NS

001:
Biological
Science

Prepared by: Ms. Coleen Angela Pagkaliwangan, LPT

Let Us Start!!!!
TAXONOMY
 TAXONOMY

 Came from the Greek word “TAXIS” which means

arrangement and “NOMOS” which means law.
 Law of arrangement
 It is the hierarchical system for identification, naming
and classifying of organisms. Its classification focuses
on placing organisms in a group that displays their
relationship to other organisms.
 ARISTOTLE
 wrote a book entitled “Historia
Animalium
 First to classify all living things into two
groups – plants and animals.
 He grouped the types of creatures
according to their similarities: animals
with blood and animals without blood,
animals that live on water and animals
that live on land, animals with
backbone(vertebrates) and without
backbone (invertebrates) and he divided
animals into live-bearing and egg-bearing
animals.
 THEOPHRASTUS
 Father of Botany
 Had two botanical works entitled:
• De Historia Plantarum (On Plants )
- describes the anatomy of plants
and classified the plants based on its
growth form.
• De Causis Plantarum(The Causes of
Plants) discusses plant propagation
and growth and used as practical
guide to farmers and gardeners.
 DIOSCORIDES

 Greek Physician who wrote

De Materia Medica which
contains around 600 species.
This book was used for
medicinal purposes and the
classification was based on the
medicinal properties of the
species.
 PLINIUS

 A Roman active on state

who wrote Naturalis
Historia, a 37-book work
describing the natural world
or life.
 It is also the largest single
work to have survived from
the Roman Empire to the
modern days
 BAUHIN BROTHERS
 wrote Pinax Theatri Botanici in 1623. PINAX means register and
this work is a registration of 6000 species.
 They introduced and recognized genera and species as major
taxonomic levels.
 CAROLUS LINNAEUS
 A Swedish Naturalist that is known as the
“Father of Taxonomy”.
 His two most important contributions to
taxonomy
● Hierarchical classification
system
● The system of binomial
nomenclature
 TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

TAXONOMIC LEVEL
o Domain
DOMAIN: Eukarya
o Kingdom
KINGDOM: Animalia
o Phylum PHYLUM: Chordata
o Class CLASS: Mammalia
o Order ORDER: Perissodactyla
o Family FAMILY: Equidae
o Genus GENUS: Equus
o Species SPECIES: E. Ferus
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Equus ferus
caballus
COMMON NAME: Horse
SCIENTIFIC NAME
•also called “technical name”; name used by scientists, especially the
taxonomic name of an organism that consists of the genus and
species. Scientific names usually come from Latin or Greek.
▸ Ex. Felix domesticus

COMMON NAME
•also known as “vernacular name” ; refers to the English name, trivial
name, popular name or a name in general use within a community
▸ Ex. Felix domesticus refers to the “house cat”
Six Kingdom o f o r g a n i sm s
 DOMAIN ARCHAEA

 Kingdom Archaebacteria are known as “Ancient Bacteria”.

 These are unicellular prokaryotes that are consider as the
oldest organism living on Earth and also known as “Life’s
extremist”.
 They were first classified as bacteria. Most archaebacteria
appear like bacteria. Archaebacteria are found in very harsh
conditions such as in the volcanic vents or at the bottom of the
sea. They can easily survive in such extreme environment.
THERMOACIDOPHILES
o Thermo=temperature /Acidophil = acid
loving
o Inhabit dark, anaerobic, and hot
environments.
o Thermoacidophiles thrive in extremely
acidic(between pH of 1-3) , hot (reaching
750 deg F.) and moist regions, such as
sulfur hot springs.
HALOPHILES
o Halo = salt philo = loving
o Halophiles thrive in extremely salty
environments. They make their home in
water and soil, as long as there is a very
high salinity.
METHANOGENS
o Methanoge ns produce methane gas
(CH 4 ). They release methane as a waste
product. It can be found in environments
that are anaerobic. Methanogens are
found in swamps and marshes. Some live
in the intestinal tracts of animals to help
break down food.
 DOMAIN BACTERIA

 Kingdom Eubacteria or “True

bacteria”
 These are microscopic unicellular
prokaryotes under that have thick,
rigid cell walls made of
peptidoglycan.
 It can be found everywhere and
survive in aerobic and anaerobic
places.
BACTERIAL SHAPES AND
CELLULAR
ARRANGEMENTS
 round bacterial shapes
rod-shaped or cigar-shaped
bacteria.
curved, twisted
or spiral-shaped
bacteria with
fairly rigid bodies.
l Pertains to how bacterial cells are arranged
or grouped after their cells divide.

in pairs
four cells
eight cells
in chains
in clusters
 GOOD AND BAD SIDE OF BACTERIA
 Act as decomposers
 Live within our digestive tract (called probiotics)
 Many foods we eat are processed by bacteria (pickles,
buttermilk, cheese, vinegar, etc.)
 Some can cause disease.
 Some are photosynthetic.
 DOMAIN EUKARYA

 Member of this domain are eukaryotes (cells with

nucleus) and require oxygen for survival.
 Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular.
 Eukaryotes are made up of four kingdoms:
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia
 Thank you for
participating!
If you have any questions
/clarification feel free to contact
your teacher on her designated
consultation time..