PHY110 UNIT III: Fiber optics

LECTURE 4

Prof. Reji Thomas DRD-DRC March 10, 2023

 Fiber optics

Lecture 1: 1/03/23 Fiber optics introduction, optical fibers, optical fiber as

a dielectric wave guide, Total internal reflection
Lecture 2: 3/03/23, Acceptance angle, relative refractive index,
numerical aperture, Classification of fibers, Step index and
graded index fibers, V-number, and modes of propagation
Learned the fundamentals of optical fiber, the fundamental parameters of
optical fibers and propagation of light through optical fiber,
learned about the types of fibers
Lecture 3: 7/03/23; Losses associated with optical fibers; learn the reason
for data loss

Lecture 4: 10/03/23 Application of optical fibers

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023

 Quick Quiz Response on the 7/03/2023 Lecture

No Question Attempts Right Wrong

1 If n1, n2 and n0 are the refractive indices of core,
cladding and medium from which the light is
launched into the core, the value of numerical
aperture can exceed 1 when
2 In single mode fibre the diameter of the core is nearly
equal to
3 Carrier wave used in fibre optical communication is
4 What causes microscopic bend?
5 The loss in signal power as light travels down a fiber
is called
6 Which range of wavelength is most preferable for the
transmission light through optical fiber with minimum
loss?
7 Which range of wavelength used in optical
communication?

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023

4

If n1, n2 and n0 are the refractive indices of core, cladding and

medium from which the light is launched into the core, the value
of numerical aperture can exceed 1 when

a) n0 =1
b) n0 > 1
c) n0 < 1
d) n2 > n1

Ans: B

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023

5

In single mode fibre the diameter of the core is nearly equal to

a) 10 m
b) 100 m
c) 50 m
d) 125 m

Ans: A

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023

6

Carrier wave used in fibre optical communication is

a) Radiowaves
b) Ordinary lightwaves
c) Microwaves
d) LASER lightwaves

Ans: D

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023

7

What causes microscopic bend?

a) Uniform pressure
b) Non-uniform volume
c) Uniform volume
d) Non-uniform pressure

Ans: D
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023
8

The loss in signal power as light travels down a fiber is called

a. Dispersion
b. Scattering
c. Absorption
d. Attenuation

Ans: D
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023
9

Which range of wavelength is most preferable for the

transmission light through optical fiber with minimum loss??

a) 820-880 nm
b) 1220-1320 nm
c) 1550-1610 nm
d) None of the above

Ans: C
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023
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Which range of wavelength used in optical communication?

a) 800-1700 nm
b) 1700-2500 nm
c) 200-800 nm
d) None of the above

Ans: A

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023

 Applications of optical fiber
1 In communication system
Hundred thousands times better than other transmission lines ( microwave, radio
waves) or wires in carrying the amount of information- higher band width

2. In Fiber optic sensors

a. Temperature sensor
b. Mechanical strain sensor
Light beam is changed in five optical properties
c. Vibration sensor
like, intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength,
d. Pressure sensor
and spectral distribution. These are sensed
e. Acceleration sensor
f. Chemical sensor

3. Military applications
Wiring of the communication equipment
Used in guided missiles

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023

 Applications of optical fiber
12

4. In Medical applications
 Diagnostics- Endoscopy
 Ophthalmology- guiding lasers
 Cardiology- optical energy guided to evaporate
plaque ( blocking the blood circulation in the body)
 Cancer treatment- IR energy transmission line
(Infrared laser used)
Endoscopy (looking inside) to look inside the body- We will have a
look at the ENDOSCOPY technique now.
 OPTICAL ENDOSCOPESES
13

When large number of fibers are bounded together

 Flexible incoherent bundles
 Used for the illumination purpose
 Flexible light carrier
 Flexible coherent bundles:
 Capable of sending undistorted image to a distant place
 Flexible image carrier

Both forms the interface between the

Doctor and the patient’s inside body
parts to be imaged
 ENDOSCOPEES
14

• Fiber bundles (incoherent bundles) used for illuminating the object

inside the body
• and another bundle (coherent bundle) used to obtain the image of
the object to be seen/scanned
• 10,000 fibers forms the bundle of 1 mm diameter
• Visual inspection of internal parts of a human body

Type of endoscopy
a) Broncho- endoscope
b) Gastrointestinal endoscope
c) Laparoscope
 ENDOSCOPES- Parts
15

1. Viewing accessories
 connected to the coherent optical fiber bundle
 Can be connected to a TV screen or just look with
your eyes
2. Light source with a focusing lens
 connected to the incoherent optical fiber bundle
through a beam splitter
 ENDOSCOPES- Parts
16

3. Incoherent bundle of optical fiber- receive light from

the light source and illuminate the inside body parts
 It include a beam splitter that pass through the both sides of
coherent optical fiber bundle
4. Coherent bundle of optical fiber receive the reflected
light from the body parts and the image is fed to the
screen
 ENDOSCOPE- Parts
17

5. Imaging accessories (Prism and lenses

encapsulated in the transparent tube) at
other end of the coherent and incoherent
fiber optic bundles
 feed focused light from the incoherent fiber optic
bundles to the body parts
 receive the reflected light from the illuminated body
 and feed back those light to the coherent fiber optic
bundles.. Remember this light not coupled to the
incoherent optical fiber bundle
Now we connect these five component together in the ‘right
way’ to get a an ENDOSCOPE as can been in the next slide
 ENDOSCOPE and ENDOSCOPY S
18
1
TV
screen 5
1 3

5
2

4
Now you do some imaging with this instrument (ENDOSCOPE) and
it is ‘ENDOSCOPY’
19

Multimode step index fiber has

a) Large core diameter & large numerical aperture

b) Large core diameter and small numerical aperture
c) Small core diameter and large numerical aperture
d) Small core diameter & small numerical aperture

Ans: A

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023

20

The performance characteristics of multimode graded index

fibers are

a) Better than multimode step index fibers.

b) Same as multimode step index fibers.
c) Lesser than multimode step index fibers
d) Negligible

Ans: A
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023
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Multimode graded index fibers have overall buffer jackets

same as multimode step index fibers but have core
diameters

a) Larger than multimode step index fibers.

b) Smaller than multimode step index fibers.
c) Same as that of multimode step index fibers.
d) Smaller than single mode step index fibers.

Ans: B
22

In single mode fibers, the most beneficial index profile is

a) Step index
b) Graded index
c) Step and graded index
d) Coaxial cable

Ans: A
23

Incoherent bundles used in the endoscope carry both light

and image. State true or false

(a) True
(b) False

Used for illumination purpose only

24

Coherent bundles used in the endoscope to carry both

light and image. State true or false

(a) True
(b) False
 UNIT III: Fiber optics
25

Syllabus
Fiber optics introduction, optical fiber as a dielectric wave guide,
total internal reflection, acceptance angle, numerical aperture,
relative refractive index, V-number, step index and graded index
fibers, losses associated with optical fibers.

Prof. Reji Thomas DRD-DRC March 10, 2023

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Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD March 10, 2023