5 8.1 9.9
Middle 577 10.3 0.6 9.1 11.4
Rich 376 10.8 0.9 9.0 12.6
Richest 168 10.7 0.7 9.3 12.1
Urban 1,860 9.5 0.5 8.5 10.5
Poorest 167 8.9 1.0 7.0 10.7
Poor 316 8.4 0.6 7.2 9.6
Middle 435 7.0 0.5 6.1 7.9
Rich 493 9.1 0.8 7.6 10.7
Richest 446 12.9 1.4 10.1 15.7

Appendix 17. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were current smokers, by age
at smoking initiation and background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
Age at Smoking Initiation (years)

Background
n <15.0 15.0-17.9 18.0-19.9 >20.0
characteristics
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Philippines 4,994 14.8 (13.5, 16.1) 29.9 (28.5, 31.4) 19.0 (17.6, 20.3) 36.3 (34.7, 37.9)
Sex
Male 4,222 15.8 (14.4, 17.2) 32.3 (30.6, 33.9) 19.8 (18.3, 21.4) 32.1 (30.3, 33.8)
Female 772 9.2 (6.9, 11.4) 17.6 (14.4, 20.7) 14.4 (11.7, 17) 58.9 (55, 62.8)
Age Group
20.0-29.9 1,201 16.4 (13.9, 18.8) 36.4 (33.3, 39.4) 25.5 (22.7, 28.3) 21.8 (19.2, 24.3)
30.0-39.9 1,001 12.2 (9.8, 14.7) 30.9 (27.7, 34) 21.1 (18.3, 24) 35.7 (32.5, 39)
40.0-49.9 1,059 13.4 (11.2, 15.6) 28.2 (25.2, 31.2) 17 (14.6, 19.5) 41.4 (38.2, 44.5)
50.0-59.9 951 14.4 (12, 16.8) 24.8 (21.9, 27.7) 12.8 (10.7, 14.9) 47.9 (44.6, 51.3)
60.0-69.9 533 19.2 (15.3, 23.1) 23.5 (20.1, 26.9) 11.7 (9, 14.5) 45.5 (41, 50)
>70.0 249 18.4 (13.3, 23.4) 22.8 (17.5, 28.2) 10.4 (6.5, 14.3) 48.4 (41.9, 54.8)
Place of Residence
Rural 3,028 14.4 (12.8, 15.9) 27.4 (25.7, 29.2) 19.5 (17.9, 21.2) 38.7 (36.7, 40.7)
Urban 1,966 15.2 (13.1, 17.3) 32.6 (30.2, 35) 18.4 (16.3, 20.5) 33.8 (31.3, 36.2)
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 1,230 16.4 (13.9, 18.9) 27.2 (24.8, 29.7) 20.4 (17.9, 22.9) 36 (33.3, 38.6)
Poor 1,141 15.1 (12.7, 17.4) 28 (25.2, 30.9) 18.7 (16.2, 21.2) 38.2 (34.9, 41.5)
Middle 1,044 14.2 (11.8, 16.5) 31 (27.8, 34.1) 18 (15.5, 20.6) 36.8 (33.9, 39.8)
Rich 908 14.7 (12.1, 17.4) 31.7 (28.2, 35.2) 20 (17, 22.9) 33.6 (30.2, 36.9)
Richest 658 13.4 (10, 16.8) 32 (28.2, 35.8) 17.4 (13.9, 20.9) 37.2 (33.2, 41.1)
Appendix 18. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were former smokers, by age at
smoking cessation and by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
Age at Smoking Cessation

Background
n <20 y/o 20-29.9 y/o 30-39.9 y/o 40-49.9 y/o 50-59.9 y/o >60 y/o
characteristics
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Philippines 1,564 11.5 (9.7, 13.4) 26.5 (24.1, 29) 22.2 (19.9, 24.6) 18.7 (16.7, 20.8) 12.1 (10.4, 13.8) 8.9 (7.5, 10.3)
Sex
Male 1,276 11.4 (9.3, 13.4) 25.4 (22.9, 27.8) 23.7 (21.2, 26.2) 19.1 (16.8, 21.4) 12 (10.1, 13.8) 8.5 (6.9, 10.1)
Female 288 12.2 (7.5, 16.8) 31.7 (25.4, 37.9) 15.9 (10.7, 21.1) 17.0 (12.5, 21.5) 12.6 (8.9, 16.2) 10.7 (7.4, 14)
Age Group
20.0-29.9 169 36.4 (29.1, 43.8) 63.6 (56.2, 70.9) -- -- -- --
30.0-39.9 194 16.6 (10.3, 22.9) 43.1 (36.1, 50.2) 40.3 (32.5, 48) -- -- --
40.0-49.9 319 8.9 (5.4, 12.4) 22.7 (17.9, 27.4) 40 (34.1, 45.8) 28.5 (22.7, 34.2) -- --
50.0-59.9 357 5.4 (2.7, 8.1) 16.1 (12.1, 20.1) 20.6 (16, 25.2) 33.2 (28.1, 38.2) 24.8 (20.1, 29.4) --
60.0-69.9 266 4.6 (1.8, 7.4) 10.6 (6.8, 14.4) 11.6 (7.2, 16) 23.4 (18.3, 28.4) 31.5 (25.2, 37.8) 18.3 (13.4, 23.2)
>70.0 259 1.6 (0.2, 3) 10.5 (6.7, 14.2) 12.3 (7.9, 16.6) 15.3 (10.6, 20.1) 15.2 (10.8, 19.6) 45.1 (38.5, 51.8)
Place of Residence
Rural 937 8.8 (6.8, 10.9) 24.3 (21.4, 27.2) 22.1 (19.1, 25) 19.8 (17.3, 22.3) 13.3 (11, 15.7) 11.7 (9.5, 13.8)
Urban 627 14.3 (11.1, 17.4) 28.8 (25.1, 32.6) 22.3 (18.7, 26) 17.6 (14.4, 20.8) 10.8 (8.5, 13.2) 6.1 (4.3, 7.9)
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 285 10.1 (10.9, 14.2) 24.7 (10.9, 29.5) 23.5 (10.9, 29.2) 18.6 (10.9, 23.6) 11.7 (10.9, 15.6) 11.2 (10.9, 15)
Poor 340 12.2 (17.4, 16.2) 23.2 (17.4, 27.9) 18.9 (17.4, 23.4) 20.1 (17.4, 24.6) 14.6 (17.4, 18.4) 11 (17.4, 14.1)
Middle 343 5.9 (23.9, 8.7) 27.9 (23.9, 33.2) 25.2 (23.9, 29.8) 18.4 (23.9, 22.6) 13.6 (23.9, 17.1) 9 (23.9, 12.1)
Rich 316 14.5 (30.4, 19.5) 29.1 (30.4, 34.7) 19.1 (30.4, 24) 18.4 (30.4, 22.7) 11.9 (30.4, 15.6) 6.8 (30.4, 9.5)
Richest 275 14.4 (36.9, 19.2) 26.4 (36.9, 32.4) 24.3 (36.9, 30.9) 18.6 (36.9, 23.9) 8.8 (36.9, 12.3) 7.5 (36.9, 10.3)

Appendix 19. Percent distribution of former smokers, 20.0 years old and over, by reasons for stopping
smoking and by background characteristics: Philippines, 2015
Reasons for stopping smoking

Background To improve To save Family doesn’t Friends do not
n Expensive Law/Policies
characteristics health money like it like it
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
81.2 (79.3-83.1) 6.6 (5.3-7.8) 6.9 (5.6-8.1) 0.2 (0.0-0.5) 4.2 (3.2-5.2) 0.9 (0.5-1.4)
20.0-29.9 192 77.0 (70.7-83.4) 4.7 (1.5-7.8) 11.2 (6.1-16.3) 0.6 (-0.6-1.9) 5.1 (2.0-8.1) 1.4 (-0.5-3.3)
30.0-39.9 226 75.4 (69.4-81.5) 9.0 (5.1-12.9) 11.5 (6.7-16.3) - 2.6 (0.4-4.8) 1.5 (-0.3-3.3)
40.0-49.9 385 78.1 (73.3-82.9) 7.9 (4.5-11.3) 5.1 (2.9-7.4) - 7.8 (4.8-10.7) 1.1 (-0.1-2.2)
50.0-59.9 433 84.4 (80.5-88.4) 6.0 (3.6-6.5) 6.1 (3.6-8.5) 0.3 (-0.3-0.8) 2.4 (0.8-4.1) 0.8 (0.3-1.3)
60.0-69.9 368 84.8 (80.9-88.7) 5.6 (3.3-7.9) 5.8 (3.2-8.4) - 3.4 (1.5-5.4) 0.3 (-0.3-1.0)
> 70.0 324 86.3 (82.2-90.4) 6.0 (3.3-8.6) 3.1 (1.2-4.9) 0.6 (-0.2-1.5) 3.3 (1.0-5.5) 0.8 (-0.1-1.8)
Males 1,580 81.4 (79.4-83.5) 7.3 (5.9-8.7) 5.8 (4.5-7.2) 0.2 (-0.1-0.4) 4.4 (3.3-5.6) 0.9 (0.3-1.4)
20.0-29.9 138 73.9 (65.9-82.0) 5.7 (1.3-10.1) 13.0 (6.4-19.6) 0.2 (-0.1-0.4) 5.6 (1.7-9.4) 0.9 (-0.9-2.8)
30.0-39.9 196 76.0 (69.8-82.2) 10.5 (6.0-15.0) 9.2 (4.7-13.6) 0.9 (-0.9-2.8) 3.0 (0.4-5.6) 1.4 (-0.6-3.3)
40.0-49.9 346 78.4 (73.6-83.2) 7.9 (4.9-10.9) 4.5 (2.4-13.6) - 8.0 (4.9-11.2) 1.2 (-0.1-2.5)
50.0-59.9 367 84.6 (80.4-88.9) 6.9 (4.0-9.7) 5.7 (3.1-8.3) - 2.5 (0.7-4.3) 0.3 (-0.3-0.9)
60.0-69.9 298 85.5 (81.4-89.7) 6.4 (3.6-9.2) 4.4 (1.8-6.9) - 3.3 (1.1-5.4) 0.4 (-0.4-1.2)
> 70.0 235 88.3 (83.8-92.8) 5.7 (2.6-8.8) 0.6 (-0.3-1.6) - 3.8 (0.9-6.7) 1.1 (-0.2-2.4)
Females 348 80.2 (75.-85.2) 3.4 (1.2-5.7) 11.5 (7.6-15.3) 0.5 (-0.2-1.3) 3.0 (1.2-4.9) 1.4 (0.0-2.7)
20.0-29.9 54 83.4 (73.4-93.4) 2.6 (-1.0-6.3) 7.6 (0.5-14.6) - 4.1 (-0.7-8.9) 2.3 (-2.2-6.8)
30.0-39.9 30 72.0 (53.2-90.8) - 25.8 (7.1-44.5) - - 2.2 (-2.1-6.5)
40.0-49.9 39 75.3 (57.9-92.6) 8.2 (-4.2-20.6) 10.7 (-1.5-22.9) - 5.8 (-2.3-13.9) -
50.0-59.9 66 83.3 (74.5-92.2) 1.4 (-1.4-4.2) 8.1 (1.5-14.6) 1.8 (-1.7-5.4) 2.1 (-0.8-5.0) 3.3 (-0.5-7.1)
60.0-69.9 70 81.4 (72.1-90.7) 1.9 (-0.9-4.6) 12.5 (4.5-20.5) - 4.2 (3.2-5.2) -
> 70.0 89 80.2 (71.4-89.0) 6.6 (0.8-12.4) 10.3 (3.6-17.0) 1.1 (-1.1-3.4) 1.7 (-0.8-4.1) -
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 355 82.9 (79.1-86.7) 9.0 (6.2-11.9) 2.8 (1.0-4.6) - 4.2 (2.1-6.3) 1.1 (-0.3-2.4)
Poor 413 82.0 (77.2-86.7) 6.1 (3.6-8.5) 7.8 (4.0-11.6) 0.6 (-0.3-1.6) 3.1 (1.5-4.8) 0.4 (-0.2-1.0)
Middle 435 80.9 (76.9-85.0) 7.0 (4.5-9.4) 6.4 (3.6-9.1) - 5.2 (2.9-7.6) 0.5 (-0.1-1.1)
Rich 385 82.1 (77.8-86.3) 5.9 (3.2-8.5) 7.5 (4.8-10.2) 0.3 (-0.3-0.8) 3.5 (1.6-5.3) 0.8 (-0.2-1.9)
Richest 333 79.0 (73.8-84.2) 5.3 (2.4-8.1) 9.0 (5.7-12.3) 0.2 (-0.2-0.6) 4.6 (1.8-7.4) 1.9 (0.3-3.6)
Rural 1,155 82.7 (80.6-84.9) 7.0 (5.5-8.4) 4.6 (3.4-5.7) 0.2 (-0.1-0.5) 4.4 (3.1-5.6) 1.2 (0.4-1.9)
Poorest 297 82.8 (78.7-86.9) 9.2 (6.2-12.1) 2.2 (0.4-4.1) - 4.5 (2.1-6.9) 1.3 (-0.4-3.0)
Poor 315 84.8 (80.9-88.7) 5.9 (3.0-8.9) 4.6 (2.2-6.9) -0.3 (-0.3-0.9) 3.8 (1.7-5.9) 0.6 (-0.2-1.4)
Middle 259 81.5 (76.6-86.5) 5.6 (2.8-8.4) 5.5 (2.5-8.4) - 6.5 (2.9-10.1) 1.0 (-0.1-2.1)
Rich 176 80.5 (73.8-87.1) 6.1 (1.4-10.8) 8.5 (4.3-12.8) 0.7 (-0.7-2.1) 3.2 (0.6-5.8) 0.9 (-0.4-2.2)
Richest 104 83.2 (75.8-90.6) 8.6 (3.3-14.0) 2.2 (-0.4-4.8) - 2.9 (-0.5-6.3) 3.1 (-1.6-7.7)
Urban 773 79.6 (76.3-82.8) 6.2 (4.1-8.3) 9.2 (6.9-11.6) 0.3 (-0.1-0.6) 4.0 (2.4-5.6) 0.7 (0.1-0.4)
Poorest 58 83.2 (72.6-93.9) 8.5 (0.6-16.4) 5.1 (0.1-10.2) - 3.1 (-1.2-7.5) -
Poor 98 75.2 (63.2-87.2) 6.3 (2.0-10.6) 15.5 (5.2-25.9) 1.4 (-1.4-4.2) 1.5 (-0.6-3.7) -
Middle 176 80.3 (73.8-86.8) 8.5 (4.2-12.7) 7.4 (2.7-12.0) - 3.9 (0.9-6.9) -
Rich 209 83.0 (77.4-88.7) 5.7 (2.2-9.3) 6.9 (3.4-10.3) - 3.6 (1.1-6.1) 0.8 (-0.7-2.2)
Richest 229 77.6 (71.1-84.1) 4.2 (0.8-7.6) 11.2 (7.0-15.5) 0.3 (-0.3-0.9) 5.1 (1.6-8.7) 1.6 (0.0-3.1)

Appendix 20. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smokeless smoking status, age
Smokeless Smoking Status

Age Group/ Never Current Former
n
Sex 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
LL UL LL UL LL UL
All 21,954 96.6 0.2 96.1 97.0 0.2 2.4 0.2 2.0 2.8 8.0 1.0 0.1 0.9 1.2 8.3
20.0-29.9 4,832 97.9 0.3 97.4 98.4 0.3 1.4 0.2 1.0 1.7 13.6 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.0 20.9
30.0-39.9 4,308 96.9 0.3 96.2 97.6 0.4 2.4 0.3 1.8 3.0 12.8 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.9 19.0
40.0-49.9 4,652 96.7 0.3 96.0 97.3 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.0 3.1 11.0 0.8 0.1 0.5 1.1 17.2
50.0-59.9 4,038 96.4 0.3 95.7 97.0 0.4 2.6 0.3 2.1 3.1 10.2 1.1 0.2 0.7 1.4 16.1
60.0-69.9 2,506 94.9 0.5 93.9 95.9 0.5 3.2 0.4 2.4 4.0 12.9 1.9 0.3 1.3 2.5 16.6
>70.0 1,618 92.1 0.7 90.7 93.5 0.8 4.8 0.5 3.8 5.9 11.0 3.1 0.4 2.2 4.0 14.4
Males 10,162 95.2 0.4 94.5 95.9 0.4 3.4 0.3 2.8 4.0 9.2 1.4 0.1 1.2 1.7 9.8
20.0-29.9 2,406 97.1 0.4 96.3 97.9 0.4 2.1 0.3 1.5 2.7 15.2 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.1 22.0
30.0-39.9 1,980 94.9 0.6 93.8 96.0 0.6 3.9 0.5 2.9 4.8 12.4 1.2 0.2 0.7 1.7 19.9
40.0-49.9 2,157 94.5 0.6 93.4 95.6 0.6 3.9 0.4 3.1 4.8 11.2 1.6 0.3 1.0 2.1 18.4
50.0-59.9 1,884 95.5 0.5 94.5 96.5 0.5 3.0 0.4 2.3 3.8 12.9 1.4 0.3 0.9 2.0 19.9
60.0-69.9 1,121 93.4 0.8 91.8 95.1 0.9 4.1 0.7 2.8 5.4 16.4 2.5 0.6 1.4 3.6 22.6
>70.0 614 91.1 1.2 88.7 93.4 1.3 5.1 0.9 3.4 6.8 17.1 3.9 0.8 2.4 5.4 19.8
Females 11,792 97.8 0.2 97.4 98.2 0.2 1.6 0.2 1.2 1.9 11.4 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.8 12.7
20.0-29.9 2,426 98.6 0.3 98.0 99.2 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 1.1 27.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 1.1 33.8
30.0-39.9 2,328 98.6 0.3 98.0 99.2 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.6 1.7 25.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 50.4
40.0-49.9 2,495 98.5 0.3 98.0 99.0 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.8 1.8 18.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 42.7
50.0-59.9 2,154 97.1 0.4 96.3 97.9 0.4 2.2 0.4 1.5 2.9 16.4 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.1 25.0
60.0-69.9 1,385 96.2 0.5 95.1 97.3 0.6 2.4 0.4 1.6 3.3 17.3 1.4 0.3 0.7 2.0 23.5
>70.0 1,004 92.8 0.9 91.1 94.5 0.9 4.6 0.7 3.2 6.0 15.3 2.6 0.5 1.6 3.5 18.5
Appendix 21. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smokeless smoking status, wealth
quintile and place of residence: Philippines, 2015

Wealth Quintile/
Place of n
95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
Residence % SE CV % SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL LL UL
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 4,298 91.9 0.8 90.3 93.4 0.9 6.7 0.7 5.4 8.1 10.1 1.4 0.2 0.9 1.9 17.1
Poor 4,470 95.5 0.4 94.6 96.3 0.5 3.4 0.4 2.7 4.2 11.2 1.1 0.2 0.8 1.5 15.3
Middle 4,603 97.7 0.3 97.1 98.2 0.3 1.6 0.2 1.2 2.0 12.2 0.7 0.1 0.5 1.0 18.6
Rich 4,515 97.7 0.3 97.2 98.2 0.3 1.1 0.2 0.7 1.4 16.8 1.2 0.2 0.8 1.6 16.9
Richest 4,036 99.0 0.2 98.6 99.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 25.3 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.9 20.5
Rural 13,036 94.8 0.4 94.0 95.7 0.4 4.0 0.4 3.2 4.7 9.4 1.2 0.1 1.0 1.5 10.4
Poorest 3,716 90.9 0.9 89.1 92.7 1.0 7.7 0.8 6.1 9.3 10.6 1.4 0.3 0.9 2.0 18.8
Poor 3,307 94.2 0.6 93.0 95.4 0.7 4.5 0.5 3.4 5.6 12.0 1.3 0.2 0.9 1.7 15.8
Middle 2,666 96.8 0.5 95.9 97.7 0.5 2.2 0.3 1.5 2.9 15.7 1.0 0.2 0.5 1.4 22.9
Rich 2039 97.2 0.4 96.3 98.0 0.4 1.6 0.3 1.0 2.3 20.1 1.2 0.3 0.6 1.8 24.5
Richest 1288 98.6 0.4 97.8 99.3 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 35.4 0.9 0.3 0.3 1.4 32.8
Urban 8,918 98.4 0.2 98.1 98.7 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.5 1.0 16.5 0.8 0.1 0.6 1.0 13.4
Poorest 582 97.0 0.8 95.4 98.7 0.9 1.8 0.7 0.5 3.2 38.3 1.1 0.4 0.3 1.9 37.6
Poor 1,163 98.1 0.5 97.2 99.1 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.8 33.2 0.8 0.3 0.1 1.4 41.4
Middle 1,937 98.5 0.3 97.9 99.2 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.5 1.4 23.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.8 31.4
Rich 2476 98.0 0.3 97.4 98.7 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 1.1 29.9 1.3 0.3 0.7 1.8 22.2
Richest 2748 99.1 0.2 98.7 99.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 35.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.9 25.8

Appendix 22. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by smokeless smoking status and

Region n
95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
LL UL LL UL LL UL
Philippines 21,954 96.6 0.2 96.1 97.0 0.2 2.4 0.2 2.0 2.8 8.0 1.0 0.1 0.9 1.2 8.3
NCR 1,877 97.6 0.4 96.9 98.4 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.5 1.5 24.8 1.4 0.3 0.7 2.0 23.7
CAR 870 75.1 3.5 68.1 82.1 4.7 21.8 3.3 15.3 28.2 15.2 3.2 0.7 1.9 4.4 20.7
Ilocos Region 1,271 98.7 0.5 97.8 99.7 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.0 1.5 52.5 0.5 0.2 0.0 1.0 46.0
Cagayan Valley 1,179 88.8 2.2 84.5 93.0 2.4 8.3 1.5 5.3 11.4 18.6 2.9 0.9 1.1 4.6 31.4
Central Luzon 1,868 98.7 0.2 98.3 99.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 36.2 1.0 0.2 0.7 1.3 17.5
CALABARZON 2,173 98.6 0.4 97.7 99.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.0 1.4 50.8 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.0 24.0
MIMAROPA 501 97.3 1.1 95.1 99.5 1.1 2.0 1.0 0.1 4.0 49.2 0.7 0.4 0.0 1.3 53.4
Bicol Region 1,562 95.2 1.0 93.2 97.2 1.1 4.2 1.0 2.1 6.2 25.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 1.0 28.6
Western Visayas 1,883 96.7 0.8 95.1 98.4 0.9 2.1 0.7 0.8 3.4 31.3 1.2 0.3 0.7 1.7 22.4
Central Visayas 1,338 96.4 1.0 94.5 98.3 1.0 2.9 0.9 1.1 4.7 31.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 1.1 33.0
Eastern Visayas 1,321 95.1 1.4 92.4 97.8 1.4 3.8 1.2 1.5 6.1 31.2 1.2 0.4 0.4 1.9 33.5
Davao Region 1,025 99.2 0.4 98.4 99.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.0 1.1 50.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.6 59.5
SOCCSKSARGEN 1,167 96.4 1.5 93.4 99.5 1.6 2.4 1.2 0.1 4.8 48.2 1.1 0.6 0.0 2.2 50.8
ARMM 986 94.9 1.2 92.6 97.1 1.2 4.4 1.0 2.4 6.4 22.9 0.8 0.3 0.2 1.3 39.8
Caraga 1,025 98.3 0.6 97.1 99.4 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.3 2.0 36.5 0.6 0.3 -0.1 1.2 60.6
Appendix 23. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who were current smokeless
smokers, by age at smoking initiation and by background characteristics: Philippines,
2015
Age at Smokeless Initiation

Background
n <20 y/o 20-29.9 y/o 30-39.9 y/o >40 y/o
characteristics
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Philippines 695 25.3 (21.1, 29.6) 29.7 (25.6, 33.7) 21.3 (17.2, 25.3) 23.7 (20, 27.5)
Sex
Male 467 25.2 (20.6, 29.9) 33.5 (28.1, 38.9) 22.3 (17.3, 27.2) 19.0 (14.7, 23.3)
Female 228 25.6 (18.7, 32.5) 21.9 (15.4, 28.4) 19.2 (12.2, 26.1) 33.4 (25.8, 41)
Age Group
20.0-29.9 96 44.0 (32.9, 55.0) 56.0 (45.0, 67.1) -- --
30.0-39.9 145 29.2 (18.8, 39.6) 31.2 (22.9, 39.5) 39.6 (29.0, 50.3) --
40.0-49.9 152 11.2 (6.1, 16.4) 29.9 (22.5, 37.2) 30.8 (22.4, 39.2) 28.1 (21.2, 35.1)
50.0-59.9 122 22.9 (14.8, 31.0) 18.6 (10.9, 26.2) 12.0 (4.7, 19.4) 46.5 (37.0, 56.0)
60.0-69.9 90 20.1 (12.5, 27.6) 22.4 (13.1, 31.7) 12.6 (5.8, 19.5) 44.9 (33.2, 56.6)
>70.0 90 28.5 (17.3, 39.7) 16.2 (8.5, 23.8) 14.2 (6.7, 21.6) 41.1 (29.0, 53.3)
Place of Residence
Rural 627 25.0 (20.4, 29.7) 30.0 (25.5, 34.4) 21.1 (16.7, 25.5) 23.9 (19.4, 28.3)
Urban 68 27.7 (16.5, 39.0) 27.3 (16.5, 38.1) 22.1 (11.3, 32.9) 22.9 (13.9, 31.8)
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 323 32.4 (25.2, 39.7) 28.6 (22.8, 34.4) 15.6 (10.6, 20.6) 23.3 (17.4, 29.3)
Poor 185 19.1 (12.6, 25.7) 28.7 (21.8, 35.6) 26.5 (19.5, 33.6) 25.6 (18.1, 33.1)
Middle 103 18.3 (9.5, 27.1) 32.9 (22.9, 42.8) 26.7 (16.7, 36.6) 22.2 (12.9, 31.5)
Rich 65 21.1 (9.1, 33.0) 30.8 (10.5, 51.1) 23.5 (12.1, 34.8) 24.6 (11.1, 38.1)
Richest 18 7.9 (-2.7, 18.5) 29.5 (6.6, 52.4) 41.7 (13.6, 69.8) 20.8 (2.7, 39)

Appendix 24. Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by reported exposure to
secondhand smoke at home and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Reported Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home

Sex/Age No Exposure 1x a week 2-6 days a week 7x a week
n
Group 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV % SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL LL UL LL UL
All 9,266 56.0 0.9 54.2 57.7 1.6 2.2 0.2 1.8 2.6 9.4 8.6 0.4 7.7 9.5 5.1 33.3 0.8 31.7 34.9 2.5
10.0-12.9 3,143 56.5 1.1 54.3 58.8 2.0 2.1 0.3 1.5 2.6 13.7 8.1 0.6 6.9 9.3 7.5 33.3 1.0 31.3 35.4 3.1
13.0-15.9 3,129 57.7 1.1 55.5 59.8 1.9 1.9 0.3 1.3 2.4 14.7 8.8 0.6 7.6 10.0 6.9 31.6 1.0 29.7 33.6 3.2
16.0-17.9 1,675 55.2 1.4 52.4 58.0 2.6 2.4 0.4 1.6 3.2 17.3 9.4 0.8 7.9 11.0 8.4 33.0 1.4 30.3 35.7 4.1
18.0-19.9 1,319 51.8 1.6 48.6 54.9 3.1 2.8 0.5 1.9 3.8 17.6 8.3 0.8 6.7 9.9 10.0 37.1 1.6 34.0 40.2 4.2
Male 4,793 55.2 1.0 53.2 57.2 1.8 2.2 0.3 1.6 2.7 12.4 9.0 0.6 7.9 10.1 6.3 33.6 1.0 31.7 35.5 2.9
10.0-12.9 1,592 55.8 1.5 53.0 58.7 2.6 2.3 0.4 1.5 3.1 17.7 8.3 0.9 6.6 10.0 10.5 33.6 1.4 30.9 36.3 4.1
13.0-15.9 1,654 56.6 1.4 53.8 59.4 2.5 1.5 0.3 0.9 2.1 21.8 9.8 0.9 8.1 11.5 8.8 32.1 1.3 29.5 34.7 4.2
16.0-17.9 873 54.5 1.9 50.8 58.2 3.5 2.7 0.6 1.5 3.8 21.8 9.5 1.1 7.4 11.6 11.4 33.4 1.8 29.9 36.8 5.3
18.0-19.9 674 51.2 2.1 47.1 55.3 4.1 2.8 0.7 1.4 4.2 25.6 8.4 1.2 6.0 10.8 14.5 37.6 2.1 33.5 41.6 5.5
Female 4,473 56.8 1.0 54.7 58.8 1.8 2.2 0.3 1.7 2.7 12.0 8.2 0.5 7.2 9.2 6.2 32.9 1.0 31.0 34.8 3.0
10.0-12.9 1,551 57.3 1.5 54.3 60.2 2.6 1.8 0.4 1.1 2.5 19.9 7.9 0.8 6.4 9.4 9.5 33.0 1.4 30.3 35.8 4.2
13.0-15.9 1,475 58.8 1.5 55.9 61.7 2.5 2.3 0.4 1.4 3.1 19.3 7.8 0.8 6.2 9.3 10.5 31.1 1.3 28.5 33.7 4.2
16.0-17.9 802 56.0 2.0 52.1 59.9 3.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 3.1 26.7 9.4 1.1 7.2 11.6 11.8 32.6 1.9 28.9 36.3 5.8
18.0-19.9 645 52.3 2.2 47.9 56.6 4.2 2.9 0.7 1.5 4.3 24.2 8.1 1.2 5.9 10.4 14.3 36.7 2.2 32.3 41.0 6.0
Appendix 25. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by reported exposure to secondhand
smoke at home and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Reported Exposure to Secondhand smoke at home

Age No Exposure 1x a week 2-6 days a week 7x a week
Group/ n
Sex 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV % SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL LL UL LL UL
All 21,969 60.3 0.7 59.0 61.6 1.1 2.0 0.1 1.8 2.3 6.6 6.6 0.3 6.0 7.2 4.7 31.0 0.6 29.8 32.3 2.0
20.0-29.9 4,837 52.0 1.0 50.0 54.0 2.0 2.3 0.3 1.8 2.9 11.6 7.7 0.5 6.7 8.7 6.8 37.9 1.0 35.9 40.0 2.7
30.0-39.9 4,314 62.7 1.0 60.8 64.6 1.5 1.8 0.2 1.3 2.2 13.4 6.6 0.5 5.6 7.5 7.4 29.0 0.9 27.2 30.8 3.1
40.0-49.9 4,653 62.5 1.0 60.5 64.4 1.6 2.1 0.3 1.6 2.7 12.1 6.4 0.4 5.5 7.2 6.9 29.0 0.9 27.2 30.8 3.1
50.0-59.9 4,039 62.0 0.9 60.1 63.8 1.5 2.5 0.3 1.9 3.0 10.8 6.3 0.5 5.3 7.2 7.5 29.3 0.8 27.7 31.0 2.9
60.0-69.9 2,507 64.9 1.2 62.6 67.2 1.8 1.4 0.3 0.9 1.9 18.3 5.7 0.5 4.7 6.8 9.5 28.0 1.1 25.8 30.1 3.9
>70.0 1,619 68.5 1.4 65.8 71.3 2.0 1.3 0.3 0.7 1.8 22.6 5.5 0.6 4.3 6.7 11.3 24.7 1.3 22.1 27.3 5.3
Male 10,169 64.5 0.8 63.0 66.0 1.2 2.0 0.2 1.6 2.3 8.4 6.1 0.3 5.4 6.8 5.5 27.4 0.7 26.0 28.9 2.6
20.0-29.9 2,409 53.8 1.2 51.4 56.2 2.3 2.0 0.3 1.4 2.6 15.7 7.7 0.7 6.4 9.1 8.7 36.5 1.2 34.1 38.9 3.3
30.0-39.9 1,983 68.3 1.2 65.8 70.7 1.8 1.5 0.3 0.9 2.0 19.5 5.4 0.6 4.3 6.5 10.6 24.9 1.1 22.7 27.1 4.5
40.0-49.9 2,158 69.4 1.2 67.0 71.8 1.8 2.5 0.4 1.7 3.2 15.7 5.5 0.6 4.4 6.7 10.3 22.6 1.1 20.4 24.7 4.8
50.0-59.9 1,884 66.9 1.2 64.6 69.2 1.8 2.5 0.4 1.7 3.2 15.3 5.6 0.6 4.5 6.7 10.3 25.0 1.1 22.9 27.1 4.2
60.0-69.9 1,121 67.7 1.6 64.6 70.9 2.4 1.2 0.3 0.5 1.9 28.2 5.8 0.8 4.4 7.3 12.9 25.2 1.4 22.5 27.9 5.5
>70.0 614 70.3 2.1 66.2 74.4 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.4 2.6 36.4 4.8 1.0 2.9 6.7 19.9 23.4 1.9 19.6 27.1 8.1
Female 11,800 56.7 0.7 55.3 58.2 1.3 2.1 0.2 1.8 2.4 7.8 7.1 0.4 6.3 7.8 5.3 34.1 0.7 32.7 35.5 2.1
20.0-29.9 2,428 50.4 1.2 48.0 52.9 2.5 2.7 0.4 1.9 3.4 14.6 7.7 0.7 6.4 9.0 8.5 39.2 1.2 36.8 41.7 3.2
30.0-39.9 2,331 58.1 1.2 55.7 60.5 2.1 2.0 0.3 1.4 2.6 15.2 7.5 0.7 6.1 8.9 9.3 32.4 1.1 30.2 34.6 3.5
40.0-49.9 2,495 56.4 1.2 54.1 58.8 2.1 1.9 0.3 1.3 2.4 16.1 7.1 0.6 6.0 8.2 8.1 34.6 1.1 32.4 36.8 3.2
50.0-59.9 2,155 57.6 1.2 55.3 60.0 2.1 2.4 0.3 1.8 3.1 14.0 6.8 0.6 5.6 8.1 9.4 33.1 1.1 31.0 35.3 3.3
60.0-69.9 1,386 62.6 1.5 59.6 65.5 2.4 1.5 0.3 0.8 2.2 23.0 5.6 0.7 4.3 6.9 11.9 30.3 1.5 27.4 33.2 4.8
>70.0 1,005 67.3 1.6 64.2 70.4 2.3 1.1 0.3 0.5 1.8 28.1 5.9 0.8 4.4 7.4 12.8 25.6 1.5 22.7 28.5 5.7

Appendix 26. Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by reported exposure to
secondhand smoke outside home and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Reported Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Outside Home

Age Group/ Not Exposed Exposed
n
Sex 95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL
All 9,266 38.4 1.0 36.5 40.3 2.5 61.6 1.0 59.7 63.5 1.6
10.0-12.9 3,143 46.7 1.4 44.0 49.4 2.9 53.3 1.4 50.6 56.0 2.6
13.0-15.9 3,129 37.9 1.2 35.6 40.2 3.1 62.1 1.2 59.8 64.4 1.9
16.0-17.9 1,675 33.0 1.4 30.2 35.8 4.4 67.0 1.4 64.2 69.8 2.1
18.0-19.9 1,319 27.9 1.4 25.1 30.8 5.2 72.1 1.4 69.2 74.9 2.0
Male 4,793 36.7 1.1 34.6 38.9 3.0 63.3 1.1 61.1 65.4 1.7
10.0-12.9 1,592 47.1 1.7 43.8 50.4 3.6 52.9 1.7 49.6 56.2 3.2
13.0-15.9 1,654 36.8 1.4 34.0 39.6 3.9 63.2 1.4 60.4 66.0 2.3
16.0-17.9 873 29.5 1.8 26.0 33.1 6.0 70.5 1.8 66.9 74.0 2.5
18.0-19.9 674 22.1 1.8 18.6 25.6 8.0 77.9 1.8 74.4 81.4 2.3
Female 4,473 40.2 1.1 38.0 42.5 2.9 59.8 1.1 57.5 62.0 1.9
10.0-12.9 1,551 46.2 1.7 42.9 49.5 3.6 53.8 1.7 50.5 57.1 3.1
13.0-15.9 1,475 39.2 1.5 36.2 42.1 3.9 60.8 1.5 57.9 63.8 2.5
16.0-17.9 802 36.6 2.1 32.5 40.7 5.7 63.4 2.1 59.3 67.5 3.3
18.0-19.9 645 33.7 1.9 29.8 37.5 5.8 66.3 1.9 62.5 70.2 2.9
Appendix 27. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by reported exposure to secondhand
smoke outside home and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Reported Exposure to Secondhand Smoke outside home

Age Group/ No Exposure Exposed
n
Sex 95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL
All 21,969 31.1 0.7 29.6 32.6 2.4 68.9 0.7 67.4 70.4 1.1
20.0-29.9 4,837 27.8 1.0 25.9 29.7 3.4 72.2 1.0 70.3 74.1 1.3
30.0-39.9 4,314 28.6 1.0 26.6 30.7 3.6 71.4 1.0 69.3 73.4 1.5
40.0-49.9 4,653 28.8 1.0 26.8 30.7 3.4 71.2 1.0 69.3 73.2 1.4
50.0-59.9 4,039 32.0 1.1 29.9 34.0 3.3 68.0 1.1 66.0 70.1 1.6
60.0-69.9 2,507 39.2 1.3 36.7 41.8 3.3 60.8 1.3 58.2 63.3 2.2
>70.0 1,619 49.5 1.7 46.2 52.8 3.4 50.5 1.7 47.2 53.8 3.3
Male 10,169 25.2 0.8 23.7 26.8 3.1 74.8 0.8 73.2 76.3 1.1
20.0-29.9 2,409 21.2 1.0 19.2 23.2 4.8 78.8 1.0 76.8 80.8 1.3
30.0-39.9 1,983 23.0 1.2 20.6 25.4 5.4 77.0 1.2 74.6 79.4 1.6
40.0-49.9 2,158 23.3 1.2 20.9 25.6 5.1 76.7 1.2 74.4 79.1 1.6
50.0-59.9 1,884 26.3 1.2 24.0 28.7 4.6 73.7 1.2 71.3 76.0 1.6
60.0-69.9 1,121 33.8 1.6 30.6 36.9 4.8 66.2 1.6 63.1 69.4 2.4
>70.0 614 46.8 2.3 42.2 51.3 4.9 53.2 2.3 48.7 57.8 4.3
Female 11,800 36.1 0.9 34.4 37.7 2.4 63.9 0.9 62.3 65.6 1.3
20.0-29.9 2,428 33.7 1.3 31.2 36.2 3.8 66.3 1.3 63.8 68.8 1.9
30.0-39.9 2,331 33.3 1.2 30.9 35.7 3.7 66.7 1.2 64.3 69.1 1.8
40.0-49.9 2,495 33.5 1.2 31.3 35.8 3.4 66.5 1.2 64.2 68.7 1.7
50.0-59.9 2,155 36.9 1.3 34.3 39.5 3.6 63.1 1.3 60.5 65.7 2.1
60.0-69.9 1,386 43.8 1.6 40.6 46.9 3.7 56.2 1.6 53.1 59.4 2.8
>70.0 1,005 51.3 1.9 47.4 55.1 3.8 48.7 1.9 44.9 52.6 4.0

Appendix 28. Percent distribution of currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed
health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30 days, by age group and sex:
Philippines, 2015
YES (seen cigarette package but Noticed health warnings on

NO
Age Group/ without health warnings) cigarette package
n
Sex 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
LL UL LL UL LL UL
All 4,994 21.7 0.8 20.0 23.3 3.9 7.4 0.6 6.2 8.6 8.1 70.9 0.9 69.0 72.8 1.3
20.0-29.9 1,201 17.9 1.3 15.4 20.4 7.1 7.6 1.0 5.6 9.7 13.7 74.5 1.5 71.6 77.4 2.0
30.0-39.9 1,001 20.5 1.5 17.6 23.5 7.3 7.3 1.0 5.2 9.3 14.2 72.2 1.7 68.9 75.6 2.4
40.0-49.9 1,059 19.2 1.4 16.4 22.0 7.4 7.4 0.9 5.5 9.2 12.7 73.4 1.6 70.3 76.6 2.2
50.0-59.9 951 22.5 1.6 19.5 25.6 6.9 7.7 0.9 5.9 9.6 12.0 69.7 1.7 66.4 73.1 2.5
60.0-69.9 533 30.0 2.4 25.3 34.7 8.0 6.9 1.3 4.4 9.4 18.6 63.1 2.4 58.4 67.8 3.8
>70.0 249 48.9 3.9 41.2 56.6 8.0 6.8 1.8 3.3 10.3 26.2 44.3 3.8 36.8 51.8 8.7
Male 4,222 20.2 0.8 18.6 21.9 4.1 7.8 0.6 6.6 9.1 7.9 71.9 1.0 70.0 73.8 1.4
20.0-29.9 1,074 17.8 1.3 15.2 20.5 7.5 8.0 1.1 5.9 10.1 13.2 74.1 1.5 71.1 77.1 2.1
30.0-39.9 899 19.3 1.5 16.3 22.3 7.9 8.0 1.1 5.8 10.2 14.2 72.7 1.8 69.2 76.3 2.5
40.0-49.9 911 18.8 1.5 15.9 21.7 7.7 7.6 1.0 5.7 9.6 12.9 73.6 1.7 70.3 76.9 2.3
50.0-59.9 787 21.1 1.6 18.0 24.3 7.5 7.9 1.0 5.9 9.9 12.8 71.0 1.8 67.4 74.5 2.5
60.0-69.9 405 26.4 2.4 21.7 31.2 9.2 7.3 1.4 4.5 10.1 19.7 66.3 2.5 61.4 71.1 3.7
>70.0 146 41.9 4.7 32.6 51.1 11.2 7.5 2.4 2.8 12.2 31.8 50.6 4.6 41.6 59.6 9.1
Female 772 29.4 1.9 25.6 33.2 6.6 5.1 0.9 3.3 7.0 18.4 65.4 2.1 61.4 69.5 3.1
20.0-29.9 127 18.0 3.5 11.0 25.0 19.7 5.2 2.4 0.6 9.8 45.2 76.8 3.6 69.8 83.8 4.6
30.0-39.9 102 29.4 4.5 20.5 38.3 15.4 2.1 1.5 -0.9 5.0 71.9 68.5 4.6 59.4 77.6 6.8
40.0-49.9 148 21.7 3.8 14.3 29.1 17.3 5.9 2.1 1.8 9.9 35.3 72.4 4.1 64.4 80.4 5.6
50.0-59.9 164 29.2 4.0 21.3 37.1 13.8 7.0 2.3 2.6 11.5 32.3 63.8 4.0 55.9 71.6 6.3
60.0-69.9 128 41.7 4.7 32.5 51.0 11.3 5.4 2.1 1.3 9.6 39.1 52.8 4.7 43.7 62.0 8.8
>70.0 103 60.6 5.6 49.7 71.5 9.2 5.6 2.5 0.7 10.5 44.4 33.8 5.5 22.9 44.6 16.4
Appendix 29. Percent distribution of currently smoking adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed
health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30 days, by background
YES (seen cigarette package but Noticed health warnings on

NO
Background w/o health warnings) cigarette package
n
LL UL LL UL LL UL
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 1,230 34.1 1.9 30.4 37.8 5.6 6.1 0.9 4.4 7.8 14.4 59.8 1.9 56.1 63.6 3.2
Poor 1,141 25.1 1.6 22.1 28.2 6.2 6.7 0.9 4.9 8.5 13.6 68.2 1.7 64.8 71.6 2.5
Middle 1,044 18.4 1.4 15.6 21.2 7.7 8.7 1.2 6.4 11.0 13.6 72.9 1.7 69.6 76.2 2.3
Rich 908 15.3 1.4 12.5 18.1 9.4 9.7 1.3 7.1 12.3 13.4 75.0 1.7 71.7 78.3 2.3
Richest 658 14.4 1.5 11.5 17.3 10.2 5.5 0.9 3.6 7.3 17.3 80.1 1.8 76.6 83.6 2.2
Rural 3,028 25.8 1.2 23.5 28.2 4.6 6.7 0.8 5.0 8.3 12.6 67.5 1.3 64.9 70.0 1.9
Poorest 1,055 35.1 2.1 31.0 39.2 5.9 5.9 1.1 3.8 8.1 18.3 58.9 2.1 54.7 63.1 3.6
Poor 815 25.1 1.9 21.4 28.9 7.7 6.0 1.1 3.9 8.1 18.0 68.9 2.1 64.8 73.0 3.0
Middle 594 22.5 2.0 18.5 26.4 9.0 7.6 1.5 4.6 10.7 20.3 69.9 2.2 65.5 74.3 3.2
Rich 384 16.6 2.3 12.1 21.2 13.8 9.4 2.0 5.6 13.3 20.9 73.9 2.8 68.5 79.3 3.7
Richest 171 11.3 2.4 6.5 16.1 21.6 4.4 1.8 0.9 7.9 40.6 84.3 3.1 78.2 90.4 3.7
Urban 1,966 17.3 1.2 15.0 19.5 6.7 8.2 1.0 6.3 10.1 11.7 74.5 1.4 71.8 77.3 1.9
Poorest 175 29.0 4.3 20.5 37.5 14.9 6.9 2.3 2.4 11.4 33.0 64.1 4.5 55.3 73.0 7.0
Poor 326 25.0 3.1 19.0 31.0 12.2 8.0 1.7 4.6 11.4 21.3 67.0 3.4 60.2 73.7 5.1
Middle 450 14.5 1.9 10.8 18.2 13.0 9.7 1.8 6.2 13.3 18.5 75.8 2.4 71.1 80.5 3.2
Rich 524 14.6 1.8 11.1 18.0 12.0 9.8 1.7 6.5 13.2 17.4 75.6 2.1 71.4 79.7 2.8
Richest 487 15.2 1.7 11.9 18.6 11.3 5.8 1.1 3.6 7.9 19.2 79.0 2.1 75.0 83.1 2.6

Appendix 30. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, who noticed information about the
dangers of smoking cigarettes or that encourages quitting during the past 30 days, by
background characteristics and source of information: Philippines, 2015
Noticed information about the dangers of smoking cigarettes during

the past 30 days in…
Background Newspaper/ Poster/
n Television/TV Radio
characteristics Magazines Print Ads
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
All 21,954 4.6 (4, 5.1) 39.3 (37.7, 40.9) 6.7 (6, 7.3) 1.6 (1.3, 1.9)
20.0-29.9 4,832 4.2 (3.3, 5) 39.2 (37.1, 41.4) 4.9 (4.1, 5.7) 1.8 (1.3, 2.4)
30.0-39.9 4,308 4.6 (3.8, 5.4) 40.6 (38.3, 42.9) 5.7 (4.9, 6.6) 1.5 (1, 2.1)
40.0-49.9 4,652 4.8 (4, 5.7) 39.9 (37.8, 41.9) 7 (6, 7.9) 1.7 (1.2, 2.2)
50.0-59.9 4,038 4.8 (4, 5.6) 40.6 (38.3, 42.9) 8.1 (7, 9.2) 1.5 (1.1, 2)
60.0-69.9 2,506 5.3 (4, 6.6) 37.8 (35.4, 40.3) 8.8 (7.4, 10.2) 1.4 (0.7, 2)
>70.0 1,618 3.5 (2.4, 4.5) 30.8 (27.8, 33.8) 10.5 (8.8, 12.3) 0.8 (0.3, 1.2)
Male 10,162 4.9 (4.3, 5.6) 37.1 (35.3, 38.8) 7 (6.3, 7.8) 2.1 (1.6, 2.6)
20.0-29.9 2,406 4.8 (3.5, 6) 36 (33.5, 38.5) 5.2 (4.1, 6.3) 2.2 (1.5, 2.9)
30.0-39.9 1,980 5.2 (4, 6.3) 39 (36.2, 41.8) 6 (4.9, 7.2) 1.8 (1.1, 2.6)
40.0-49.9 2,157 4.7 (3.6, 5.8) 37.1 (34.4, 39.9) 7.5 (6.3, 8.6) 2.6 (1.7, 3.5)
50.0-59.9 1,884 4.8 (3.8, 5.9) 39.1 (36.3, 42) 8.4 (7, 9.8) 1.8 (1.1, 2.5)
60.0-69.9 1,121 5.7 (4.1, 7.3) 36.2 (32.8, 39.6) 9.9 (7.9, 11.9) 2.4 (1.2, 3.5)
>70.0 614 4.4 (2.6, 6.1) 28.9 (25.1, 32.7) 9.9 (7.2, 12.6) 1.1 (0.2, 2.1)
Female 11,792 4.3 (3.6, 4.9) 41.2 (39.4, 43) 6.4 (5.7, 7.1) 1.2 (0.8, 1.5)
20.0-29.9 2,426 3.6 (2.7, 4.5) 42.2 (39.3, 45) 4.6 (3.7, 5.6) 1.5 (0.9, 2.1)
30.0-39.9 2,328 4.1 (3.2, 5.1) 41.9 (39.2, 44.6) 5.4 (4.5, 6.4) 1.3 (0.7, 1.8)
40.0-49.9 2,495 4.9 (3.9, 5.9) 42.2 (39.8, 44.6) 6.6 (5.4, 7.7) 0.9 (0.5, 1.4)
50.0-59.9 2,154 4.8 (3.6, 5.9) 41.9 (39.3, 44.5) 7.7 (6.4, 9) 1.3 (0.7, 1.8)
60.0-69.9 1,385 5 (3.4, 6.5) 39.2 (36.3, 42.1) 7.9 (6.3, 9.4) 0.5 (0.1, 1)
>70.0 1,004 2.9 (1.7, 4.1) 32 (28.5, 35.5) 11 (9, 13) 0.5 (0, 0.9)
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 4,298 2 (1.4, 2.6) 17.7 (15.7, 19.8) 9.5 (8.2, 10.8) 1.1 (0.6, 1.6)
Poor 4,470 3 (2.3, 3.7) 34.4 (32, 36.8) 8.9 (7.7, 10.2) 1.5 (1, 2.1)
Middle 4,603 4.5 (3.6, 5.4) 43 (40.5, 45.5) 6.6 (5.5, 7.7) 1.5 (0.9, 2.2)
Rich 4,515 5 (4.2, 5.9) 46.6 (44.1, 49.1) 4.9 (4, 5.8) 1.9 (1.3, 2.5)
Richest 4,036 7.4 (6.1, 8.8) 48.6 (46, 51.2) 4.6 (3.7, 5.5) 1.8 (1.3, 2.3)
Rural 13,036 3.1 (2.5, 3.8) 34.5 (32.3, 36.7) 8.4 (7.3, 9.5) 1.4 (1, 1.9)
Poorest 3,716 1.4 (0.9, 1.9) 16.8 (14.6, 19) 9 (7.6, 10.3) 1 (0.5, 1.5)
Poor 3,307 2.8 (1.9, 3.6) 33.8 (30.9, 36.7) 9.6 (7.9, 11.3) 1.9 (1.2, 2.6)
Middle 2,666 3.4 (2.2, 4.6) 41.9 (38.2, 45.6) 8.5 (6.6, 10.4) 1.4 (0.4, 2.5)
Rich 2,039 3.5 (2.5, 4.5) 44.8 (40.6, 49.1) 6.8 (5, 8.6) 1.4 (0.8, 2)
Richest 1,288 7.3 (5.1, 9.5) 49.7 (44.9, 54.5) 7 (4.8, 9.2) 1.3 (0.5, 2.2)
Urban 8,918 6.1 (5.1, 7) 44.3 (42.1, 46.5) 4.9 (4, 5.7) 1.8 (1.3, 2.2)
Poorest 582 5 (2.5, 7.5) 22.8 (17.3, 28.3) 12.4 (7.2, 17.7) 1.6 (-0.3, 3.6)
Poor 1,163 3.6 (2.3, 4.9) 35.8 (31.3, 40.3) 7.6 (5.6, 9.6) 0.7 (0.2, 1.3)
Middle 1,937 5.6 (4.3, 6.9) 44 (40.7, 47.3) 4.7 (3.4, 6) 1.6 (0.8, 2.4)
Rich 2,476 6 (4.8, 7.2) 47.7 (44.7, 50.6) 3.7 (2.8, 4.7) 2.2 (1.3, 3.1)
Richest 2,748 7.5 (5.9, 9.1) 48.2 (45.2, 51.2) 3.8 (2.8, 4.8) 1.9 (1.3, 2.5)

Appendix 31. Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by alcohol consumption status
and by place of residence, wealth quintile and region: Philippines, 2015

Wealth Quintile/ Never Current Former
Place of Residence/ n
Region 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
LL UL LL UL LL UL
Philippines 9,226 77.8 0.7 76.4 79.1 0.9 14.9 0.5 13.9 15.9 3.4 7.3 0.4 6.6 8.0 4.9
Poorest 2,129 86.9 1.0 84.9 88.9 1.2 7.7 0.7 6.3 9.2 9.5 5.4 0.6 4.2 6.5 10.8
Poor 2,162 82.1 1.1 79.9 84.2 1.3 10.8 0.8 9.2 12.3 7.4 7.2 0.7 5.9 8.5 9.4
Middle 1,892 74.5 1.3 71.9 77.1 1.8 18.1 1.1 15.9 20.3 6.1 7.4 0.7 6.0 8.8 9.6
Rich 1,683 73.0 1.4 70.3 75.7 1.9 19.7 1.2 17.3 22.0 6.2 7.3 0.7 5.9 8.8 10.2
Richest 1,352 71.7 1.5 68.7 74.7 2.1 18.8 1.3 16.3 21.3 6.8 9.5 0.9 7.7 11.3 9.7
Rural 5,663 82.0 1.0 80.1 83.9 1.2 11.6 0.7 10.2 12.9 5.9 6.4 0.5 5.5 7.3 7.3
Poorest 1,837 87.8 1.1 85.7 89.8 1.2 7.4 0.8 5.8 8.9 10.6 4.9 0.6 3.7 6.0 11.8
Poor 1,582 83.6 1.2 81.2 86.0 1.4 9.6 0.9 7.9 11.4 9.3 6.8 0.7 5.3 8.2 11.1
Middle 1,079 77.4 1.9 73.7 81.1 2.5 15.8 1.5 12.7 18.8 9.7 6.8 0.9 5.1 8.6 12.8
Rich 734 76.5 1.8 72.9 80.1 2.4 16.0 1.5 13.1 19.0 9.4 7.5 1.1 5.2 9.7 15.2
Richest 429 76.0 3.4 69.3 82.8 4.5 15.8 2.4 11.2 20.5 14.9 8.1 1.8 4.6 11.7 22.4
Urban 3,563 72.8 1.0 70.9 74.8 1.4 18.8 0.9 17.2 20.5 4.5 8.3 0.5 7.2 9.4 6.6
Poorest 292 82.6 2.7 77.2 88.0 3.3 9.5 1.8 6.1 13.0 18.5 7.8 1.8 4.2 11.4 23.5
Poor 580 78.8 2.3 74.4 83.3 2.9 13.1 1.6 9.9 16.3 12.3 8.0 1.4 5.4 10.7 16.9
Middle 813 71.5 1.8 67.9 75.2 2.6 20.5 1.6 17.3 23.6 7.9 8.0 1.1 5.8 10.2 14.1
Rich 949 71.0 1.9 67.2 74.7 2.7 21.8 1.7 18.4 25.2 7.9 7.2 0.9 5.4 9.1 13.1
Richest 923 70.1 1.8 66.7 73.6 2.5 19.9 1.6 16.8 23.0 7.9 10.0 1.1 7.8 12.2 11.1
Region
NCR 714 61.6 2.2 57.2 66.0 3.6 28.4 2.1 24.2 32.5 7.5 10.1 1.3 7.6 12.6 12.6
CAR 316 76.9 3.0 71.1 82.7 3.9 15.9 2.4 11.1 20.6 15.1 7.3 1.4 4.5 10.0 19.2
Ilocos Region 492 78.9 2.9 73.3 84.5 3.6 12.0 1.8 8.4 15.6 15.4 9.1 1.7 5.8 12.4 18.4
Cagayan Valley 413 80.2 2.5 75.4 85.1 3.1 13.7 1.3 11.0 16.3 9.9 6.1 1.4 3.3 8.8 23.0
Central Luzon 746 75.9 2.5 71.0 80.9 3.3 17.3 1.5 14.4 20.2 8.6 6.8 1.5 3.9 9.7 21.8
CALABARZON 878 72.6 1.8 69.0 76.3 2.5 18.3 1.4 15.5 21.0 7.7 9.1 1.0 7.2 11.0 10.8
MIMAROPA 233 82.8 3.2 76.5 89.1 3.9 11.8 2.6 6.7 16.8 21.9 5.4 1.2 3.2 7.7 21.4
Bicol Region 841 82.9 1.7 79.4 86.3 2.1 11.4 1.3 8.8 14.0 11.5 5.7 1.2 3.5 8.0 20.1
Western Visayas 742 78.4 2.0 74.4 82.4 2.6 13.4 1.7 10.1 16.8 12.7 8.2 1.0 6.2 10.2 12.5
Central Visayas 589 83.9 2.3 79.4 88.4 2.7 11.0 1.3 8.4 13.6 12.1 5.1 1.3 2.5 7.8 25.8
Eastern Visayas 572 70.9 2.9 65.1 76.7 4.2 21.8 2.5 16.9 26.6 11.3 7.4 1.4 4.6 10.1 19.0
Northern Mindanao 468 83.3 2.3 78.7 87.8 2.8 9.1 1.5 6.1 12.0 16.7 7.7 1.5 4.8 10.5 19.0
Davao Region 422 79.5 3.5 72.6 86.4 4.4 11.5 2.1 7.3 15.7 18.6 9.0 2.1 4.9 13.0 23.1
SOCCSKSARGEN 436 88.8 1.9 85.0 92.6 2.2 7.6 1.6 4.4 10.8 21.3 3.6 1.0 1.7 5.5 26.7
ARMM 519 96.1 1.1 93.9 98.2 1.1 1.7 0.6 0.5 3.0 35.0 2.2 0.6 1.1 3.3 26.2
Caraga 481 84.5 1.9 80.8 88.2 2.2 8.3 1.1 6.2 10.3 12.7 7.2 1.1 5.0 9.5 15.8

Appendix 32. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by alcohol consumption status and
by place of residence, wealth quintile and region: Philippines, 2015

n
LL UL LL UL LL UL
Philippines 21,871 39.4 0.7 38.0 40.8 1.8 44.9 0.6 43.7 46.0 1.3 15.8 0.5 14.8 16.7 3.0
Poorest 4,278 47.4 1.5 44.5 50.4 3.2 38.7 1.2 36.2 41.1 3.2 13.9 0.8 12.4 15.4 5.6
Poor 4,454 42.0 1.1 39.8 44.2 2.7 42.1 1.0 40.1 44.0 2.3 16.0 0.8 14.5 17.5 4.8
Middle 4,584 39.0 1.1 36.8 41.2 2.9 45.7 1.0 43.7 47.7 2.3 15.3 0.8 13.8 16.8 5.0
Rich 4,501 36.9 1.1 34.8 39.0 2.9 46.9 1.0 44.9 48.9 2.1 16.2 0.7 14.7 17.7 4.6
Richest 4,022 34.2 1.2 31.9 36.6 3.5 48.7 1.0 46.7 50.8 2.2 17.0 0.9 15.3 18.8 5.2
Rural 12,976 43.3 1.2 41.0 45.6 2.7 41.5 0.8 39.8 43.2 2.0 15.2 0.6 13.9 16.4 4.2
Poorest 3,697 48.2 1.8 44.6 51.8 3.8 37.8 1.5 34.8 40.7 3.9 14.0 0.9 12.3 15.7 6.2
Poor 3,293 43.6 1.4 40.8 46.4 3.2 40.5 1.2 38.2 42.9 3.0 15.9 0.9 14.1 17.7 5.8
Middle 2,652 40.8 1.5 37.9 43.7 3.6 44.6 1.3 42.0 47.1 2.9 14.7 0.9 12.9 16.5 6.2
Rich 2,033 40.5 1.8 36.9 44.2 4.5 43.6 1.4 40.9 46.3 3.2 15.9 1.2 13.6 18.2 7.3
Richest 1,281 39.9 2.4 35.2 44.6 6.0 43.6 1.7 40.3 46.9 3.9 16.6 1.7 13.2 19.9 10.3
Urban 8,895 35.3 1.0 33.3 37.3 2.9 48.3 0.9 46.6 50.1 1.9 16.3 0.7 15.0 17.7 4.1
Poorest 581 43.3 2.8 37.8 48.8 6.5 43.5 2.6 38.3 48.7 6.1 13.2 1.6 10.1 16.3 12.0
Poor 1,161 38.5 2.0 34.6 42.4 5.1 45.3 1.7 41.9 48.7 3.8 16.2 1.4 13.5 18.9 8.5
Middle 1,932 37.3 1.7 33.9 40.7 4.7 46.8 1.6 43.7 50.0 3.4 15.9 1.2 13.5 18.2 7.6
Rich 2,468 34.7 1.4 32.0 37.3 3.9 48.9 1.4 46.3 51.6 2.8 16.4 1.0 14.5 18.3 6.0
Richest 2,741 32.2 1.5 29.3 35.1 4.6 50.6 1.4 47.9 53.2 2.7 17.2 1.0 15.2 19.3 6.1
Region
NCR 1,869 27.1 1.5 24.2 29.9 5.4 56.3 1.6 53.3 59.4 2.8 16.6 1.2 14.3 18.9 6.9
CAR 867 37.1 2.7 31.8 42.5 7.3 47.2 2.0 43.2 51.2 4.3 15.6 2.1 11.5 19.8 13.6
Ilocos Region 1,261 40.4 3.5 33.5 47.3 8.7 43.4 2.2 39.1 47.8 5.1 16.2 2.9 10.5 21.8 17.7
Cagayan Valley 1,176 40.3 3.4 33.7 47.0 8.4 48.5 2.9 42.9 54.1 5.9 11.2 2.0 7.3 15.1 17.6
Central Luzon 1,865 42.7 2.2 38.3 47.0 5.2 41.2 1.7 37.9 44.5 4.1 16.1 1.5 13.2 19.1 9.3
CALABARZON 2,167 28.3 1.7 24.9 31.7 6.1 53.1 1.3 50.5 55.8 2.5 18.6 1.6 15.4 21.8 8.7
MIMAROPA 496 41.5 3.9 33.9 49.2 9.4 47.2 3.5 40.3 54.2 7.5 11.2 1.2 8.9 13.6 10.6
Bicol Region 1,560 34.2 1.8 30.6 37.7 5.3 48.1 2.6 43.0 53.2 5.4 17.7 2.0 13.8 21.7 11.4
Western Visayas 1,879 42.1 1.9 38.3 45.8 4.6 41.9 1.6 38.8 45.1 3.8 16.0 1.2 13.7 18.3 7.3
Central Visayas 1,340 46.9 2.6 41.8 52.1 5.6 41.0 1.8 37.5 44.5 4.4 12.1 1.4 9.4 14.8 11.4
Eastern Visayas 1,319 26.1 2.0 22.1 30.1 7.9 58.7 1.9 55.0 62.4 3.2 15.2 1.4 12.4 18.1 9.5
Davao Region 1,025 47.3 2.7 42.1 52.5 5.6 37.4 2.2 33.1 41.7 5.8 15.3 1.7 11.9 18.6 11.2
SOCCSKSARGEN 1,164 54.7 2.7 49.4 59.9 4.9 32.2 2.4 27.5 37.0 7.5 13.1 1.5 10.1 16.1 11.7
ARMM 960 86.4 4.1 78.4 94.5 4.7 6.7 1.5 3.6 9.7 23.2 6.9 2.8 1.4 12.4 40.3
Caraga 1,022 34.7 3.3 28.2 41.2 9.5 46.0 1.6 42.9 49.2 3.5 19.3 2.7 13.9 24.7 14.3

Appendix 33. Percent distribution of currently drinking adults (those who reported drinking alcoholic
beverages in the past 30 days), 20.0 years old and over, by binge drinking status and by
place of residence, wealth quintile and region: Philippines, 2015
Binge Drinking Status

Wealth Quintile/ Non-binge drinkers Binge Drinkers
Place of Residence/ n
Region 95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL
Philippines 5,666 45.1 0.9 43.4 46.8 1.9 54.9 0.9 53.2 56.6 1.6
Poorest 967 45.7 2.1 41.6 50.0 4.7 54.3 2.1 50.0 58.4 3.9
Poor 1,148 41.6 2.0 37.8 45.5 4.7 58.4 2.0 54.5 62.2 3.4
Middle 1,234 40.8 1.6 37.7 44.1 4.0 59.2 1.6 55.9 62.3 2.8
Rich 1,238 45.9 1.7 42.7 49.2 3.6 54.1 1.7 50.8 57.3 3.1
Richest 1,067 51.0 1.6 47.9 54.1 3.1 49.0 1.6 45.9 52.1 3.2
Rural 3,211 43.7 1.4 40.9 46.5 3.2 56.3 1.4 53.5 59.1 2.5
Poorest 818 45.2 2.4 40.6 49.8 5.2 54.8 2.4 50.2 59.4 4.3
Poor 840 44.2 2.4 39.4 49.0 5.5 55.8 2.4 51.0 60.6 4.4
Middle 699 40.3 2.1 36.2 44.5 5.2 59.7 2.1 55.5 63.8 3.5
Rich 540 43.3 2.8 37.8 48.9 6.5 56.7 2.8 51.1 62.2 5.0
Richest 306 47.4 3.4 40.9 54.1 7.1 52.6 3.4 45.9 59.1 6.4
Urban 2,455 46.4 1.2 44.1 48.6 2.5 53.6 1.2 51.4 55.9 2.2
Poorest 149 48.3 5.0 38.6 58.1 10.4 51.7 5.0 41.9 61.4 9.7
Poor 308 36.4 3.2 30.4 42.9 8.7 63.6 3.2 57.1 69.6 5.0
Middle 535 41.4 2.5 36.5 46.4 6.1 58.6 2.5 53.6 63.5 4.3
Rich 698 47.4 2.1 43.2 51.5 4.5 52.6 2.1 48.5 56.8 4.0
Richest 761 52.0 1.8 48.4 55.6 3.5 48.0 1.8 44.4 51.6 3.8
Region
NCR 596 47.6 2.2 43.4 52.0 4.6 52.4 2.2 48.0 56.6 4.2
CAR 257 34.3 3.9 27.1 42.3 11.4 65.7 3.9 57.7 72.9 5.9
Ilocos Region 333 38.0 2.7 32.9 43.4 7.0 62.0 2.7 56.6 67.1 4.3
Cagayan Valley 396 33.7 4.2 25.9 42.5 12.6 66.3 4.2 57.5 74.1 6.4
Central Luzon 346 46.1 2.4 41.6 50.8 5.1 53.9 2.4 49.2 58.4 4.4
CALABARZON 718 37.5 1.6 34.4 40.7 4.3 62.5 1.6 59.3 65.6 2.6
MIMAROPA 144 46.5 4.1 38.7 54.5 8.7 53.5 4.1 45.5 61.3 7.6
Bicol Region 388 31.3 2.4 26.8 36.2 7.7 68.7 2.4 63.8 73.2 3.5
Western Visayas 551 52.8 4.1 44.8 60.6 7.7 47.2 4.1 39.4 55.2 8.6
Central Visayas 308 55.0 3.6 47.9 61.9 6.5 45.0 3.6 38.1 52.1 8.0
Eastern Visayas 471 48.9 3.5 42.1 55.6 7.1 51.1 3.5 44.4 57.9 6.8
Zamboanga Peninsula 158 51.1 3.3 44.6 57.6 6.5 48.9 3.3 42.4 55.4 6.8
Northern Mindanao 257 47.5 3.7 40.3 54.8 7.8 52.5 3.7 45.2 59.7 7.1
Davao Region 245 58.8 3.3 52.2 65.1 5.6 41.2 3.3 34.9 47.8 8.0
SOCCSKSARGEN 189 53.9 5.3 43.5 64.0 9.8 46.1 5.3 36.0 56.5 11.5
ARMM 26 44.2 11.2 24.5 65.9 25.4 55.8 11.2 34.1 75.5 20.1
Caraga 283 53.8 3.4 47.0 60.5 6.4 46.2 3.4 39.5 53.0 7.5

Appendix 34. General physical activities defined by level of intensity (WHO, 2008)
Moderate activity Vigorous activity

3.0 to 6.0 METs (3.5 to 7 kcal/min) Greater than 6.0 METs (more than 7 kcal/min)
OCCUPATION
 Carrying/Moving moderate loads(<20kg)  Carrying/Moving heavy loads (>20kg)
 Airplane repair  Aerobics or physical education instructor
 Bakery, moderate effort  Fire fighters
 Butchering animals  Masonry and heavy construction work
 Carpentry, general workshop  Coal mining, using heavy non powered tools
 Cleaning gutters  Forestry work
 Electrical work  Farming—using forking straw, baling hay, cleaning barn, or
 Elder care, disabled adults poultry work.
 Farming (chasing cattle or other livestock on horseback)  Truck driving, loading and unloading a truck
 Farming (taking care of animals)  Hand-sawing hardwoods, swinging an ax
 Farm labor (picking fruit off trees, picking fruits and vegetables)  Hand-splitting logs, or climbing and trimming trees
 Fishing and hunting – moderate effort (from riverbank and  Gardening and yard work: shoveling (more than 10 lbs. per
walking) minute), digging ditches, or carrying heavy loads, falling
 General cleaning trees, carrying large logs.
 Laying tile or linoleum  Playing a heavy musical instrument while actively running in
 Lifting item continuously a marching band
 Mopping  Caregiver - carrying an adult or a child weighing 25 lbs. or
 Nursing or patient care more.
 Painting, outside home  Building Fence and corral
 Police, making an arrest  Tailoring, weaving, pressing
 Repairing appliances
 Child care: handling uncooperative young children (e.g., chasing,
dressing, lifting into car seat), or handling several young children
at one time
 Bathing and dressing an adult, elder care, disabled adults
 Standing – moderate (assembly/repair heavy parts, welding, auto
repair)
 Vacuuming
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY
 Boxing- punching bag  Tennis- single
 Table Tennis-competitive  Football, Basketball, Soccer, Kickball
 Tennis - doubles  Beach volleyball- on sand court
 Golf, wheeling or carrying clubs  Ice skating-fast pace or speed skating
 Softball—fast pitch or slow pitch  Boxing—in the ring, sparring
 Basketball—shooting baskets only  Wrestling, competitive
 Volleyball  Karate, judo, taekwondo, jujitsu
 Badminton  Swimming—steady paced laps
 Archery(non-hunting)  Scuba diving
 Fencing  Synchronized swimming
 Bowling  Canoeing or rowing- 4 or more mph
 Ice skating at leisurely pace (9 mph or less)  Kayaking in white water rapids
 Swimming –recreational  Bicycling more than 10 mph
 Canoeing or rowing a boat at less than 4 mph  Race walking and aerobic walking—5 mph or faster
 Water Rafting  Jogging or running
 Kayaking-on lake, calm water  Walking and climbing briskly up a hill
 Bicycling 5 to 9 mph  Mountain climbing, rock climbing, rappelling
 Walking at a moderate or brisk pace of 3 to 4 mph on a level  Aerobic dancing
surface inside or outside  Calisthenics—push-ups, pull-ups, vigorous effort, jumping
 Aerobic dancing-high impact jacks
 Water aerobics  Jumping rope
 Calisthenics—light  Using a stair climber machine at a fast pace
 Yoga  Professional ballroom dancing-energetically
 Gymnastics  Folk dancing-energetically
 General home exercises, light or moderate effort, getting up and  Horseback riding-trotting, galloping, jumping, or in
down from the floor competition
 Jumping on a trampoline  Roller- skating or in line skating-fast pace
 Using a stair climber machine at a light-to-moderate pace

Moderate activity Vigorous activity

3.0 to 6.0 METs (3.5 to 7 kcal/min) Greater than 6.0 METs (more than 7 kcal/min)
 Weight training and bodybuilding using free weights
 Ballroom dancing
 Folk dancing
 Modern dancing, disco, ballet
 Playing Frisbee
 Snorkeling
 Water-skiing
 Surfing, board or body
 Sailing
 Paddle boating
 Horseback riding-general
 Skateboarding
 Roller skating or in line skating-leisurely pace
Appendix 35. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by physical activity level, place of
Physical Activity Level

Place of Low High
Residence/ n
Wealth Quintile 95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL
Wealth Quintile 20,877 42.5 0.8 40.9 44.0 1.8 57.5 0.8 56.0 59.1 1.4
Poorest 4,136 31.5 1.3 29.1 34.0 4.0 68.5 1.3 66.0 70.9 1.8
Poor 4,249 36.4 1.0 34.5 38.3 2.7 63.6 1.0 61.7 65.5 1.5
Middle 4,372 42.3 1.1 40.1 44.5 2.6 57.7 1.1 55.5 59.9 1.9
Rich 4,298 46.5 1.3 44.0 49.0 2.7 53.5 1.3 51.0 56.0 2.3
Richest 3,822 51.9 1.3 49.4 54.5 2.5 48.1 1.3 45.5 50.6 2.7
Rural 12,519 38.2 1.1 36.1 40.3 2.8 61.8 1.1 59.7 63.9 1.7
Poorest 3,584 30.7 1.4 28.1 33.5 4.5 69.3 1.4 66.5 71.9 2.0
Poor 3,170 34.5 1.2 32.2 36.8 3.4 65.5 1.2 63.2 67.8 1.8
Middle 2,562 38.8 1.4 36.1 41.7 3.7 61.2 1.4 58.3 63.9 2.3
Rich 1,969 45.3 1.8 41.7 48.9 4.1 54.7 1.8 51.1 58.3 3.4
Richest 1,234 52.6 2.4 47.8 57.3 4.6 47.4 2.4 42.7 52.2 5.1
Urban 8,358 47.0 1.1 44.9 49.2 2.3 53.0 1.1 50.8 55.1 2.1
Poorest 552 35.6 2.9 30.1 41.5 8.2 64.4 2.9 58.5 69.9 4.5
Poor 1,079 40.7 1.8 37.1 44.3 4.5 59.3 1.8 55.7 62.9 3.1
Middle 1,810 45.9 1.7 42.5 49.4 3.8 54.1 1.7 50.6 57.5 3.2
Rich 2,329 47.2 1.6 44.1 50.4 3.4 52.8 1.6 49.6 55.9 3.0
Richest 2,588 51.7 1.5 48.8 54.6 2.9 48.3 1.5 45.4 51.2 3.1

Appendix 36. Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by physical activity level and
Physical Activity Level

Low High
Region n
95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL
Philippines 20,903 42.5 0.8 40.9 44.0 1.8 57.5 0.8 56.0 59.1 1.4
NCR 1,640 43.3 1.9 39.6 47.1 4.4 56.7 1.9 52.9 60.4 3.4
CAR 830 28.3 2.6 23.5 33.6 9.1 71.7 2.6 66.4 76.5 3.6
Ilocos Region 1,205 38.0 3.7 31.0 45.5 9.7 62.0 3.7 54.5 69.0 6.0
Cagayan Valley 1,137 31.8 3.2 25.9 38.3 10.0 68.2 3.2 61.7 74.1 4.6
Central Luzon 1,800 52.2 2.4 47.4 56.9 4.7 47.8 2.4 43.1 52.6 5.1
CALABARZON 2,109 50.7 1.9 47.0 54.3 3.7 49.3 1.9 45.7 53.0 3.8
MIMAROPA 485 49.5 4.5 40.8 58.3 9.1 50.5 4.5 41.7 59.2 8.9
Bicol Region 1,446 35.5 2.0 31.6 39.6 5.7 64.5 2.0 60.4 68.4 3.2
Western Visayas 1,813 25.8 2.2 21.8 30.3 8.5 74.2 2.2 69.7 78.2 3.0
Central Visayas 1,265 46.2 3.3 39.8 52.8 7.2 53.8 3.3 47.2 60.2 6.2
Eastern Visayas 1,266 45.3 2.4 40.7 49.9 5.2 54.7 2.4 50.1 59.3 4.3
Northern Mindanao 1,047 50.6 2.7 45.2 55.9 5.4 49.4 2.7 44.1 54.8 5.5
Davao Region 1,002 34.9 2.2 30.7 39.5 6.4 65.1 2.2 60.5 69.3 3.5
SOCCSKSARGEN 1,122 48.7 6.0 37.2 60.3 12.3 51.3 6.0 39.7 62.8 11.7
ARMM 941 39.0 3.2 33.0 45.4 8.1 61.0 3.2 54.6 67.0 5.2
Caraga 997 38.3 2.8 32.9 44.0 7.4 61.7 2.8 56.0 67.1 4.6

Appendix 37. Percent distribution of per capita intake of fruits and/or vegetables per day, by
Fruits and/or Vegetables Consumption

Background <400g/day ≥400g/day
characteristics n 95% CI 95% CI
% SE CV % SE CV
LL UL LL UL
Philippines 9,930 91.4 0.4 90.7 92.1 0.4 8.6 0.4 7.9 9.3 4.4
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 2,197 88.2 0.9 86.3 89.9 1.0 11.8 0.9 10.1 13.7 7.8
Poor 2,110 91.4 0.7 89.9 92.6 0.7 8.6 0.7 7.4 10.1 7.9
Middle 2,022 93.9 0.6 92.7 94.9 0.6 6.1 0.6 5.1 7.3 9.0
Rich 1,881 93.1 0.6 91.8 94.2 0.7 6.9 0.6 5.8 8.2 8.9
Richest 1,614 90.1 0.8 88.5 91.5 0.9 9.9 0.8 8.5 11.5 7.8
Place of Residence
Rural 6,054 89.6 0.6 88.4 90.6 0.6 10.4 0.6 9.4 11.6 5.4
Urban 3,876 93.5 0.4 92.5 94.3 0.5 6.5 0.4 5.7 7.5 6.9
Region
NCR 753 94.3 0.8 92.4 95.7 0.9 5.7 0.8 4.3 7.6 14.3
CAR 403 84.5 2.2 79.7 88.4 2.6 15.5 2.2 11.6 20.3 14.3
Ilocos Region 575 92.5 1.3 89.5 94.6 1.4 7.5 1.3 5.4 10.5 17.2
Cagayan Valley 522 88.6 1.2 85.9 90.8 1.4 11.4 1.2 9.2 14.1 10.7
Central Luzon 804 94.8 0.9 92.8 96.2 0.9 5.2 0.9 3.8 7.2 16.4
CALABARZON 979 92.6 0.9 90.5 94.2 1.0 7.4 0.9 5.8 9.5 12.7
MIMAROPA 268 87.8 2.1 83.1 91.3 2.3 12.2 2.1 8.7 16.9 16.8
Bicol Region 724 92.6 1.1 90.2 94.5 1.2 7.4 1.1 5.5 9.8 14.8
Western Visayas 860 88.6 1.9 84.3 91.8 2.1 11.4 1.9 8.2 15.7 16.4
Central Visayas 614 92.1 1.2 89.4 94.2 1.3 7.9 1.2 5.8 10.6 15.4
Eastern Visayas 625 95.5 1.0 92.9 97.2 1.1 4.5 1.0 2.8 7.1 23.1
Northern Mindanao 516 90.4 1.8 86.3 93.4 2.0 9.6 1.8 6.6 13.7 18.5
Davao Region 472 91.9 1.1 89.4 93.8 1.2 8.1 1.1 6.2 10.6 13.7
SOCCSKSARGEN 527 85.0 2.1 80.3 88.7 2.5 15.0 2.1 11.3 19.7 14.2
ARMM 457 86.4 3.3 78.7 91.7 3.8 13.6 3.3 8.3 21.3 24.0
Caraga 458 88.1 1.6 84.5 91.0 1.9 11.9 1.6 9.0 15.5 13.8

Appendix 38. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were aware of health supplements by
age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Age Group/Sex n Percentage (%)

All 23,232 72.8
18.0-19.9 1,313 65.7
20.0-29.9 4,825 74.0
30.0-39.9 4,304 74.8
40.0-49.9 4,650 74.7
50.0-59.9 4,029 71.5
60.0-69.9 2,499 70.7
> 70.0 1,612 65.2
Male 10,815 69.3
18.0-19.9 670 62.8
20.0-29.9 2,407 69.5
30.0-39.9 1,976 72.4
40.0-49.9 2,157 70.5
50.0-59.9 1,880 68.1
60.0-69.9 1,116 68.3
> 70.0 609 63.0
Female 12,417 75.7
18.0-19.9 643 68.5
20.0-29.9 2,418 78.0
30.0-39.9 2,328 76.9
40.0-49.9 2,493 78.4
50.0-59.9 2,149 74.5
60.0-69.9 1,383 72.6
> 70.0 1,003 66.7
Appendix 39. Percent distribution of adults, 18.0 years old and over, by consumption of health
supplements during the past 6 months, by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
% Distribution by Consumption
Age Group/Sex n of Health Supplements
No Yes
All 23,232 73.9 26.1
18.0-19.9 1,313 81.6 18.4
20.0-29.9 4,825 78.3 21.7
30.0-39.9 4,304 73.9 26.1
40.0-49.9 4,650 73.7 26.3
50.0-59.9 4,029 70.5 29.5
60.0-69.9 2,499 67.5 32.5
> 70.0 1,612 66.9 33.1
Male 10,815 77.4 22.6
18.0-19.9 670 83.7 16.3
20.0-29.9 2,407 80.5 19.5
30.0-39.9 1,976 77.4 22.6
40.0-49.9 2,157 76.9 23.1
50.0-59.9 1,880 75.3 24.7
60.0-69.9 1,116 71.9 28.1
> 70.0 609 71.0 29.0
Female 12,417 71.0 29.0
18.0-19.9 643 79.6 20.4
20.0-29.9 2,418 76.3 23.7
30.0-39.9 2,328 71.1 28.9
40.0-49.9 2,493 70.9 29.1
50.0-59.9 2,149 66.3 33.7
60.0-69.9 1,383 63.8 36.2
> 70.0 1,003 64.2 35.8

Appendix 40. Percent distribution of adults, 18.0 years old and over, by reasons for stopping/non-usage
of health supplements and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Reasons for not taking supplements (%)

Age Group/
n Not available Adverse Not Not
Sex No need Expensive Others
in the area reactions aware effective
All 20,212 4.9 28.9 46.0 5.0 4.0 0.3 10.9
18.0-19.9 1,229 4.3 29.6 41.9 3.3 4.9 1.1 14.9
20.0-29.9 4,392 4.9 30.5 42.2 5.2 3.8 0.4 13.0
30.0-39.9 3,796 4.6 28.4 48.2 5.3 3.3 0.3 10.0
40.0-49.9 4,059 4.4 29.7 47.4 4.9 3.6 0.2 9.9
50.0-59.9 3,420 5.4 28.1 48.5 4.9 3.9 0.4 8.8
60.0-69.9 2,028 4.6 27.2 47.2 5.4 6.0 0.1 9.4
> 70.0 1,288 7.1 24.3 46.1 4.8 5.7 0.2 11.9
Male 9,700 4.9 30.7 45.2 4.1 4.6 0.3 10.2
18.0-19.9 633 4.2 28.7 43.2 3.1 5.6 1.5 13.8
20.0-29.9 2,231 4.6 31.7 42.6 3.8 4.8 0.2 12.2
30.0-39.9 1,793 5.0 31.4 45.5 4.5 3.4 0.4 9.9
40.0-49.9 1,942 5.0 31.4 45.5 4.5 3.4 0.4 9.9
50.0-59.9 1,646 5.1 31.3 46.7 4.4 4.3 0.4 7.8
60.0-69.9 947 5.1 29.0 46.6 3.7 6.3 0.3 9.0
> 70.0 508 6.9 26.0 47.0 3.3 7.0 - 9.7
Female 10,512 4.8 27.2 46.8 5.9 3.4 0.3 11.4
18.0-19.9 596 4.4 30.5 40.6 3.5 4.2 0.7 16.2
20.0-29.9 2,161 5.2 29.4 41.7 6.6 2.8 0.6 13.7
30.0-39.9 2,003 4.3 25.7 50.7 6.0 3.1 0.2 10.0
40.0-49.9 2,117 4.2 28.7 48.1 5.3 3.0 0.2 10.4
50.0-59.9 1,774 5.6 25.3 50.1 5.3 3.5 0.4 9.7
60.0-69.9 1,081 4.2 25.5 47.7 7.0 5.8 - 9.8
> 70.0 780 7.2 23.0 45.4 5.9 4.8 0.3 13.5

Appendix 41. Percent distribution of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were taking health supplements
during the past 6 months, by duration of intake and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Duration of intake
Age Group/Sex n
All 5,954 34.9 34.0 31.2
18.0-19.9 229 46.3 33.4 20.4
20.0-29.9 1,005 35.5 36.7 27.8
30.0-39.9 1,080 34.2 36.6 29.2
40.0-49.9 1,178 36.9 32.8 30.2
50.0-59.9 1,155 35.6 31.9 32.5
60.0-69.9 787 32.4 31.1 36.5
> 70.0 520 25.0 30.3 44.7
Male 2,370 35.5 34.0 30.5
18.0-19.9 101 44.1 36.2 19.8
20.0-29.9 442 35.1 35.5 29.3
30.0-39.9 430 35.6 36.1 28.3
40.0-49.9 474 36.7 34.3 29.0
50.0-59.9 456 36.6 33.3 30.1
60.0-69.9 298 33.3 29.1 37.6
> 70.0 169 27.7 29.2 43.1
Female 3,584 34.4 33.9 31.6
18.0-19.9 128 48.0 31.2 20.8
20.0-29.9 563 35.8 37.5 26.7
30.0-39.9 650 33.2 37.0 29.7
40.0-49.9 704 37.1 31.8 31.1
50.0-59.9 699 34.9 31.1 34.0
60.0-69.9 489 31.8 32.4 35.9
> 70.0 351 23.6 30.9 45.5

Appendix 42. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were currently taking health
supplements, by type of supplements and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Type of supplements
Age Group/
n Vitamins and
Sex Vitamins Minerals Herbal
Minerals
All 3,020 32.0 9.2 37.9 30.4
18.0-19.9 84 28.4 9.2 44.4 24.5
20.0-29.9 433 38.6 14.4 39.6 17.4
30.0-39.9 508 30.6 8.4 38.9 29.7
40.0-49.9 591 32.8 10.1 37.8 29.0
50.0-59.9 609 27.1 7.0 36.2 40.5
60.0-69.9 471 30.1 7.5 34.2 38.7
> 70.0 324 34.6 5.7 39.6 29.5
Male 1,115 27.1 5.2 46.5 28.8
18.0-19.9 37 28.3 4.0 52.4 20.0
20.0-29.9 176 33.8 4.0 47.1 20.6
30.0-39.9 183 24.1 2.9 54.7 24.4
40.0-49.9 215 25.8 5.9 44.3 28.7
50.0-59.9 234 21.0 5.8 44.1 37.9
60.0-69.9 169 27.4 8.4 40.4 35.2
> 70.0 101 36.6 5.2 43.3 29.9
Female 1,905 34.8 11.6 32.9 31.4
18.0-19.9 47 28.4 13.0 38.5 27.9
20.0-29.9 257 41.6 21.0 34.8 15.3
30.0-39.9 325 34.1 11.3 30.5 32.6
40.0-49.9 376 36.9 12.6 34.0 29.1
50.0-59.9 375 30.8 7.7 31.4 42.1
60.0-69.9 302 31.7 7.0 30.5 40.8
> 70.0 223 33.6 5.9 37.7 29.4

supplements, by form of supplements and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Form of Supplements
Age Group/
n Hard gel Soft Gel
Sex Tablet Caplet Liquid Powder Chews Granules Lozenges Tea
capsule Capsule
All 3,020 28.4 36.1 16.6 11.8 10.3 3.7 0.4 0.1 0.0 5.2
18.0-19.9 84 25.5 30.6 13.3 10.6 21.8 5.5 - - - -
20.0-29.9 433 27.1 40.9 15.7 8.1 12.2 2.2 0.6 - - 2.5
30.0-39.9 508 31.3 32.5 15.1 12.1 13.4 3.8 0.2 - - 4.0
40.0-49.9 591 29.2 35.5 15.3 13.8 6.4 3.7 0.5 0.3 - 8.1
50.0-59.9 609 28.2 32.7 19.6 11.2 9.9 5.1 0.7 - - 7.0
60.0-69.9 471 27.6 38.1 16.2 14.1 8.7 4.2 0.2 - 0.1 5.9
> 70.0 324 24.4 43.4 21.0 11.4 8.2 2.6 - - - 3.7
Male 1,115 29.6 31.5 17.3 9.9 13.1 3.0 0.4 - - 5.7
18.0-19.9 37 22.3 32.0 5.8 6.9 30.7 9.2 - - - -
20.0-29.9 176 29.2 32.9 16.4 7.3 16.7 2.9 0.4 - - 3.8
30.0-39.9 183 32.5 27.9 16.6 8.6 18.4 3.2 - - - 2.1
40.0-49.9 215 31.1 29.4 15.2 12.9 6.4 3.0 0.9 - - 9.4
50.0-59.9 234 28.4 27.9 21.9 9.1 13.1 3.3 1.0 - - 7.3
60.0-69.9 169 29.1 35.9 16.6 12.0 7.6 1.1 - - - 8.2
> 70.0 101 25.9 43.9 22.2 11.8 11.2 2.6 - - - 4.1
Female 1,905 27.7 38.9 16.2 12.9 8.7 4.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 4.9
18.0-19.9 47 27.9 29.6 19.0 13.3 15.1 2.8 - - - -
20.0-29.9 257 25.7 46.0 15.3 8.6 9.2 1.7 0.7 - - 1.7
30.0-39.9 325 30.7 35.0 14.3 14.0 10.7 4.1 0.2 - - 5.0
40.0-49.9 376 28.1 39.1 15.4 14.4 6.4 4.2 0.4 0.4 - 7.4
50.0-59.9 375 28.0 35.7 18.2 12.6 7.9 6.2 0.4 - - 6.8
60.0-69.9 302 26.8 39.4 15.9 15.4 9.4 6.1 0.4 - 0.2 4.6
> 70.0 223 23.6 43.2 20.3 11.2 6.7 2.6 - - - 3.5
*multiple response

supplements, by mode of acquisition and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Age Group/ Mode of acquisition

n
Sex Bought Given
All 3,020 76.0 26.3
18.0-19.9 84 65.4 34.6
20.0-29.9 433 78.1 23.8
30.0-39.9 508 83.1 19.3
40.0-49.9 591 78.1 23.9
50.0-59.9 609 75.7 26.7
60.0-69.9 471 67.4 36.0
> 70.0 324 66.8 36.1
Male 1,115 76.5 25.0
18.0-19.9 37 71.0 29.0
20.0-29.9 176 76.5 24.3
30.0-39.9 183 86.8 13.2
40.0-49.9 215 79.6 21.2
50.0-59.9 234 76.0 26.3
60.0-69.9 169 67.9 35.5
> 70.0 101 60.5 43.8
Female 1,905 75.7 27.2
18.0-19.9 47 61.1 38.9
20.0-29.9 257 79.1 23.5
30.0-39.9 325 81.1 22.6
40.0-49.9 376 77.2 25.5
50.0-59.9 375 75.5 27.0
60.0-69.9 302 67.1 36.4
> 70.0 223 69.9 32.3
*multiple response

supplements, by frequency of intake and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Age Group/ Frequency of Intake

n
Sex Daily 3x-6x/week <3x/week Others
All 3,020 80.1 9.6 8.1 4.9
18.0-19.9 84 86.5 4.5 5.4 3.6
20.0-29.9 433 79.3 8.6 8.7 5.8
30.0-39.9 508 79.2 10.2 8.8 5.5
40.0-49.9 591 78.7 10.1 8.7 4.7
50.0-59.9 609 80.2 10.5 8.6 4.0
60.0-69.9 471 82.0 10.2 6.4 4.2
> 70.0 324 82.3 8.1 6.1 5.9
Male 1,115 76.3 11.3 9.5 5.0
18.0-19.9 37 83.3 8.6 3.5 4.6
20.0-29.9 176 70.2 13.1 12.0 6.6
30.0-39.9 183 73.8 13.0 9.7 4.9
40.0-49.9 215 75.8 8.3 11.4 6.0
50.0-59.9 234 77.5 12.7 9.6 3.3
60.0-69.9 169 82.3 12.3 4.3 4.3
> 70.0 101 82.5 5.6 9.1 4.6
Female 1,905 82.4 8.7 7.3 4.9
18.0-19.9 47 89.0 1.4 6.8 2.8
20.0-29.9 257 85.1 5.7 6.5 5.3
30.0-39.9 325 82.1 8.7 8.4 5.8
40.0-49.9 376 80.4 11.1 7.0 3.9
50.0-59.9 375 81.9 9.1 8.1 4.5
60.0-69.9 302 81.9 9.0 7.7 4.2
> 70.0 223 82.3 9.4 4.6 6.6

supplements, by duration of intake and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Age Group/ Duration of Intake

n
Sex <1 month 1-6 months 7-12 months >1 year
All 3,020 24.1 39.3 9.0 31.9
18.0-19.9 84 35.0 45.7 2.7 19.6
20.0-29.9 433 28.5 44.1 7.9 23.7
30.0-39.9 508 23.8 41.9 10.7 28.9
40.0-49.9 591 26.5 38.8 8.3 30.8
50.0-59.9 609 20.4 36.8 9.9 35.1
60.0-69.9 471 22.9 36.0 8.0 39.5
> 70.0 324 15.5 31.9 11.1 44.9
Male 1,115 23.1 38.2 9.1 32.0
18.0-19.9 37 27.3 47.7 4.7 20.3
20.0-29.9 176 28.2 38.7 8.0 28.3
30.0-39.9 183 22.8 40.8 11.7 29.0
40.0-49.9 215 23.1 40.1 10.3 27.1
50.0-59.9 234 21.3 36.6 9.0 33.0
60.0-69.9 169 22.5 34.0 7.3 41.4
> 70.0 101 15.6 33.0 7.3 47.4
Female 1,905 24.6 39.8 9.0 31.9
18.0-19.9 47 40.8 44.3 1.1 19.1
20.0-29.9 257 28.7 47.6 7.8 20.8
30.0-39.9 325 24.4 42.5 10.1 28.8
40.0-49.9 376 28.5 38.0 7.2 33.0
50.0-59.9 375 19.9 36.9 10.4 36.3
60.0-69.9 302 23.2 37.2 8.4 38.4
> 70.0 223 15.4 31.4 13.1 43.7

Appendix 47. Proportion of adults, 18.0 years old and over, who were currently taking health supplements,
by sources of recommendation to take supplements and by age group and sex: Philippines,
2015
Source of recommendation to take supplements

Age Group/
n Doctors/Health Friends/ Heard Seen Read from Sales
Sex Others
Professionals Relatives from radio on TV Print Media Representatives
All 3,020 34.2 43.7 3.1 10.7 1.6 2.7 7.9
18.0-19.9 84 24.4 58.2 - 5.7 2.9 0.4 9.5
20.0-29.9 433 31.3 48.8 0.7 8.7 1.4 2.0 8.9
30.0-39.9 508 31.4 41.0 2.1 13.4 2.3 2.7 11.1
40.0-49.9 591 31.3 43.3 3.6 13.6 1.8 1.4 9.3
50.0-59.9 609 30.6 43.5 4.6 12.6 1.7 5.1 6.4
60.0-69.9 471 43.6 42.0 4.7 6.8 1.0 2.4 4.7
> 70.0 324 50.7 39.5 4.4 4.3 - 2.9 1.6
Male 1,115 25.3 47.9 4.2 12.7 2.0 2.3 8.6
18.0-19.9 37 9.5 66.4 - 9.0 6.8 0.9 9.8
20.0-29.9 176 15.6 60.7 0.8 11.0 1.4 3.5 10.6
30.0-39.9 183 16.6 48.9 2.3 14.7 1.8 3.1 15.0
40.0-49.9 215 25.1 42.0 4.8 16.3 2.5 1.0 10.1
50.0-59.9 234 26.0 45.5 7.3 14.1 3.3 3.3 4.8
60.0-69.9 169 39.6 41.5 6.8 10.0 0.9 - 2.7
> 70.0 101 51.6 39.8 4.7 4.8 - 3.1 2.2
Female 1,905 39.5 41.3 2.4 9.5 1.3 2.8 7.4
18.0-19.9 47 35.5 52.1 - 3.2 - - 9.2
20.0-29.9 257 41.3 41.2 0.6 7.2 1.3 0.9 7.8
30.0-39.9 325 39.2 36.7 1.9 12.8 2.6 2.5 9.1
40.0-49.9 376 35.0 44.1 2.8 12.0 1.3 1.6 8.9
50.0-59.9 375 33.4 42.3 3.0 11.7 0.8 6.2 7.4
60.0-69.9 302 45.9 42.3 3.5 5.0 1.0 3.8 5.9
> 70.0 223 50.2 39.3 4.3 4.1 - 2.8 1.3

supplements, by perceived effect on health and by age group and sex: Philippines, 2015
Effect on Health
Age Group/
n Slightly Much
Sex Worsened No Change
Improved Improved
All 3,020 0.2 6.5 46.4 48.3
18.0-19.9 84 - 11.8 45.9 43.3
20.0-29.9 433 0.5 7.7 49.7 45.1
30.0-39.9 508 - 7.8 45.8 48.5
40.0-49.9 591 0.3 6.0 48.0 45.6
50.0-59.9 609 0.1 5.0 43.2 51.7
60.0-69.9 471 0.3 6.1 46.3 51.0
> 70.0 324 - 4.4 44.5 50.7
Male 1,115 0.2 7.0 48.0 45.6
18.0-19.9 37 - 12.6 39.6 50.2
20.0-29.9 176 0.6 8.1 51.6 42.3
30.0-39.9 183 - 8.4 51.1 42.6
40.0-49.9 215 0.3 6.6 45.5 43.9
50.0-59.9 234 - 5.5 46.9 48.0
60.0-69.9 169 - 5.0 49.4 47.7
> 70.0 101 - 6.0 40.8 54.4
Female 1,905 0.2 6.3 45.5 49.9
18.0-19.9 47 - 11.2 50.6 38.2
20.0-29.9 257 0.3 7.4 48.5 46.8
30.0-39.9 325 - 7.5 43.0 51.6
40.0-49.9 376 0.2 5.6 49.5 46.6
50.0-59.9 375 0.2 4.6 40.9 54.0
60.0-69.9 302 0.5 6.8 44.4 52.9
> 70.0 223 - 3.7 46.3 48.8

7. ANNEXES - Questionnaires
Annex 1. Form 5.1 - Blood Pressure Measurement of Individuals, 3 Years Old and Above
This is owned by FNRI-DOST and cannot be

reproduced without the permission of the owner.

Annex 2. Form 5.1 - History of Raised Blood Pressure of 18 Years Old and Above




Annex 3. Form 5.2 - Smoking and Alcohol Consumption of Individuals, 10 Years Old and Above












Annex 4. Form 5.3 - Awareness and Usage of Health / Food / Dietary Supplements of Adults,
18 Years Old and Above


Annex 5. Form 5.4 - Physical Activity of Adults, 18 Years Old and Above






Annex 6. Form 5.5 - Food Frequency Questionnaire of Adults, 18 Years Old and Above










Annex 7. Form 9.3 - Household Food Record





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Philippine Nutrition

Facts and Figures 2015

2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of

CLINICAL and HEALTH SURVEY

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Tel. Numbers: (632) 837-20-71 local 2282 / 2296; 839-1846

Telefax: (632) 837-2934; 839-1843

E-mail: mvc@fnri.dost.gov.ph mar_v_c@yahoo.com

3.2 Behavioral Risk Factors 38

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

3.3. Awareness and Usage of Health Supplements 73

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Food and Nutrition Research Institute i

MARIO V. CAPANZANA, Ph.D.

ii Food and Nutrition Research Institute

2015 UPDATING SURVEY MANAGEMENT TEAM

Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Cecilia Cristina Santos-Acuin, M.D., Ph.D.

COMPONENT STUDY LEADERS DATA MANAGEMENT

Ma. Adrienne S. Constantino Charmaine A. Duante, M.Sc. Epid.

Marina B. Vargas, Ph.D. (Human Nutrition) Glen Melvin P. Gironella

Ma. Lilibeth P. Dasco, M.S. (Applied Nutrition) Ma. Lynell V. Maniego

Chona F. Patalen, M.P.H. Eldridge B. Ferrer, M.S.

Apple Joy D. Ducay

FINAL REPORT WRITERS

Chona F. Patalen, M.P.H.

Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

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ABV Alcohol by volume

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Hypertension or High Blood Pressure is indicated by a sustained systolic BP elevation of 140

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Table No. Title Page No.

2 Response rates for different NCD module variables 8

3 Target age/physiological groups for the specific clinical and health 9

4 Cuff sizes for different population groups 11

5 Classification of blood pressure according to JNC VII, 2004 13

6 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children, 5.08-19.0 13

7 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of adults, 19.0 years 13

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Table No. Title Page No.

18 Mean waist circumference (WC) and percent distribution of adults, 20.0 35

19 Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by smoking 38

23 Average number of cigarette sticks last purchased among adult current 45

27 Measurement of standard drinks with their corresponding alcohol by 57

28 Percent distribution of adolescents, 10.0 to 19.9 years old, by alcohol 58

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30 Percent distribution of adults, 20.0 years old and over, by alcohol 61

31 Percent distribution of current alcohol drinkers among adults, 20.0 years 62

32 Prevalence of binge drinking among currently drinking adults (those who 65

33 Percentage of low leisure-related, travel-related, and work-related physical 70

35 NCD Global Targets Monitoring Framework 84

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Figure No. Title Page No.

2 Equipment used for BP measurement - Sphygmomanometer (left) and 10