🍫Most common points on MCQS 🌐

1. Acute Gastroenteritis = Rotavirus

2. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)= S. aureus

3. Neonatal Sepsis = group B Streptococcus, E. coli, and

Listeria monocytogenes

4. Otitis Media / sinusitis most in = first 2 years

(rhinovirus, RSV most often)/ Strep Pneumonia

5. Otitis externa = Pseudomonas aeruginosa (most

common cause), S. aureus (second most common
cause).

6. Osteomyelitis: ( S. aureus most common overall, in

all) (Pseudomonas—puncture wound) ( More
Salmonella in sickle cell (S. aureus still most common)

7. Septic arthritis: ( Almost all S. aureus) ( Most in

young children; hematogenous; LE > UE and other parts
of body)

8. Most common STD in developed countries =

Chlamydia
9. Bronchiolitis = RSV

10. Croup = Parinfluenza Virus Type 1

11. Epiglottitis = Hemophilus influenza

12. Viral encephalitis = HSV

13. Viral meningitis = Enteroviruses

14. Bacterial Meningitis newborns = GBS/E. coli

15. Bacterial Meningitis > 2 months = S.Pneumonia

16. Bacterial Meningitis young adults = S.Pneumonia/

Neisseria meningitides

17. PNEUMONIA =

a. Viral Pneumonia

i. RSV . infants

ii. . Parainfluenza . children

iii. Influenza virus . adults

iv. ( Nonviral causes more common in children older

than 5 years of age Most—M. pneumoniae, and C.
pneumoniae (not trachomatis) S.pneumoniae most
common with focal infiltrate in children of all ages
18. Erythema infectious = Paravirus B19

19. Measles = Paramyxovirus

20. Rubella = Rubella virus

21. Roseola = HHV-6

22. Chicken box = VZD

23. Hand Foot And Mouth disease = Coxsackie A virus

24. Acute renal failure in young children = Hemolytic

Uremic Syndrome (HUS) (Most from E. coli)

25. Abduminal mass = Neonate- Hydronephrosis /

<1year Neuroblastoma / > 1year Willms tumor

26. MC brain tumor = Benign

Astrocytoma( infratentorial) / Medullablastoma

27. MCC of cerebral Palsy = Intrapartum asphyxia

28. Most common Skull fractures Injuries During

Deliveries = linear Skull fracture

29. MCC of Death in Tetanus = Respiratory arrest

30. MC complication in Infectious mononucleosis(EBV

kissing diz) = Splenic Hemorrhage
31. MC helminthes = Ascariasis ( MC symptoms cough ,
Hemoptysis)

32. MCC of Craniotabes = prematurity

33. Most common pattern of human malformation =

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

34. Second most common pattern of human

malformation = Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome)

35. Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) most common findings

manifested at = puberty

36. Most common type Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome =type 1

37. Most common teratogen to which fetus can be

exposed = Alcohol

38. Most common Failure-to-thrive (FTT) is = nutritional

neglect

39. Most common PHYSICAL ABUSE = Bruises

40. Immersion burns most common in = infants

41. Croup most common in = winter

42. Most common laryngeal airway anomaly and is the
most frequent cause of stridor in infants and children =
Laryngomalacia

43. Second most common cause of stridor = Congenital

Subglottic Stenosis

44. Third most common cause of stridor = Vocal Cord

Paralysis

45. Most common site of foreign body aspiration in

children age <1 year = Larynx (In children age >1 year,
think trachea or right mainstem bronchus.

46. Most common life-limiting recessive trait among

whites = CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

47. Most common cause of exocrine pancreatic

deficiency in children= CF

48. Most common cause of anaphylaxis seen in

emergency rooms = Food allergic reactions

49. Most common reasons Anaphylaxis = In hospital—

latex, antibiotics, IVIg (intravenous immunoglobulin),
radiocontrast agents (Out of hospital—food (most
common is peanuts)

50. Subacute and Chronic Atopic Dermatitis Most

Commonly Affects the = Flexural Surfaces of Joints

51. Most common Selective IgA deficiency = B-cell

defect

52. Chemical conjunctivitis most common in = first 24

hours of life

53. Most common primary malignant intraocular tumor

= Retinoblastoma

54. Most common area of Epistaxis = anterior septum

(Kiesselbach plexus) Digital trauma (nose picking; most
common)

55. Polyps Most common cause is = cystic fibrosis

56. Congenital heart lesion = VSD common are

membranous

57. Cyanotic lesion = TOF

58. Cyanotic lesion presenting in the immediate
newborn period = TOGA (More common in infant of
diabetic mother)

59. Acquired heart disease worldwide = Acute

Rheumatic Fever

60. Secondary HTN most common in = infants and

younger children

61. Most common congenital disorder associated with

malabsorption is cystic fibrosis

62. Most common anomaly causing incomplete bowel

obstruction with malabsorption is = malrotation

63. Most common cause of intestinal obstruction in

neonate = Hirschprung Disease

64. most common cause of lower gastrointestinal

bleeding in infancy = Anal fissure

65. most common cause of OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY is

= hydronephrosis (due to ureteropelvic junction
obstruction or multicystic kidney disease)
66. Most common chronic glomerular disease
worldwide = IgA Nephropathy (Berger disease)

67. Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in

adults = Membranous Glomerulopathy

68. Most common cause of chronic glomerulonephritis

in older children and young adults =
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

69. Most common hereditary human kidney disease =

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE Autosomal-Dominant Type
(Adults)

70. Most common form of persistent proteinuria in

school-aged children and adolescents = Orthostatic type

71. Most common nephrotic syndrome seen in children

is =Steroid-sensitive minimal change disease

72. Minimal Change Disease Most common = between 2

and 6 years of age

73. Most common disorder of sexual differentiation in

boys (more in preterm) = Undescended Testes
74. Most common cause of testicular pain over 12 years
old = Testicular Torsion

75. Most common cause of testicular pain 2–11 years of

age = Torsion of Appendix Testes

76. Most common surgically treatable cause of

subfertility in men = Varicocele

77. Most common Congenital hypothyroidism is =

thyroid dysgenesis (hypoplasia, aplasia, ectopia); no
goiter

78. Most common cause of Acquired hypothyroidism is

= Hashimoto; thryroiditis

79. Most common cause of rickets = Vitamin D

Deficiency

80. Most common Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

= 21-Hydroxylase deficiency

81. Most common cause of Cushing Syndrome =

Exogenesis

82. Most common cause of insulin resistance is

childhood obesity = Type 2 DM
83. Most common adolescent hip disorder = Slipped
Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

84. Most common genetic cause of osteoporosis =

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

85. Most common Congenital Pancytopenia = Fanconi

anemia (spontaneous chromosomal breaks)

86. Most common acquired cause of bleeding disorders

in children is = thrombocytopenia

87. Most common hereditary bleeding disorder = von

Willebrand Disease (vWD)

88. Most common presenting sign of Hodgkin

Lymphoma = Painless, firm cervical or supraclavicular
nodes

89. Second most frequent malignancy in children;

mortality 45% = Brain tumer

90. Most common Brain tumer = Infratentorial Tumors

(Classic site—cerebellum)

91. Second most common malignant abdominal tumor =

Wilms Tumor
92. Most common site of Pheochromocytoma = adrenal
medulla

93. Most common seizure usually present within 12–24

hours after birth= Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

94. Most common Complication of bacterial meningitis

is = hearing loss

95. Most common presentation of viral meningitis is =

cerebellar ataxia and acute encephalitis.

96. Most common cause of lymphadenitis lasting >3

weeks = Bartonella (Cat-Scratch Disease)

97. Most common presentation of Cryptococcus

neoformans = Pneumonia

98. Most common complication of Measles is = otitis

media

99. Mumps Most common in = winter/spring

100. Most common complication of mumps =

Meningoencephalomyelitis

101. Most common symptom of Ascariasis is =

pulmonary disease—cough and blood-stained sputum
102. Most common symptoms of Enterobiasis = itching
and restless sleep and no eosinophilia

103. Most frequent congenital gastrointestinal anomaly

= Meckel Diverticulum

104. Minimal Change Disease = Infection is the major

complication (Most frequent is spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis (S. pneumoniae most common)

105. Most frequent tumor of the optic nerve = Optic

nerve glioma

106. Most TORCH infections are acquired in = first or

second trimester. Most infants have IUGR

107. Congenital Syphilis = Treponema in scrapings (most

accurate test) from any lesion or fluid, serologic tests

a. Most helpful specific test is IgM-FTA-ABS

b. Treatment—penicillin

108. Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome) Most do not

survive in = first year

109. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome = Pancreatic beta

cell hyperplasia—excess islets → hypoglycemia;
hypoglycemia may be refractory; glucose control most
important initial management

110. Most commercial formulas are = cow-milk–based

with modifications to approximate breast milk

111. Osteosarcoma most common in = Midshaft of long

bones

112. Ewings Sarcoma most common in = Metapheses of

long bones

113. Most common type of cerebral Palsy = Pyramidal or

spastic type

114. MCC of congenital diaphragmatic hernia =

Buchdalick ( posterior )

115. MCC of bowel obstruction in first 2 years =

Intussusception

116. Most common GI emergency in neonates = NEC

( Comp.Short bowel synd. And intist.Stricture

117. Most specific sepsis screen test = neutropenia

( sensitive – I:T)

118. Most sensitive measure of volume state = HR

119. varicella infection = Most people over 18 years of
age even without a reliable history of varicella infection,
will still be immune

120. Bronchiolitis almost all children infected by age= <2

years, most severe at age 1–2 months in winter months.

121. Umbilical Hernia most close by = 5 years

122. Aortic Stenosis Most are = bicuspid aortic valve—

usually asymptomatic in children

123. Valvular disease most important complication

(mitral, aortic, tricuspid) in = Acute Rheumatic Fever

124. Most important early issue in Cleft Lip and Palate is

= feeding (special nipple needed)

125. Chronic Diarrhea and Malabsorption =

a. Fat

i. Most useful screening test is stool for fat (Sudan red

stain)

ii. Confirm with 72-hour stool for fecal fat (gold standard
for steatorrhea)
iii. Steatorrhea is most prominent with pancreatic
insufficiency; all require a sweat chloride

iv. Serum trypsinogen is also a good screen (reflects

residual pancreatic function)

126. Jejunal or Ileal Atresia Most present on = the first

day of life.

127. Most frequent congenital gastrointestinal anomaly

= Meckel Diverticulum

128. Most important primary treatment in IgA

Nephropathy (Berger disease) = is blood pressure
control.

129. Precocious Puberty= (Girls—sexual development <8

years old Boys—sexual development <9 years old) Most
common etiologies: – Sporadic and familial in girls
/Hamartomas in boys

130. The most serious sequelae of Kawasaki disease are

= cardiac-related.( important test is 2D echocardiogram;
repeat at 2–3 weeks and, if normal, at 6–8 weeks. Also
get ECG, follow platelets.)
131. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Most
resolve within = 6 months

132. Best initial diagnostic test for Respiratory distress

syndrome (RDS) = chest radiograph (Best initial
treatment oxygen, Most effective treatment—
intubation and exogenous surfactant administration)

133. Best test For Transient tachypnea of the newborn

(TTN) / Meconium aspiration is = Chest x-ray for

134. Best test for Diaphragmatic hernia is = Postnatal x-

ray (Best initial treatment—immediate intubation in
delivery room for known or suspected CDH, followed by
surgical correction when stable (usually days).

135. Best diagnosis for Herpes Simplex=: PCR, any body

fluid (Best treatment: IV acyclovir ASAP)

136. best tool to determine patterns of growth = Growth

chart

137. Best growth curve indicator for acute malnutrition

= Weight/height <5th percentile
138. Best clinical indicator for measure of under- and
overweight = BMI

139. Best test for CF = Sweat test

140. Best initial test for Diagnosis Orbital cellulitis = CT

scan with contrast of orbits and surrounding area

141. Best test for diagnosing all cardiac congenital

defects is = Echocardiography

142. best test for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

(GERD) = Esophageal pH monitoring

a. H2-receptor antagonist (ranitidine, cimetidine,

famotidine)—first-line with overall best safety profile

b. Proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole, lansoprazole,

pantoprazole)—most potent for severe reflux and
esophagitis

143. Best test Pyloric Stenosis is = ultrasound

144. Testes should be descended by 4 months of age or

will remain undescended; surgery best performed at = 6
months
145. Best test for Cushing Syndrome is =
Dexamethasone-suppression test single

146. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)=

a. Best screen: ANA

b. Best test: anti-dsDNA (more specific for lupus; reflects

disease activity)

c. AntiSmith = Specific

147. best test for Sickle Cell Anemia = Hb

electrophoresis

148. Best test Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is = bone

marrow aspirate → lymphoblasts

149. best initial test for all BRAIN TUMORS = Head CT

scan (MRI best imaging test overall)

150. Best initial test for Wilms Tumor is =ultrasound –

(Abdominal CT scan confirmatory test)

151. Most tumors can be localized by = CT scan (best

initial test) and MRI

152. Best screen for Wilson Disease = serum

ceruloplasmin (decreased)
153. Best test For viral meningitis = CSF PCR

154. Best initial diagnostic test for RDS= chest

radiograph

155. First-line therapy for Allergic Rhinitis =

Antihistamines

156. First-line therapy for otitis media = amoxicillin (high

dose) (Alternate first-line drug or history of penicillin
allergy = azithromycin

157. First-line therapy for Sinusitis = amoxicillin

(Alternative—cefuroxime axetil, cefpodoxime,
azithromycin)

158. Most useful screening test for Chronic Diarrhea and

Malabsorption is = stool for fat (Sudan red stain)

159. Initial presentation Neuroblastoma often as =

metastasis

160. Primary initial pulmonary hallmark for RDS is =

hypoxemia (Most accurate diagnostic test—L/S ratio
(part of complete lung profile; lecithinto- sphingomyelin
ratio)
161. Hallmark in Toxoplasmosis =hydrocephalus with
generalized calcifications and chorioretinitis

162. Hallmark in Rubella =the classic findings of

cataracts, deafness, and heart defects

163. Hallmark in CMV = microcephaly with

periventricular calcifications; petechiae with
thrombocytopenia

164. Hallmark in Herpes =skin vesicles,

keratoconjunctivitis, acute meningoencephalitis

165. Hallmark in Syphilis =osteochondritis and

periostitis; skin rash involving palms and soles and is
desquamating; snuffles (mucopurulent rhinitis)

166. Most food allergies are = egg, milk, peanuts, nuts,

fish, soy, wheat, but any food may cause a food allergy.

167. Most common presenting sign for Hodgkin =

Painless, firm cervical or supraclavicular nodes
Lymphoma
168. Most obvious manifestation in Cerebral Palsy is =
impaired ability of voluntary muscles (rigidity and
spasticity).

169. In Spinal Muscle Atrophy (SMA) Treatment is

supportive; there is no cure most die in first = 2 years of
life

170. MCC of limp = Trauma

171. MC joint in septic Arthritis = Hip

172. Red Current jelly stools= intussusception

173. Drug of choice for lead poisioning in children =

Sucomir ( in adults Penicillamine )

174. Drug of choice for impetigo = penicillin

175. Adrenal Medullary Tumor children =

Neuroblastoma (Pheochromocytoma: adults)

176. Cardiac primary Tumor in children = Rhabdomyoma

. associated w/ Tuberous sclerosis

177. Cause of Death in premature = NRDS = hyaline

membrane disease
178. Cause of Death in SLE pts. = Lupus Nephropathy
Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative) = Renal Disease

179. Non Hodgkin.s Lymphoma = Follicular small clear

cell

180. Pt. with Hodgkin.s = Young Male (except Nodular

Sclerosis type . Female) ( Reed Strenberg cells)

181. Pt. with Minimal Change Disease = Young Child

182. Site of Diverticula = Sigmoid Colon

183. Thyroid CA= Papillary CA

184. Tumor of Infancy = Benign vascular tumor = port

wine stain = Hemangioma

185. Type of Hodgkins = Mixed Cellularity (versus:

lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion,
nodular sclerosis)

186. Type of Non-Hodgkin.s = Follicular, small cleaved

187. Type of Soft Tissue Tumor of Childhood =

Rhabdomyosarcoma

188. Bug in Otitis Media & Sinusitis in Kids =. Strep.

Pneumoniae
189. Complication of COPD = Pulmonary infections

190. Enzyme deficiency = 21 hydroxylase – 95% of CAH

191. Hypertension children = Renal disease; cystic

disease, Wilm’s tumor

192. Hypopituitarism = kids Craniopharyngioma

193. MC muscle dystrophy in children = Becker.s

Muscular Dystrophy (Similar to Duchenne, but less
severe)

194. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy = Deficiency of

dystrophin protein → MD X-linked recessive

195. Erb-Duchenne Palsy = Trauma to superior trunk of

brachial plexus Waiters Tip

196. Lesch-Nyhan = HGPRT deficiency/ Gout,

retardation, self-mutilation

197. Ehlers-Danlos = Defective collagen

198. Feltys Syndrome = Rheumatoid arthritis,

neutropenia, splenomegaly
199. Goodpastures = Autoimmune: ab.s to glomerular &
alveolar basement membranes. Seen in men in their 20
s

200. Guillain-Barre = Polyneuritis following viral

infection/ autoimmune (ascending muscle weakness &
paralysis; usually self-limiting)

201. Hashitoxicosis = Initial hyperthyroidism in

Hashimoto.s Thyroiditis that precedes hypothyroidism

202. Buergers Disease = Acute inflammation of medium

and small arteries of extremities → painful ischemia →
gangrene Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-
aged men who smoke.

203. Berger.s Disease = IgA nephropathy causing

hematuria in kids, usually following infection

204. Henoch-Schonlein purpura = Hypersensivity

vasculitis = allergic purpura. Lesions have the same age.

205. Kawasaki most Affect = Medium size vessels

( especially coronaries )

206. Hirschprungs Disease = Aganglionic megacolon

207. Rotor Syndrome = Congenital hyperbilirubinemia
(conjugated) (Similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no
discoloration of the liver)

208. Horners Syndrome = Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis

(lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves often 2 to a
Pancoast tumor)

209. Reyes Syndrome =. Microvesicular fatty liver

change & encephalopathy 2 to aspirin ingestion in
children following viral illness, especially VZV

210. Pancoast Tumor = Bronchogenic tumor with

superior sulcus involvement → Horner.s Syndrome

211. Raynauds Disease: recurrent vasospasm in

extremities = seen in young, healthy women to
underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)

212.Pericarditis = viral (coxsackie B, adenovirus,

influenza, echovirus).

Please comment other new points in comments session.

These are direct lines from standard pediatric text books