OTC-31693-MS

Treatment and Prevention of Stuck Pipe Based on Artificial Neural Networks

Analysis

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Qi Zhu, China National Petroleum Corporation

Copyright 2022, Offshore Technology Conference DOI 10.4043/31693-MS

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference Asia held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 22 - 25 March 2022.

This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of
the paper have not been reviewed by the Offshore Technology Conference and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any
position of the Offshore Technology Conference, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written
consent of the Offshore Technology Conference is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may
not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of OTC copyright

Abstract
Oil and gas drilling is a field practice with risks and uncertainties. Uncertainty and ambiguity of formation
conditions often cause downhole accidents such as borehole wall instability, stuck drilling, blowout, etc.,
and also pose a threat to drilling safety.Due to the incorrect understanding of the objective environment
and the wrong decision of subjective consciousness; it caused complex underground conditions and serious
accidents.
Collapse stuck is the worst kind of accident in stuck stuck. The procedures to deal with this kind of
accident are the most complicated, the most time-consuming, the most risky, and even the whole or part
of the wellbore may be scrapped, so we should try our best to avoid this accident during the drilling
process.Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs for short) is a mathematical model of algorithms that imitate
the behavioral characteristics of animal neural networks and perform distributed parallel information
processing.
This kind of network depends on the complexity of the system and adjusts the interconnection relationship
between a large numbers of internal nodes to achieve the purpose of processing information, and has the
ability of self-learning and self-adaptation.
This paper analyzes the causes of collapse stuck, the mechanical mechanism of drilling fluid wettability
on the stability of mud shale formation wall.A surface wetting reversal agent added to the drilling fluid
system was used to change the wettability of the shale surface.The mechanism analysis and research results
of changing the wettability to change the mechanical properties of the shale fracture surface were applied
to the actual production of the collapsed drilling rig.Through the change of drilling parameters, the risk of
stuck drilling is predicted in advance, the drilling speed is increased, the drilling time loss caused by stuck
drilling is reduced, and the drilling cycle and cost are saved.

Introduction
Salah Bahlany, et al. (2021) pointed out that wellbore stability problems, such as stuck pipe and tight
spots, are one of the most critical risks that impact drilling operations. Wellbore stability problems are
hard to predict due to the varying conditions of drilling operations: different lithology, drilling parameters,
pressures, equipment, shifting crews, and multiple well designs. All these factors make the occurrence of a
2 OTC-31693-MS

stuck pipe quite hard to mitigate only through human intervention. So, they decided to develop an artificial
intelligence tool that leverages the whole breadth and depth of operator data (reports, sensor data, well
engineering data, lithology data, etc.) in order to predict and prevent wellbore stability problems.
Paulinus Abhyudaya Bimastianto, et al. (2021) used predictive analytics and machine learning-based
modeling to detect drilling anomalies, namely stuck pipe events. Analysis focused on historical drilling
data and real-time operational data to address the limitations of physics-based modeling. This project was
designed to enable drilling crews to minimize downtime and non-productive time through real-time anomaly

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management.
Rushad Ravilievich Rakhimov, et al. (2021) was to describe the experience of using a machine learning
model prepared by the ensemble method to prevent stuck pipe events during well construction process
on extended reach wells. They tasked performed include collecting, analyzing and cleaning historical
data, selecting and preparing a machine learning model, testing it on real-time data by means of desktop
application. Theirs ideas were to display the solution at the rig floor, allowing Driller to quickly take actions
for prevention of stuck pipe event.
Mohamad Hazwan Yusoff, et al. (2021) applied Wells Augmented Stuck Pipe (WASP) Indicator, a state-
of-the-art machine learning technology that seamlessly integrates with PETRONAS existing technologies
and modeled utilize key drilling parameters such as hook load and equivalent circulating density (ECD) to
predict and analyze trends to detect any signature pattern anomalies for various stuck pipe events.
Naoki Tsuchihashi, et al. (2021) applied a real-time stuck pipe prediction using the deep-learning
to propose a 3D-convolutional neural network (CNN) approach with depth-domain data clip. The clip
illustrates depth-domain data in 2D-histogram images with unique abstraction of the time domain.
Meor M. Meor Hashim, et al. (2021) utilized Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in forecasting stuck
pipe risk. An ML solution namely, Wells Augmented Stuck Pipe Indicator (WASP), was developed to
tackle this specific challenge. The solution leverages on real-time drilling database and supplementary
engineering design information to estimate proxy drilling parameters which provide active and impartial
pattern recognition of prospective stuck pipe events. The solution was built to assist Wells Real Time Centre
(WRTC) personnel in proactively providing a holistic perspective in anticipating potential anomalies and
recommending remedial countermeasures before incidents happen. Several case studies were outlined to
exhibit the impact of WASP in real-time drilling operation monitoring and intervention where WASP was
capable to identify stuck pipe symptoms a few hours earlier and provided warnings for stuck pipe avoidance.
Aida Brankovic, et al. (2020) developed three indicators based on the mud-log data, which aimed to detect
three different physical phenomena associated to the insurgence of a sticking. In particular, two indices
target respectively the detection of translational and rotational motion issues, while the third index concerns
the wellbore pressure. A statistical model that related these features with the documented stuck-pipe events
was then developed using machine learning.
Ayodele Akinfolarin, et al. (2020) was to present the lessons learned in drilling a long open-hole interval
and the recovery operations from a stuck pipe incident within that interval in the well. They discussed both
the well design and actual field practices, with significant emphasis in the recovery operations from the
stuck pipe incident.
Carlos Andrés Berdugo Arias, et al. (2020) was to develop a model that, based on the data of previously
drilled wells, allowing the user to evaluate the mud plan and identify the probability of a stuck pipe event
occurrence, by using statistical predictive models, particularly in this case, neural network models.
Gurtej Singh Saini, et al. (2020) pointed that using a digital twinning system that constantly
monitors borehole condition with real-time data and process models, and suggesting optimal actions. The
solution space of possible actions, however, was very large causing computational hurdles for real time
implementation. So, they described a time-efficient digital twinning approach that used reinforcement
learning (RL) to simulate scenarios corresponding to multiple hole cleaning actions.
OTC-31693-MS 3

Omogbolahan S Ahmed, et al. (2019) used a moving window-based approach to capture key drilling
parameters trends and applied an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to predict abnormalities in the
parameters' rate of change. It utilized most commonly available drilling real-time data and was therefore
deployable in all type of wells. No pre-drill model was essentially required as the model utilizes a
self-learning and self-adjusting model. The methodology involved the use of change point detection in
identifying rig activity and the associated drilling parameters so as to capture relevant parametric trend
for analysis. Inherent in the parameter trend are the different factors that affecting their readings; such as

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wellbore geometry, bottom-hole assembly (BHA), dogleg severity (DLS), formation characteristics, pump
flow rate and pipe rotations.
Qi Zhu, et al. (2019) collected and analyzed the physical and chemical properties of backflow cuttings,
drilling fluid system performance, well-site drilling data and other well-site drilling parameters according
to the influencing factors of collapse and stuck pipe, combined with computer intelligent technology, and
predicted collapse stuck pipe risk probability in advance.
Through well-field data collected, the occurrence of stuck pipe is predicted successfully. Through
accumulated database, the accuracy of prediction model is constantly improved and modified. Early
warning mechanism, timely adjustment of drilling fluid additives, maintenance of drilling fluid system
performance and improvement of drilling parameters for different formations, increase drilling speed and
avoid unnecessary waiting time
Ahmed K. Abbas, et al. (2019) presented a study on the application of machine learning methodologies
to develop an expert system that can be used as a reference guide for the drilling engineer to make intelligent
decisions and reduce the lost time for each stuck pipe event. They predicted the stuck pipe solution for
vertical and deviated wells using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and a support vector machine (SVM).
The results of the analysis had revealed that both ANNs and SVM approaches can be of great use, with
the SVM results being more promising. These machine learning methods offer insights that could improve
response time and strategies for treating stuck pipe.

Methods
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs for short) is a mathematical model of algorithms that imitate
the behavioral characteristics of animal neural networks and perform distributed parallel information
processing.
This kind of network depends on the complexity of the system and adjusts the interconnection relationship
between a large numbers of internal nodes to achieve the purpose of processing information, and has the
ability of self-learning and self-adaptation.
For a certain processing unit (neuron), suppose that the information from other processing units (neurons)
i is Xi, and the strength of their interaction with the processing unit, that is, the connection weight is Wi, i
= 0,1, …, n-1, the internal threshold of the processing unit is θ.

Then the input of this processing unit (neuron) is: ,

The output of the processing unit is:

Where,
Xi is the input of the i-th element, and Wi is the interconnection weight of the i-th processing unit and
the processing unit, that is, the neuron connection weight.
f is called the activation function or action function, and it determines the output of a node (neuron). θ
represents the threshold of the hidden layer neural nodes.
4 OTC-31693-MS

Rubik's Code (2018) brought forward that using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) systems to connect
with data each other and together. Drilling is a complex and interdependent process. There will be many
drilling parameters related to each other, such as drilling speed, drilling tool parameters, drilling pump
displacement, bit pressure, suspended weight, drilling fluid performance, rock properties, formations,
parameters, formation pressure, etc.
With supervised learning, one of ANN system methods, to train contains between drilling data inputs
and gain desired outputs. Applying this method of network below shown in Figure.1 (Qi, 2019) can check

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its calculated output the same as desired output and take appropriate actions based on ANN learning.

Figure 1—Artificial Neural Network model

Drilling data analysis by ANNs need to input drilling speed, drilling tool parameters, drilling pump
displacement, bit pressure, suspended weight, drilling fluid performance, rock properties, formations,
parameters, formation pressure, etc. Use the least square method to calculate the weight of each factor.
The most important data need to input as X (X1,X2,X3 … … Xn) are well-site engineering requirements
data. So, it is particularly important to investigate these data of adjacent wells, such as, drilling speed, drilling
tool parameters, drilling pump displacement, bit pressure, suspended weight, drilling fluid performance,
rock properties, formations, parameters, formation pressure and the physical properties of returned cuttings.
These data are also the reference for judging the weight.

Mechanism Analysis
i. Causes of wellbore collapse:
1. Geological reasons:
① Original formation stress
② Stratum structural state
③ The nature of the rock itself
④ Anomalous pore pressure of shale
⑤ Impact of high pressure oil and gas reservoirs
OTC-31693-MS 5

2. Physical and chemical reasons:

① Hydration swelling
② Capillary action
③ Hydrostatic pressure
3. Process reasons:
① Leakage occurs or the drilling and irrigation mud is not timely, the annulus liquid level is

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low, the formation cannot be balanced, and the well wall collapses;
② The performance of drilling fluid is not good, and it cannot effectively inhibit mud shale
from eroding and dropping blocks;
③ Adding a large amount of clean water to the drilling fluid, the performance changes are too
large, and the well collapses due to drilling and suction;
④ The drilling speed is too fast and the pump is turned on too fast, which causes the well to
collapse.
ii. Mechanical Mechanism
Due to the collapse and stuck accident caused by the instability of the well wall, mud shale, badly cemented
conglomerate, sandstone and other formations are frequently drilled, and they occur frequently.
The stress field on the surface of the micro-fracture of the wellbore also changes accordingly. When
drilling fluid and rock contact each other, different wetting phenomena appear on the contact surface, which
are related to drilling fluid type, rock mineral composition characteristics, fracture structure geometric
characteristics, temperature, pressure and other factors.
When the wellbore is drilled, the drilling fluid filtrate enters the formation along the percolation channel
under the pressure of the wellbore liquid column.
After the drilling fluid filtrate comes into contact with the rock fracture, the wetting characteristics
produced will change the stress field at the rock fracture tip.
The change of wetting characteristics is affected by the environment and structural characteristics.
When the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is greater than the fracture strength of the rock, the original
cracks in the rock will expand and the damage depth of the surrounding rock will increase; when the damage
depth reaches a certain level, the shaft wall will collapse.
Fracture propagation is the result of a combination of factors such as in-situ stress, inter-fracture fluid
pressure, and drilling fluid wetting characteristics, fracture toughness, and fracture geometry.
The main reason for the collapse of the well wall is that the stress field around the wellbore was changed
during the drilling process, so that the stress around the well wall was concentrated, and the pressure of the
drilling fluid liquid column could not establish a new balance with the ground stress.
The causes of wall collapse include the following three aspects: geomechanics, physical chemistry, and
drilling technology.
After the shale has absorbed water, the constitutive equation of the rock around the well in cylindrical
coordinates under plane strain conditions is:
(1)

(2)

(3)
In (1)–(3) formula,
E --- Elastic modulus, MPa;
εrr--- Radial strain, dimensionless;
6 OTC-31693-MS

εθθ--- Tangential strain, dimensionless;

εzz--- Vertical strain, dimensionless;
σrr --- Radial stress, MPa;
σθθ--- Tangential stress, MPa;
σzz--- Vertical stress, MPa;
ν--- Poisson's ratio.
When the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of mud shale both change with water absorption and affect

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the stress distribution of the rocks around the well, (1)–(3) are rewritten as equations (4)–(6):
(4)

(5)

(6)
The forces that cause shale to interact with water include surface hydration and osmotic hydration. The
deeper the rock is buried, the greater the crushing force and the more the water contained in the rock is
squeezed out, it needs to absorb water from the outside to restore balance. This water absorption capacity
is the surface hydration force.

Wettability Mechanism
After the rock is drilled, a well-developed network of micro-fractures is formed on the wall. Due to the
reservoir geological conditions and the inherent properties of the drilling fluid, some liquids will be lost to
the well wall. The liquid is sucked into micro-fractures and matrix pores by capillary forces.
According to Young's equation, the capillary force can be expressed as:
(7)
Where,
Pc--- Stands for capillary force;
σ--- Represents interfacial tension;
θ--- Represents the interface contact angle,
r--- Represents the capillary radius.
It can be seen from formula (7) that when Pc> 0, the capillary force is the motive force for fluid flow in
the wetting phase; for Pc <0, the capillary force is the resistance to fluid flow in the non-wetting phase.
In water-wet or neutral-wet formations, capillary forces are usually resistance to oil and gas flow.
Reducing or eliminating capillary resistance can be achieved by reducing the interfacial tension σ or
increasing the interfacial contact angle θ.
In actual formations, due to formation water dilution and rock adsorption, it is difficult to maintain low
interfacial tension for a long time with surfactant alone.
When the interfacial tension rises, the capillary force restores the resistance effect, making it difficult for
oil and gas to flow out. If the wettability of the micro-fracture's internal surface is changed from water to
oil/gas, and the contact angle θ becomes obtuse with respect to the water phase, the direction of capillary
force in the micro-fracture will change along the direction of oil and gas flow. The resistance is transformed
into the power of oil/gas outflow, thereby effectively eliminating the "water lock" effect and increasing oil
and gas production.
Capillary resistance is transformed into the power of oil/gas outflow, and the mechanism explanation is
shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
OTC-31693-MS 7

Figure 2

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Figure 3

It can be seen from Figure 2 that the solid-liquid contact angle θ is an acute angle, indicating that the
inner wall of the capillary is wet with water, and the direction of capillary force is opposite to the direction
of oil/gas outflow, which is the resistance of oil/gas outflow;
It can be seen from Figure 3 that the solid-liquid contact angle θ is an obtuse angle, which indicates that
the wettability of the inner wall of the capillary is changed, and the direction of capillary force is the same
as the direction of oil/gas outflow.

Well-stie Application
A1 well
Lithology and physical properties. The well is located in the Raoyang Sag. Its main developed strata are the
Paleogene Kongdian Formation, Shahejie Formation, Dongying Formation, Neogene Guantao Formation,
Minghuazhen Formation, and Quaternary Plain Formation.
The Kongdian Formation of this well is the initial sedimentation of the fault-depression lake basin, with
large changes in lithology and thickness. The lithological combination is reflected in two rhythmic cycles:
coarse, fine and fine.
The lower part of the lower cycle is an early filling type, which is a near-source glutenite deposit, and
the upper part is gypsum and dolomite; the upper cycle sedimentary area is expanded, and the lower part is
a glutenite deposit, followed by lacustrine and lagoon facies.
Shahejie Formation: This group is divided into four segments based on paleontology and lithology. The
lower part of the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation is an interlayer of variegated sand and mudstone,
and the upper part is an interlayer of mudstone, gypsum, and carbonate. The third member of Shahejie
Formation is widely distributed as a set of red sandy mudstone sediments in the lakeshore facies.
The lower part is near-source breccia, the middle part is marlstone, and the upper part is lacustrine dark
mudstone and sandstone is interbedded.
The second member of the Shahejie Formation is shallow lake sediment, with a thick and fine cycle in
the longitudinal direction, a sandstone development section in the lower part, and a red and gray mudstone
section in the upper part. The lithology of the lower part of the Shahejie Formation is mainly a "special
lithology section" consisting of gray mudstone, oil shale, calcareous shale, marl, etc., and the upper part is
dark purple mudstone with gray sandstone.
The Dongying Formation is fluvial sedimentary, with lithology of red, green mudstone and gray sandstone
interlayer, showing three positive cycles in the longitudinal direction.
8 OTC-31693-MS

The sandstone in the first member of Shahejie Formation is mainly shoal facies, with a porosity of 6.5% to
23.3%, with an average of 14.9%; a permeability of 0.1 to 152 × 10−3μm2, and an average of 30.4 × 10−3μm2.
From the results of mercury injection, the exit efficiency was 67.8%, the median pressure was 0.89 MPa,
the discharge pressure was 0.16 MPa, and the average pore throat diameter was 6.5 μm, indicating that the
pore throat had good connectivity, the middle throat was concentrated, and the storage performance was
medium.
The main types of sediments in the second and third sections of Sha 2 and Sha 3 are sedimentary feldspar

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fine sandstone. The mineral content of quartz is 50-60%, the content of feldspar is 25-30%, and the content
of rock debris is 10% −18%.
The cement composition is calcite and argillaceous, the cement content is 10% to 15%, and the cement
type is porous.

Table 1—Downhole anomaly risk

Formation Deep Downhole anomaly Remark

Qp 335 Anti-collapse,Anti-incline

Nm 818 Anti-collapse,Anti-incline Over 450m Anti-incline

Ng 1818 Anti-collapse,Anti-incline, Anti-leak

Es+Ek1 2315 Anti-collapse, Anti-incline, Anti-stuckpipe

Ek2+3 2560 Anti-collapse, Anti-incline, Anti-stuckpipe

Chg 2580(▽) Anti-collapse, Anti-incline, Anti-stuckpipe

Table 2—Formation drillability of A1 well

Formation Depth m Drillability level

Qp∼Nm 335∼818 1∼2 Extremely soft ∼ soft

∼Ng ∼1818 3∼4 Soft ∼ Medium

∼Es+Ek1 ∼2315 3∼4 Soft ∼ Medium

∼Ek2+3 ∼2560 3∼4 Soft ∼ Medium

∼Chg ∼2580 4∼6 Medium to hard

Figure 4—Wettability of glass capillary inner surface

Physical property analysis Porosity is 6.1% # 25%, with an average of 17%; permeability is 0.2 # 538 ×
10 μm2, with an average of 74.6 × 10−3μm2. The reservoir has good physical properties.
−3

More information of A1well is described in figures and tables. Schematic diagram of A1 well structure
is shown in figure 4 and downhole anomaly risk is shown in table 1. Formation drillability of A1 well
is shown in table 2. And other drilling data are shown in Figure 5 Return cuttings, Table 3 Pressure of
OTC-31693-MS 9

formation (prediction from adjacent wells), Table 4 Drilling fluid performance of A1 well, Table 5 Drilling
fluid performance of A1 well.

Table 3—Pressure of formation (prediction from adjacent wells)

Pore pressure equivalent Slump pressure Bursting pressure

Formation Depth m
density g/cm3 equivalent density g/cm3 equivalent density g/cm3

Qp∼Nm 0∼818 0.95∼1.00 0.92∼1.02 >1.45

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Ng ∼1818 0.95∼1.00 0.94∼1.03 >1.65

Es+Ek1 ∼2315 0.98∼1.01 0.95∼1.02 >1.89

Ek2+3 ∼2560 0.98∼0.99 0.95∼1.02 >1.89

Chg ∼2580 0.98∼1.01 / /

Table 4—Drilling fluid performance of A1 well

API HTHP Gel

Section Density Funnel Thickness Friction strength /Pa
Order filtration pH value Sand% filtration
m g/cm3 viscosity s mm coefficient
ml ml φ3 φ3′

First 0-401 1.03-1.08 32-35 – – – – – – – –

−1560 −1.14 35-38 ≤8 <0.8 7.5-9.0 ≤0.5 <13 ≤0.10 1-2 2-4
Second
−2560 −1.20 36−46 ≤5 <0.5 7.5−9.0 ≤0.3 <12 ≤0.10 0−2 3−5

Third −2580 1.00-1.05 35-40 / / / / / / / /

Table 5—Drilling fluid performance of A1 well

Total solid Bentonite

Order Section m PV mPa·s YP Pa n value K value
content % content g/L

First 0-401 – – – – – –

−1560 6–10 3–5 0.8–0.3 0.1–0.3 ≤9 30–60

Second
−2560 8–12 3–6 0.7–0.2 0.2–0.5 ≤10 30–60

Third −2580 / / / / / /

Figure 5—Wettability of shale surface after wetting agent treatment

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OTC-31693-MS

Figure 4—Schematic diagram of A1 well structure

Figure 5—Return cuttings

10
OTC-31693-MS 11

Short description of A1 well stuck pipe. By importing the data of the construction conditions near the well,
the geological parameters of the formation, rock physical properties, drilling fluid performance parameters
of different intervals, and drilling construction parameters (suspending weight, torque, weight on weight,
displacement, drilling speed, etc.) will be encountered.
After drilling to this abnormal interval, a yellow prompt appears on the computer client to warn the driller
of the risk of stuck. The driller reduced the drilling speed and continued drilling. A red alarm appeared on
the computer screen: it showed that the suspended weight increased, the lifting resistance increased, the

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turntable torque increased, and the drilling fluid displacement decreased.
Drilling to well depth 2432m encountered resistance to suspension weight 1285KN (rigid original
suspension weight 950KN, friction resistance 220KN), rotating drilling tools, torque 9.5KN•m turn, drill
has 2 m free space, decentralized to 2495m. The drill pipe has a displacement of 3.6L/s, and the outlet
has no return. The upper and lower movable drills and the rotating drill are ineffective, and the drill is
generated. Drilling parameters: drilling pressure 57KN, speed 50+DN r/min, displacement: 36L/s pump
pressure 20MPa. The well was drilled to a depth of 2610 m, and a loss occurred. During the forced drilling
process, the well collapsed and caused a stuck pipe.

Prevention and Solution

Prevention
Use anti-collapse drilling fluid or a drilling system compatible with the formation to appropriately increase
the density and viscosity of the drilling fluid, strictly control water loss, and improve rock carrying capacity.
1. Drilling in the collapse area, before entering the Shahe Street formation, the drilling fluid should be
filled with anti-collapse material according to the design requirements, the content reached about 3%,
and it will be continuously replenished during the drilling.
2. The performance of drilling fluid is stable and cannot be handled to a large extent.
3. During the drilling process, the pump pressure rises, the suspended weight decreases, the lifting tool
encounters a jam, the wellhead return volume decreases, the wellhead return volume decreases, or a
single turntable is knocked down, and the drill pipe should be stopped when the return is serious Or
take a single root, raise the drilling tool to the normal well section, and take the method of punching
through.
4. When drilling encounters the leaking layer, the drilling fluid enters and exits less and the drilling fluid
is stopped and observed. If the leakage exceeds 5 m3 / h, or only enters and exits, the drilling must
be organized immediately. The drilling fluid should be continuously filled in the annulus. When the
drilling fluid is insufficient, clear water can be poured to get the drilling tool out.
5. Avoid fixed-point circulation during cycling, often change the position of the drill bit, and try to avoid
leaky and collapsed sections.
6. Drilling must be continuously filled with drilling fluid into the well to maintain fluid column pressure.
The drilling card is not hard to pull when the drill is started. After lowering the drilling tool to open
the pump with a small displacement in the unblocked well section, the displacement cycle is gradually
increased.
7. Drill at low speed without pulling the piston.
8. Control the drilling speed, and do not press hard when encountering resistance. Raise the drilling tool
to the unobstructed well section, and use a punch.

Solution
After collapsing and stuck, there may be two situations, one is that the cycle can be small displacement, and
the other is that the cycle cannot be established at all.
12 OTC-31693-MS

1. If you can cycle with small displacement, you must not lose this line of hope, but you must control
the basic balance between the inlet flow and the outlet flow. After the circulation is stable, gradually
increase the viscosity and shear force of the drilling fluid to improve its sand carrying capacity, and
then gradually increase the displacement, and strive to bring the collapsed rock block to the ground.
After this step is completed, it is easy to handle even if sticking stuck.
2. If the stuck is caused by the collapse of limestone and dolomite, and the collapsed well section is not
too long, you can consider pumping inhibitory hydrochloric acid to release the stuck.

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3. The next step is to overrun the button. In soft ground, long barrel sleeve milling or long barrel sleeve
milling with a male cone or a fishing spear should be used, so that the sleeve milling and the undercut
are completed at one time to speed up the progress. For harder formations, it is advisable to reduce
the length of the sleeve and to minimize errors during the sleeve milling process. When telescoping
to the centralizer, it is advisable to lower the jar to release the card, because a large number of facts
prove that there is very little sand accumulation under the centralizer, and there is no need to do the
milling and centering.

Conclusion
In this paper, Artificial Neural Networks method was put into predicting stuck pipe. ANNs model were
edited into a software system based on drilling data, such as drilling speed, drilling tool parameters, drilling
pump displacement, bit pressure, suspended weight, drilling fluid performance, rock properties, formations,
parameters, formation pressure and backflow cuttings involved in wellbore collapse.
Through the least squares calculation, the weights of various factors affecting wellbore collapsed were
input, and these property data were input into the ANNs model, and the probability of collapse occurrence
was obtained through supercomputing platform. And the result could be monitor to start alarm for drilling
operator.
The wettability of the drilling fluid system has changed the nature of the surface of the rock micro-
fractures and cannot be ignored. An excellent drilling fluid system is a way to keep the borehole stable and
prevent collapse and stuck.
The goal is to prevent stuck drilling to increase drilling speed and prevent insignificant waiting time.

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