INDUSTRIAL CUM SOFTWARE TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

NAME: SHAHID

BASHIR MAGRAY

ROLL NUMBER: 2027973

Under the Guidance of:

Faculty Mentor Name: Er.Neha Thakur

Designation: HOD
Department: Civil Engineering

GULZAR GROUP OF INSTITUTES, LUDHIANA, PUNJAB

1
 [BTCE 701] INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

REPORT

UNDERTAKEN AT

“GOVT OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR OFFICE OF THE

ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE ENGINEER SUB DIVISION
2ND(CIVIL) SKIMS, SOURA SRINAGAR”
FEBRUARY to MAY, 2023
(Start Month) (End Month) (Year)

ON
“DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND AMC OF 120 BEDDED SPECIALIZED
ORTHOPEDIC UNITS, INCLUDING SIX-BEDDED ICU IN SKIMS SOURA
SRINAGAR”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

NAME OF STUDENT:SHAHID BASHIR MAGRAY and ROLL NUMBER: 2027973

Under the Guidance of:

Mentor Name:`Er. Neha Thakur Industry Supervisor: Er.Irshad Ahad

Designation: HOD Designation: AEE
Department: Civil Engineering Department: PWD

GULZAR GROUP OF INSTITUTES, LUDHIANA, PUNJAB

2
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled (“Design, Construction & AMC Of 120
Bedded Specialized Orthopedic Units, Including Six-Bedded ICU In SKIMS Soura,
Srinagar”) is an authentic record of my own work carried out at (SKIMS Soura ,Srinagar)
as requirements of four months Industrial Training forthe award of degree of B.Tech
(Civil), Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, under the guidance of (Er. Irshad Ahad) and
(Er. Neha Thakur), during (February ) to (April ), 2023.

I hereby declared that the above statement made by me is correct to the best of our
knowledge and belief.

(Signature of student)
Name of Student: SHAHID
BASHIR MAGRAY

University Roll Number:2027973

Date:

3
4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly I would like to thank Prof. Er.Varinder Sir, Assistant Professor and Head Of The
Department Civil Engineering, Gulzar Group Of Institutes, Ludhiana for meticulously
planning academic curriculum in such a way that students are not only academically sound
but also industry ready by including such industrial training patterns.

I express my immense pleasure and deep sense of gratitude to my guide and solicitor to
Er. Irshad Ahad for the positive attitude they showed for my work, always allowing me to
question them and giving prompt replies for my uncertainties in all the fields including
educational, social and managerial work and for spending their valuable time with me and
also helping me in completion of task.

Besides this, several people have knowingly and unknowingly helped me in the successful
completion of this work and I take this opportunity to thank all those from the deepest core
of my heart.

SHAHID BASHIR MAGRAY

5
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1: PROFILE OF COMPANY 8-10

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DETAILS

2.1: NAME OF PROJECT 11
2.2: AREA 11
2.3: NUMBER OF STORIES 11
2.4: COST 11
2.5: PURPOSE 11-12
2.6: TYPE OF BUILDING 12
2.7: STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONSULTANT 12
2.8: ARCHITECTURE 12

CHAPTER 3: CONSTRUCTION STAGES

3.1: DISMANTLING OF BUILDINGS 16
3.2: SEGREGATION OF DISMANTLED MATERIAL 17
3.3 TOOLS USED IN PROJECT 18-20
3.4: SURVEYING 20-23
3.5: SOIL INVESTIGATION 24-29
3.6: EXCAVATION 29
3.7: LAYOUT 30
3.8: PILE FOUNDATION 31-34
3.9: STAGES IN CONSTRUCTION OF PILE 35-42
3.10: STEEL DETAILS 43
3.11: GRADE OF CONCRETE 44

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 45

6
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO
FIG 1: SITE PLAN 13

FIG 2: GROUND FLOOR PLAN 14

FIG 3: FRONT ELEVATION 15

FIG 3.3.2: TREMIE PIPES 18

FIG 3.3.3: CRANE 19

FIG 3.3.4: HOPPER 19

FIG 3.3.5: IRON BARS 20

FIG 3.4.1: AUTO LEVEL SURVEYING 23

FIG 3.5: STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 26

FIG 3.8: PILE AND PILE CAP LAYOUT PLAN 34

FIG 3.9.2: CASING 35

FIG 3.9.4: CAGE INSTALLATION 38

FIG 3.9.5: CONCRETING OF PILE 40

FIG 3.9.6 :CASTING OF CONCRETE 41

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1:BORE LOG DETAIL 27-29

TABLE 2:BAR BENDING SCHEDULE 39

7
CHAPTER 1: PROFILE OF COMPANY

NAME OF THE COMPANY: Economic Reconstruction Agency/ Jehlum Tawi

Flood Recovery- World Bank Project

ESTABLISHED IN: September 2014

In September 2014, the State of Jammu & Kashmir experienced torrential monsoon rains
causing major flooding and landslides. The continuous spell of rains from September 2 –
6, 2014, caused Jhelum and Chenab Rivers as well as many other streams/tributaries to
flow above the danger mark. The Jhelum River also breached its banks flooding many low-
lying areas in Anantnag, Srinagar and adjoining districts. In many districts, the rainfall
exceeded the normal by over 600 per cent. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)
records precipitation above 244.4mm as extremely heavy rainfall, andthe region received
558mm of rain in the June-September period, as against the normal
477.4 mm. For example, the district of Qazigund recorded over 550 mm of rainfall in 6
days as against a historic normal of 6.2 mm over the same period. Due to the unprecedented
heavy rainfall the catchment areas particularly the low lying areas were flooded for more
than two weeks. Some areas in urban Srinagar stayed flooded for 28 days. Water levels
were as high as 27 feet in many parts of Srinagar. The areas from the main tributaries of
river Jhelum vis-à-vis Brengindue to the heavy rainfall causing water levels in Jhelum river
to rise. Subsequently, the discharge of the river Suran was 200 thousand cusecs as against
an average of 50 thousand cusecs. With the excessive discharge of water, the river Suran
affected the basin areas and also took a different course at various locations causing
damages to the surrounding villages in the catchment area. Water levels also increased in
the rivers of Chenab and Tawi, both of which were flowing above normal levels. Due to
the rivers overflowing nearly 20 districts were impacted. In the aftermath of the devastating
floods the Government of India requested assistance from the World Bank and an
emergency project figured by the Natural
8
Disaster was started, the Project is named as Jehlum Tawi Flood Recovery Project. The
project will focus on restoring critical infrastructure using international best practice on
resilient infrastructure. Given the region’s vulnerability to both floods and earthquakes,
the infrastructure will be designed with upgraded resilient features, and will include
contingency planning for future disaster events. Therefore, the project aims at both
restoring essential services disrupted by the floods and improving the design standard and
practices to increase resilience.

Project Development Objective

The project development objective is to support the recovery and increase disaster
resilience in Project Areas, and increase the capacity of the Project Implementing Entity
to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible crisis or emergency. Project
Beneficiaries The primary beneficiaries would be the communities in the districts that were
affected by loss of public service infrastructure that will be restored and improved under
the project. By strengthening disaster risk management systems and institutions, the
project will benefit the entire affected region. The project will focus on restoring critical
infrastructure using international best practice on resilient infrastructure. Given the
region’s vulnerability to both floods and earthquakes, the infrastructure will be designed
with upgraded resilient features, and will include contingency planning for future disaster
events. Therefore, the project aims at both restoring essential services disrupted by the
floods and improving the design standard and practices to increase resilience.

: CEO: Dr. Syed Abid Rashid Shah

: SPECIALITY: The focus is on rebuilding damaged public buildings,such as hospitals,

schools, higher education buildings, fire stations and selected block and districtoffices and
other important public buildings. Restoring and improving the connectivity disrupted by
reconstruction of damaged roads and bridges.

9
: LIST OF PROJECTS:

1. New Hospital Block at LD Hospital

2. Silk Factory Building at Raj Bagh

3. Market Centre at Bemina

10
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DETAILS

: NAME OF PROJECT: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND AMC OF 120 BEDDED

SPECIALIZED ORTHOPEDIC UNITS, INCLUDING SIX-BEDDED ICU IN SKIMS
SOURA, SRINAGAR.

: AREA: 2849 Sq. mts or 30655 sq. ft

: NUMBER OF STORIES: 5

: COST: 88.94 Crore

: PURPOSE: In September 2014, Jammu & Kashmir experienced torrential monsoon

rains in the region causing major flooding and landslides. The continuous spell of rains
from September 2-6, 2014, caused Jhelum and Chenab Rivers as well as many other
streams/tributaries to flow above the danger mark. The Jhelum River also breached its
banks flooding many low-lying areas in Kashmir, including the capital. In many districts,
the rainfall exceeded the normal by over 600%. The Indian Meteorological Department
(IMD) records precipitation above 244.4 mm as extremely heavy rainfall, and J&K
received 558mm of rain in the June- September period, as against the normal
477.4 mm. For example, the district of Qazigund recorded over 550 mm of rainfall in 6
days as against a historic normal of 6.2 mm over the same period.

Due to the unprecedented heavy rainfall the catchment areas particularly the low lying
areas were flooded for more than two weeks. Some areas in urban Srinagar stayed flooded
for 28 days. Water levels were as high as 27 feet in many parts of Srinagar. The
areas from the main tributaries of river Jhelum vis-à-vis Brengi nallah, Vishav nallah,
11
Lider nallah and Sandran nallah started overflowing due to the heavy rainfall causing water
levels in Jhelum river to rise.

Due to the low lying area the portion of lawn remain submerged during torrential rains and
floods especially during September 2014 floods, ground floor of the existing building was
flooded upto 3 feet’s high above plinth. The structure has been constructed without RCC
bands and is not fit for class ‘A’ loading. The hospital remains fully occupied beyond its
capacity. In view of mandatory safety of patients, staff and attendants/ visitors, hospital
was inspected by Medical Authorities post 2014 floods, and keeping in mind all the
parameters like seismic zoning, flood prone area and the existing condition of the building
it was decided to construct new IPD/OT multi-storied block with 146 bed capacity
(including post-operative and ICU beds).

: TYPE OF BUILDING: Reinforced Concrete Structure

: STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONSULTANT: Charu Infra Engineering

Consultants 90/60 A&B, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi

: ARCHITECT: Design And Planning Forum, Srinagar (Hospital

Planning/Architectural Sub Consultants Manchanda Associates)

12
Fig 1: Site Plan

13
Fig 2: Ground Floor Plan
14
Fig 3: Front Elevation
15
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRUCTION STAGES

: DISMANTLING OF BUILDINGS

16
: SEGREGATION OF DISMANTLED MATERIAL:

17
 TOOLS USED IN PROJECT

Bulldozer

A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal

plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such
material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a
claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials.

Tremie Pipes

These are used to pour the concrete into the pile bore hole. These pipes are connected to
the Hopper at the top and concrete is put in the hopper by concrete mixer and in this way
concreting of the bore hole is done. The tremie concrete placement method uses a vertical
or near vertical pipe, through which concrete is placed by gravity feed below water level.

Fig 3.3.2:- Tremie Pipes

Cranes

A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains,
and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other
places. The device uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage

18
and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly
employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the
construction industry for the movement of materials, and in the manufacturing industry for
the assembling of heavy equipment.

FIG 3.3.3:- CRANE

Hopper

A hopper is a large cone-shaped device into which concrete can be put and from which
they can be released when required. It is cone shaped structure mainly made of metal. In
this a certain amount of concrete is poured and dropped into pile. With the hopper, a shoot
is generated which help the concrete to settle at the bottom of pile.

Fig 3.3.4:- Hopper

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 Iron Bars

Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), collectively known as reinforcing steel and reinforcement
steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete
and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in compression.
Concrete is strong under compression, but has weak tensile strength. Rebar significantly
increases the tensile strength of the structure. Iron Bars are the Wrought iron in the form
of bars. Iron bars of various diameters were used in the construction of piles and pile caps.
Bars of diameter 32mm, 25mm, 16mm, 12mm, 10mm, and 8mm were used in the
construction of various parts during the project.

Fig 3.3.5:-Iron Bars

: SURVEYING

DEFINITION: Surveying has traditionally been defined as the science and art of
determining relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or
establishing such points. In a more general sense, however, surveying can be regarded as
that discipline which encompasses all methods of gathering and processing information
about the physical earth and environment,. Conventional ground systems are now
supplemented by aerial and satellite surveying methods, which evolved through the
defense and space programs. In general, the work of a surveyor can be divided into five
parts:
1. Research analysis and decision making. Selecting the survey method, equipment, most
likely corner locations, and so on.

20
 2. Field work or data acquisition. Making measurements and recording data in the field.

3. Computing or data processing. Performing calculations based on the recorded data to

determine locations, areas, volumes, and so on.

4. Mapping or data representation. Plotting measurements or computed values to produce

a map, plat, or chart, or portraying the data in numerical or computer format.

5. Stakeout. Setting monuments and stakes to delineate boundaries or guide construction

operations.
Surveying is one of the oldest and most important arts practiced by man because from the
earliest times it has been necessary to mark boundaries and divide land. Surveying has
now become indispensable to our modern way of life. Surveying continues to play an
extremely important role in many branches of engineering. For example, surveys are
required to plan, construct, and maintain highways, railroads, buildings, bridges, tunnels,
canals, land subdivisions, sewage systems, pipelines, etc. All engineers must know the
limits of accuracy possible in construction.

TYPES: Based on various types of instruments used, surveying can be classified into six
types:
 Chain surveying.
 Compass surveying.
 Plane table surveying.
 Theodolite surveying.
 Tacheometric surveying.
 Photographic surveying.

Chain Surveying

 Area to be surveyed is divided into a number of triangles

 The length of the sides are measured and the interior details recorded
 Whole are then plotted on a drawing sheet to a suitable scale to produce the map
21
Plane Table Surveying

 The observations and plotting are done simultaneously

 An art paper or sheet is fixed on a calibrated plane table
 The field observations are taken and recorded side by side on the paper and
eventually the map is prepared.

Tacheometry or Stadia Surveying

 A telescopic sight instrument is used to measure distances

 It incorporates a theodolite controlled by an operator and a level staff held by
another surveyor at a distance.
 Both vertical and horizontal distances are computed through stadia (the two
horizontal markings on a theodolite) readings

Photographic surveying

 Maps are prepared from photographs taken from suitable camera stations; the
stations can be even airplanes.
 The output is a map, a drawing or a 3D model of some real-world scene or object.

Compass surveying
Is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a
magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape or chain
Theodolite
The Theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for :
• Measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
• Locating points on a line.
• Prolonging survey lines.
• Finding difference of level.

22
At my site we used auto level to establish points.

Fig 3.4.1: Auto Level Surveying

23
 SOIL EXPLORATION

OBJECTIVE: - To determine the Bearing Capacity of the soils.

SCOPE:-This method describes the standard penetration test using the split-spoon sampler
to obtain the resistance of soil to penetration (N-value), using a 63.5 kg hammer falling .76
m; and to obtain representative samples for identification and laboratory tests. The method
is applicable to all soil types. It is most often used in granular materials but also in other
materials when simple in-place bearing strengths are required. It is also usedwhen samples
cannot easily be recovered by other means.

THEORY: - The numbers of blows for first 15 cm penetration is considered as seating

drive and are discarded. The total blows for the next and third 15 cm penetration are
recorded and termed as the penetration resistance (N- value). If the sampler is driven less
than 45 cm (total), then the blows for the last 30 cm penetration shall be termed as
penetration resistance (N-value).If less than 30 cm is penetrated, enter the number of blows
and the depth penetration in the bore log. If at any time the entire sampler sinks under its
own weight in case of very soft sub-soil stratum, it may not be required to give any blow
to the sampler, the SPT value (N-value) should be taken as Zero.

APPARATUS USED: - Drilling equipment - any drilling equipment is acceptable that

provides a reasonably clean hole, which is at least 5 mm larger than the sampler or
sampling rods, and less than 170 mm diameter.

24
PROCEDURE:-

1) Test Hole: - The hole to the desired sampling depth is drilled and all disturbed material
is cleaned out. If a wet drill is used, all cuttings are flushed out.

2) Assembling Equipment: - The split-barrel sampler is attached to the rod and lowered
into the hole until it sits on the undisturbed material. Drive weight assembly is attached.
Then the 63.5 kg hammer is lifted approximately 0.76 m and is allowed to fall on the anvil
delivering one seating blow. The drill rod is then marked in 3 successive 15 m increments
to observe penetration. The drive weight assembly is also marked to indicatea 0.76 m
hammer lift.

3) Penetration Testing: -The hammer is raised and dropped 0.76m successively by means
of the rope and cathead, using no more than 2 1/4 wraps around the cathead. The hammer
is operated between 40 and 60 blows per minute and dropped freely. The driving is
continued until either 0.45 m has been penetrated or 100 blows has been applied. Record
the number of blows for each .15 m of the penetration. The first .15m increment is the
seating drive. The sum of blows for second and third increment of .15 m penetration is
termed penetration resistence or N-Value. If the blow counts exceeds 100 in total, the test
is terminated and the number of blows for the last .30 m is recorded as N-Value. If less
than .30m is penetrated in 100 blows, the depth penetrated and the blow count is recorded.
If the sampler advances below the bottom of the hole under its own weight, this condition
is noted on the log.

4) Handling Sample: - The sampler is brought to the surface and opened. Any obvious
contamination is removed from the ends or sides and excess water is drained. Carefully
scraping or slicing along one side is done to expose fresh material and any
stratification.The length, composition, color, stratification and condition of sample are
recorded. Sample is removed and wrapped or sealed in a plastic bag to retain moisture. If

25
the sample can be removed relatively intact, it is wrapped in several layers of plastic to
strengthen it and ends are sealed with tape. The sample is marked ―top" and "bottom" if
applicable and labeled with an identification number.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1) Care should be taken those bore-hole remains straight, perpendicular to the ground
surface.

2) The samples should not be placed in sun.

3) For depths of exploration more than 10m, care should be taken to maintain the rod
vertical by using stiffer rods (N-rods).

Fig 3.5:Standard Penetration Test

26
 BORE LOG DETAILS

Field Bore Lof For Subsurface Exploration:

1. Project : Design,Construction, AMC of 120 bedded specialized orthopedicunit
including 6 bedded ICU in Bone AND Joint Hospital
2. Site/Location: Bone and Joint Barzulla
3.Client: R & B (PWD)
4. Borehole No: 1
5.Boring Diameter: 15 cm
6.Intended Boring Depth: 25 m
7.Boring Type: Shell and auger boring
8. Soil/Rock Classsification System: IS
9.Elevation Reference: EGL (+0.00)
10.Ground water encountered at: 2m below EGL
11.Sampling type: Standard split spoon (with SPT)

TABLE 1: BORE LOG DETAIL

DEPTH BLOW COUNT (45 APPROXIMATE REMARKS
INTERVAL cm penetration) DESCRIPTION OF
BELOW NSL (m) 0-15 15- 30- SPT DISTURBED
cm 30 45 values BORED
cm cm (N) MATERIAL
1.5m 2 2 3 5 Brown silty clay,low Sample length = 2km
3.0m in consistency and Dia= 3-7 cm
was fine
3.0m UDS Brownish sandy
4.5m slushy soil
4.5m 5 8 10 18 Greyish medium to Sample came in loose
6.0m coarse sand with little form

27
 amount of silt clay
6.0m UDS Greyish medium to
7.5m coarse band with little
amount of silt clay
7.5m 2 2 6 8 Greyish medium to
9.0m coarse sand
9.0m 2 3 12 15 Medium to fine sand Loose sample that is
10.5m with little amount of why UDS not taken
silt clay
10.5m 7 10 20 30 Greyish fine sand
12.0m with silty clay
12.0m UDS Greyish clay silt
13.5m medium to high platic
soil
13.5m 3 4 7 11 Greyish silty clay
15.0m medium in
consistency
15.0m UDS Greyish silty clay
16.5m medium to low in
consistency
16.5m
18,0m
18.0m 5 8 17 25 Sandy silt grayish in
19.5m colour
19.5m Silt plus organic Loosev sample
21.0m traces grayish in
colour
21.0m UDS Silty sand with traces
22.5m of organic substance
28
 22.5m 5 3 0 3 Fine sand with some Second scale dlips
24.0m clay half by 2 blows
24m UDS Loose sample
25.5m
25.5m 5 8 12 20 Greyish clay silt with
27m large amount of
organic matter

EXCAVATION

In construction terms, excavation is the process of removing earth to form a cavity in the
ground.

On small sites or in confined spaces, excavation may be carried out by manual means using
tools such as picks, shovels and wheelbarrows. Larger scale excavation works will require
heavy plant such as bulldozers and backactors.

29
 LAYOUT

Setting out of building is the process of

transferring architectural proposals from drawings into the ground. It establishes the
location points for site boundaries, foundations, columns, centre-lines of walls and other
necessary structural parts. Also, it establishes the buiding's correct extent, angle and level.
The whole structure will be located and erected according to the initial setting out.

Accurate setting out is therefore a fundamental part of the construction works, and errors
can be very expensive and time consuming to correct. It should only be undertaken by
competent persons, and all work should be thoroughly checked, preferably by different
personnel.

Setting out is usually undertaken once the site has been subject to a condition survey
and desk study, and has been cleared of any debris, unwanted vegetation or obstructions.
Works necessary to create required levels may also have been completed
before the layout process begins.

The position and orientation of the structure is generally described

in architect's or engineer’s drawings and defining precisely how the layout should be
arranged.

Controlling dimensions and references on the plans will determine the positioning of the
building, and in particular its foundations. These include; overall length and width,
distances to road centre-lines and to other structures, internal structural measurements,
approaches and rights-of-way and so on.

The controlling points of the structure can then be marked so that the construction team
is able to easily identify them. This usually consists of marking the
building’s corners, horizontal and vertical positions, using stakes, batter boards with
string lines, drill holes, cut-and-fill notations, and other methods.

30
 PILE FOUNDATION

DEFINITION

A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is pushed into
the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it. Piles can be made of
wood, concrete, or steel. Its foundation system that transfers load to a deeper and
competent soil layer. The main component of the foundation are pile cap and the piles.
Piles are long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil or rockof high
bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity. The main types of material
used for piles are wood, steel, concrete. Piles made from these materials are driven, drilled
or jacked into the ground and connected to pile caps.
Pile foundations consists of piles that are dug into the soil till a layer of stable soil is
reached. Pile foundations transfer building load to the bearing ground with greater bearing
capacity. Pile foundations are useful in regions with unstable upper soil that may erode of
having very high water table content (in our case doodh ganga water canal flowssideways
where construction takes place) or for large buildings.

NEED OF PILE FOUNDATIONS.

When it becomes impossible to provide the suitable surface foundation for a structure; the
use of pile foundations becomes necessary, this situation arose from either the soil
condition or the order of bottom layers, the nature of the loads transferred to the soil or the
nature of the site and operational conditions. Many factors prevent the selection of surface
foundation as a suitable foundation such as the nature of soil and intensity of loads, we use
the piles when the soil have low bearing capacity or in building in water like bridges and
dams. The main components of the foundation are the pile cap and the piles. Piles are long
and slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil or rock
of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity. The main types
31
of materials used for piles are Wood, steel and concrete. Piles made from these materials
are driven, drilled or jacked into the ground and connected to pile caps. Depending upon
type of soil, pile material and load transmitting characteristic piles are classified
accordingly.

TYPES OF PILES

a) Friction piles

In these types of piles, the load on pile is resisted mainly by skin/friction resistance along
the side of the pile (pile shaft). Pure friction piles tend to be quite long, since the load-
carrying. Capacity is a function of the shaft area in contact with the soil. In cohesion less
soils, such as sands of medium to low density, friction piles are often used to increase the
density and thus the shear strength. When no layer of rock or rocklike material is present
at a reasonable depth at a site, point/end bearing piles become very long and uneconomical.
For this type of subsoil condition, piles ate driven through the softer material to specified
depth.

b) End Bearing Piles

In the majority of cases, however, the load-carrying capacity is dependent on both end-
bearing and shaft friction. A bearing pile that is driven down to hard ground so that it
carries the full load at its point. Also known as a point-bearing pile.

32
c) Driven or displacement Piles

They are usually pre-formed before being driven, jacked, screwed or hammered into
ground. This category consists of driven piles of steel or precast concrete and piles formed
by driving tubes or shells which are fitted with a driving shoe. The tubes or shellswhich
are filled with concrete after driving. Also included in this category are piles formed by
placing concrete as driven piles.

d) Bored or replacement Piles

They require a hole to be first bored into which the pile is then formed usually of reinforced
concrete. The shaft may be cased or uncased depending upon type of soil.

3.8.4. PILE USED IN THE PROJECT

DEEP FOUNDATION (PILE TYPE)

A Deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth farther
down from the surface than a shallow foundation does to a sub-surface layer or range of
depths. There are many reasons that a geotechnical engineer would recommenda deep
foundation over a shallow foundation, such as for a skyscraper. Some of common reasons
are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constrains like property
lines. There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations
including the pile( which is analogous to a pole), the pier( which is analogous to column).
The boreholes are drilled using rotary or percussion type drilling rigs, using direct mud
circulation (DMC) or reverse mud circulation (RMC) methods. Drilling can also be done
using rope operated or hydraulically operated grabbing tools. Concreting is usually done
using tremie pipes. Direct mud circulation method is the less expensive method for doing
the boring activity. In this method bentonite slurry is

33
constantly circulated into the bore hole during the boring activity through the bailer pipes,
and overflow is collected and redirected to the bentonite slurry tank. The density of
bentonite slurry should be around 1.12. Bentonite has a property of becoming a jelly like
substance once left undisturbed for a long time. This jelly acts as plastering on the walls
of the bore holes, and thereby preventing the boreholes from caving. Direct mud circulation
method is commonly used while boring with bailer and chisel, and reverse mud circulation
is adopted for boring using auger. In reverse mud circulation method, thebentonite is
directed into the borehole directly, and the return is collected through the drill pipe.

Fig 3.8 Pile and Pile cap layout Plan

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 : STEPS IN CONSTRUCTION OF PILE

Pile Location Setup

Prior to the rig setup at the pile location existing utilities, obstacles or other underground
services (telephone lines, electric cables, drainage system etc.) are to removed or relocated.
The piling rig will drill from working platform level. The working platform and access to
pile location shall be made with suitable hardcore material for the movement of the
equipment and ready mixed concrete trucks.

Installation of Temporary Guide Casing

The position of the casing center shall be reconfirmed before starting of drilling and after
completions of drilling. A temporary guide casing of an internal diameter slightly more
than diameter of the pile will be installed. The temporary casing shall be installed into the
ground with help of piling rig or with a Vibro hammer. The center of the temporary guide
casing is the previous installed steel pin.

Fig 3.9.2:-Casing

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 Drilling of Pile Bore Hole

The rig is next shifted and positioned over the established pile point. The point is cross
checked with other reference points to ensure accuracy. The diameter of the cutting tool
is checked, this shall not be less than the required pile diameter by more than 75mm.After
shifting rig to position, the casing is driven keeping the pile point at the center. The depth
to which the casing is driven is decided based on various factors including the nature of
the soil. The steel casing can ideally be driven to a depth of at least 1m below the ground
level to take lateral loads and movements at site. Permanent steel casing called liners can
also be provided for loose soils as per consultant‘s advice. Before starting the boring
activity, the density of the bentonite slurry is checked. The density of the slurry is checked
intermittently during the boring activity also, to ensure that the density is within the
permissible level. Care to be taken for ensuring that the piles are driven straight.
Unbelievably, In spite of the fact that boring is done with freely falling chisel; piles do
have a possibility of following inclined paths. Once started, it is advisable to continue and
finish the boring activity in minimum possible time; without any substantial stoppage in
between. Boring is stopped once the bore has attained the termination criteria as indicated
in the structural report based on the soil test report. The criteria would be either the length
of the pile incase of friction piles, and characteristics of substrata in case of end bearing
or combination piles. In either case, the soil strata characteristics at the bottom of the pile
at termination level are closely monitored. It is advisable to conduct penetration tests to
determine ‗N‘ value of the founding strata. Also, soil / rock sample are collected from the
founding strata, and are kept for future reference. It is also advisable to collect soil samples
from each intermediate soil strata at the depths mentioned in the soil test report.

36
Use of Bentonite Solution

During boring for pile, the side of the bore hole is subjected to various types of forces &
pressure like active earth pressure, overburden pressure, hydrostatic pressure, pore
pressure due to underground water, etc. due to which the side of bore becomes unstable
and start collapsing if the soil strata is weak.
In order to stabilize the side of bore the supporting fluid is to be used to counter the above
pressure.The commonly used supporting fluid is Bentonite.Bentonite is commonlyused as
support fluid.In its natural form as sodium montmorillonite exhibits thixotropic properties,
whereby it forms a gel under quiescent /static conditions & regains its fluidity under
dynamic conditions. The action of bentonite in stabilizing the side of bore holes is
primarily due to thixotropic property of bentonite suspension, it permits the material to
have the consistency of a fluid when introduced into the excavation & when undisturbed
forms a jelly which when agitated becomes a fluid again.

Reinforcement Cage Installation

The reinforcement for the pile shall be in accordance to the requirements of the
specification and the design of the pile. The reinforcement cages will be fabricated up to
the designed length. The cage should be free from dirt. The pre-fabricated reinforcement
cage will be lifted and placed in the pile borehole using the service crane. The cage will
then be lowered to keep the top level at the designed level. Durable spacers shall be used
at intervals to keep reinforcement cage in position. The spacers shall be PVC material or
cement concrete and as per approved sample for clean concrete cover 75mm to the
reinforcement.

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 Fig 3.9.4:-Cage Installation

:Concreting of Pile

After confirming the pile has reached the termination level, the bailer pipes are removed
from the borehole. The depth of borehole is determined preliminarily by measuring the
length of the bailer pipes upon removal from the hole. Reinforcement cage is lowered
vertically to the borehole, without disturbing the sides of the hole, after removing the bailer
pipes. Adequate cover blocks are provided all around the cage to ensure sufficient cover.
Sufficient stiffener bars also are provided to avoid sideways sway. Stirrups,stiffeners and
laps are ideally welded to avoid breakage. Following this, the tremie pipes are lowered in
to the borehole. The tremie pipes usually have a diameter of 200mm. The bottom of the
bore hole is cleaned very carefully before starting the concreting. This is done by
continuous flushing with fresh flushing mud. Consistency of flushing mud is checked and
maintained, to avoid mixing of flushing mud with concrete. The bore hole isflushed for at
least 30minutes prior to concreting. Sounding is done at the bore hole to precisely measure
the bore depth. This measurement obtained by sounding is cross checked with the
measured length of bailer pipes removed from the borehole. Before starting the concreting
works, the specific gravity of flushing mud at the bottom of the bore hole is brought down
to 1.2, if it is more. The tremie is lowered to the bottom of the

38
borehole, and a hopper is connected at the top of the tremie pipe. Concrete used for pile
concreting shall have a minimum slump of 150mm. The joint between hopper and tremie
pipe is closed with a steel plug before the first charge. The hopper is then filled with
concrete to the full capacity. Once filled, the steel plug is removed to allow the concrete to
flow down and replace the bentonite slurry present in the pipe. The bottom end of the
tremie pipe is always kept embedded, at least 2m, within the laid concrete so that the
bentonite is replaced from bottom upwards and the concrete is not mixed with water or
bentonite. Only the initially poured concrete is in contact with the bentonite slurry within
the borehole. The tremie pipe remains hollow after the first charge and each subsequent
charge gets deposited within the already laid concrete. Concreting is done to at least 60 –
90cm above the cutoff level to ensure good concrete for proper embedment into pile cap.
If the cutoff level is at ground level, the concrete is allowed to spill over till good concrete
is visible. Once started, the concreting is continued uninterrupted till the end.

Casting of Concrete :

Concreting in "dry" boreholes is usually a straightforward procedure. On completion of

the borehole, the reinforcement is placed with suitable spacers to locate it centrally in the
pile shaft. During concreting, the casing is withdrawn, always maintaining a head of
concrete within the casing. A hopper and tube should be used to ensure that the mix is not
directed towards the reinforcement. The tremie method of concreting is often employed
when casting under water. This is a practical method of forming a pile shaft provided
certain precautions are taken. It is essential that a slump mix greater than 175 mm is used,
and that the tremie pipe is always kept well below the water/concrete interface during
concreting. The tremie pipe and hopper connections should be watertightand in clean
condition to permit free flow of the concrete. A minimum internal diameter for the tremie
pipe of 150 mm is suggested for use with concrete having a maximum aggregate size of
20 mm, increasing for larger aggregates. A plastic balloon or poly- styrene plug should be
used in the tube between the water and first batch of concrete and

39
immediately before placing the tremie pipe in the pile bore, a check on sedimentation
should be made. Excess sediments should be removed by air-lifting. When the pile cut- off
level is above ground, concrete should overflow from the pile head on completion. The
upper part of the pile consists usually of weak concrete and may also be contaminated
from boring detritus. In the case of a pile cut-off below ground, the concrete level should
be raised to allow for around 0.5 to 1.0 m for trimming off the weak concrete.

Fig 3.9.5: Concreting of Pile

Sudden drop in concrete level, as the casing is withdrawn, should be avoided and such
incidents be noted. This could indicate that the soil strength is too low to withstand the
weight of the concrete column in the pile shaft. In soils, such as alluvial clays or loose
watersaturated sands, it is possible for the fluid pressure of the wet concrete in the borehole
to fail the soil, and a bulge can occur in the pile shaft. Undrained shear strength of about
15 ken/m2 has been observed to result in this effect. As a result, excessive flow of concrete
can occur, resulting in a zone of concrete over-break and/or necking of the pile shaft. Also
distortion of pile reinforcement can occur, whereby the steel cage is moved downwards at
the zone of over-break. Consequently, contaminated or segregated concrete can occur in
the pile shaft, a feature which sometimes is mistakenly ascribed to the cross-flow of ground
water. To prevent this situation to occur in unstable ground, the bore hole should be cased
and boring ahead of the pile casing should be avoided. The risk of soil failure can be
reduced by pulling the casing at a steady rate, rather than in
short rapid intervals. Limiting the head of concrete in the casing is advisable, provided

40
this can be done without risk of the concrete slumping below the bottom of the casing in
the bore. By using a self-compacting concrete mix, it is not necessary to vibrate the
concrete in the borehole during casting. A vibrator should not be used inside the pile
casing, as this can affect the stability of the soil surrounding the pile shaft. It is sometimes
considered beneficial, however, to vibrate the casing while being withdrawn, but this
should be done with suitable equipment, otherwise mixing of the soft concrete and the soil
can occur. In a stratigraphic succession in which water-bearing gravel overlies stiff clay, a
temporary casing is used to support the borehole through the gravel, and is then driven a
short distance into the clay in order to seal off the water. Boring thencontinues under dry
conditions.

Fig 3.9.6:Casting of Concrete

Removal of temporary guide casing

After concreting, the guide casing will be withdrawn by the piling rig. A sufficient head
of concrete will be maintained to prevent reducing in diameter of pile shaft by earth
pressure, Bentonite slurry or soil and to prevent extraneous material from mixing with
41
fresh concrete. The quantity of poured concrete volume will be measured and it will be
compared with the theoretical volume. Soil from drilling of boreholes shall be removed
from site to designated disposal areas.

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 STEEL DETAILS

Grade of steel = Fe 500

TABLE 2 : BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR PILES

S.NO DESCRIPTION DIA OF NO. OF CUTTING TOTAL WT/M TOTAL
OF R/F BARS BARS LENGTH LENGTH WEIGHT
(mm) (m) (m) (Kgs)
1 Main R/F A 16 9 21.6 194.4 1.580 307.152
Main R/F B 16 3 6 `18 28.44
2 Main R/F Lap 16 9 0.8 7.2 1.580 1.376
3 Spacers@1.5 m 12 15 1.826 27.39 0.889 24.832
c/c
4 Spiral or 8 136 1.877 255.272 0.395 100.832
Helical R/F
TOTAL WEIGHT OF REINFORCEMENT (Kgs) 472.149

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 GRADE OF CONCRETE

M-25 CONCRETE to be used

MIX DESIGN REPORT OF M-25 CONCRETE
Method of Mix Design adopted = I.S Method
Grade of Concrete = M-25
Characteristic Compressive Strength = 25.0 N/mm^2
Maximum aggregate size = 20 mm
Degree of Workability = High
Degree of Quality Control = Good
Type of Exposure = Severe
Cement Type = Ambuja Brand
Water Cement Ratio = 0.45
Proportions of various constituents for desired mix works out to be as under:
WATER = 18135 Kg/m^3
CEMENT = 403.00 Kg/m^3
SAND = 638.00 Kg/m^3
COARSE AGGREGATE = 1152.00 Kg/m^3
ADMIXTURE (FOSTOC AURAMIX) = 1% by weight of cement
The ratio by weight:
W/C Ratio = 0.45
Cement = 1.00
Sand = 1.58
Aggregate = 2.86
Admixture = 0.01

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 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE:

1. The construction of state of art additional 120 bedded hospital block being constructed
under the component of Strengthening of critical infrastructure of World Bank Funded
JTFRP has G+4 structure with modern earthquake resilient technology

2. The upgradation involves modular operation theatres, laminar flow system,

TSSU(Theatre Sterile Supply Unit), ICU, Pre and Post Operative care wards, specialized
laundry, waste collection system etc.

3. The main features of hospital building would include IGBC(India Green Building
Council) rating system, biomedical waste management.

4. The bio-medical system designed will cater to biomedical generation of 140kgs/day

which will be disposed off along the scientific lines since it also has the provisions for
construction of STP/ETP (Sewerage Treatment Plant and Effluent Treatment Plant) as part
of sub project.

5.120 bedded block will provide much needed quality treatment/care to patients and
increase intake capacity of largest orthopedic hospital in valley.

6.Various modern concepts in the health care infrastructure including environmental

design, patient wellbeing, micro/macro level zoning, scope for futuristic development and
optimal area utilization are also being taken into account.

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