CHAPTER 64 A NUMERICAL METHOD OF HARMONIC

ANALYSIS

EXERCISE 272 Page 694

1. Determine the Fourier series to represent the periodic function given by the table of values, up

to and including the third harmonic and each coefficient correct to 2 decimal places. Use 12

ordinates.

Angle  30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Displacement y 40 43 38 30 23 17 11 9 10 13 21 32

 y cos y cos  sin  y sin  cos 2 y cos 2 sin 2 y sin 2 cos 3 ycos3 sin3 ysin3

30 40 0.866 34.64 0.5 20 0.5 20 0.866 34.64 0 0 1 40

60 43 0.5 21.50 0.866 37.24 -0.5 -21.5 0.866 37.24 -1 -43 0 0
90 38 0 0 1 38 -1 -38 0 0 0 0 -1 -38
120 30 -0.5 -15.0 0.866 25.98 -0.5 -15 -0.866 -25.98 1 30 0 0
150 23 -0.866 -19.92 0.5 11.5 0.5 11.5 -0.866 -19.92 0 0 1 23
180 17 -1 -17 0 0 1 17 0 0 -1 -17 0 0
210 11 -0.866 -9.53 -0.5 -5.5 0.5 5.5 0.866 9.53 0 0 -1 -11
240 9 -0.5 -4.5 -0.866 -7.79 -0.5 -4.5 0.866 7.79 1 9 0 0
270 10 0 0 -1 -10 -1 -10 0 0 0 0 1 10
300 13 0.5 6.5 -0.866 -11.26 -0.5 -6.5 -0.866 -11.26 -1 -13 0 0
330 21 0.866 18.19 -0.5 -10.5 0.5 10.5 -0.866 -18.19 0 0 -1 -21
360 32 1 32 0 0 1 32 0 0 1 32 0 0

hence, , ,

hence, , ,

Substituting these values into the Fourier series:

gives: y = 23.92 + 7.81 cos  + 0.17 cos 2 - 0.33 cos 3 + ……
+ 14.61 sin  + 2.31 sin 2 + 0.50 sin 3

or y = 23.92 + 7.81 cos  +14.61 sin  + 0.17 cos 2 + 2.31 sin 2 - 0.33 cos 3 + 0.50 sin 3
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2. Determine the Fourier series to represent the periodic function given by the table of values, up

to and including the third harmonic and each coefficient correct to 2 decimal places. Use 12

ordinates.

Angle  0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

Voltage v -5.0 -1.5 6.0 12.5 16.0 16.5 15.0 12.5 6.5 -4.0 -7.0 -7.5

 v cos v cos  sin  v sin  cos 2 v cos 2 sin 2 v sin 2 cos 3 vcos3 sin3 vsin3

0 - 5.0 1 - 5.0 0 0 1 -5.0 0 0 1 -5.0 0 0

30 - 1.5 0.866 -1.299 0.5 -0.75 0.5 -0.75 0.866 -1.299 0 0 1 -1.5
60 6.0 0.5 3.0 0.866 5.196 -0.5 -3.0 0.866 5.196 -1 -6.0 0 0
90 12.5 0 0 1 12.5 -1 -12.5 0 0 0 0 -1 -12.5
120 16.0 -0.5 -8 0.866 13.856 -0.5 -8.0 -0.866 -13.856 1 16.0 0 0
150 16.5 -0.866 -14.29 0.5 8.25 0.5 8.25 -0.866 -14.289 0 0 1 16.5
180 15.0 -1 -15 0 0 1 15.0 0. 0 -1 -15.0 0 0
210 12.5 -0.866 -10.83 -0.5 -6.25 0.5 6.25 0.866 10.825 0 0 -1 -12.5
240 6.5 - 0.5 -3.25 -0.866 -5.629 -0.5 -3.25 0.866 5.629 1 6.5 0 0
270 - 4.0 0 0 -1 4 -1 4.0 0 0 0 0 1 -4.0
300 - 7.0 0.5 -3.5 -0.866 6.062 -0.5 3.5 -0.866 6.062 -1 7.0 0 0
330 - 7.5 0.866 -6.50 - 0.5 3.75 0.5 -3.75 -0866 6.495 0 0 -1 7.5

hence, , ,

hence, , ,

Substituting these values into the Fourier series:

gives: v = 5.00 – 10.78 cos  + 0.13 cos 2 + 0.58 cos 3 + ……
+ 6.83 sin  + 0.79 sin 2 - 1.08 sin 3

or v = 5.00 – 10.78 cos  + 6.83 sin  + 0.13 cos 2 + 0.79 sin 2 + 0.58 cos 3 - 1.08 sin 3
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3. Determine the Fourier series to represent the periodic function given by the table of values, up

to and including the third harmonic and each coefficient correct to 2 decimal places. Use 12

ordinates.

Angle  30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Current i 0 -1.4 -1.8 -1.9 -1.8 -1.3 0 2.2 3.8 3.9 3.5 2.5

 i cos i cos  sin i sin  cos 2 i cos 2 sin 2 i sin 2 cos 3 i cos3 sin3 i sin3

30 0 0.866 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.866 0 0 0 1 0

60 -1.4 0.5 -0.7 0.866 -1.212 -0.5 0.7 0.866 -1.212 -1 1.4 0 0
90 -1.8 0 0 1 -1.8 -1 1.8 0 0 0 0 -1 1.8
120 -1.9 -0.5 0.95 0.866 -1.645 -0.5 0.95 -0.866 1.645 1 -1.9 0 0
150 -1.8 -0.866 1.56 0.5 -0.9 0.5 -0.90 -0.866 1.548 0 0 1 -1.8
180 -1.3 -1 1.3 0 0 1 -1.3 0 0 -1 1.3 0 0
210 0 -0.866 0 -0.5 0 0.5 0 0.866 0 0 0 -1 0
240 2.2 -0.5 -1.1 -0.866 -1.905 -0.5 -1.1 0.866 1.905 1 2.2 0 0
270 3.8 0 0 -1 -3.8 -1 -3.8 0 0 0 0 1 3.8
300 3.9 0.5 1.95 -0.866 -3.377 -0.5 -1.95 -0.866 -3.377 -1 -3.9 0 0
330 3.5 0.866 3.03 -0.5 -1.75 0.5 1.75 -0.866 -3.031 0 0 -1 -3.5
360 2.5 1 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 0 0

hence, , ,

hence, , ,

Substituting these values into the Fourier series:

gives: i = 0.64 + 1.58 cos  - 0.23 cos 2 + 0.27 cos 3 + ……
- 2.73 sin  - 0.42 sin 2 + 0.05 sin 3

or i = 0.64 + 1.58 cos  - 2.73 sin  - 0.23 cos 2 - 0.42 sin 2 + 0.27 cos 3 + 0.05 sin 3

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EXERCISE 273 Page 695

1. Without performing calculations, state which harmonics will be present in the waveforms

shown below.

(a) Only odd cosine terms are present. This is because the mean value is zero, the function is an

even one since it is symmetrical about the vertical axis, and the positive and negative cycles are

identical in shape

(b) Only even sine terms are present. This is because the mean value is zero, the function is an

odd one since it is symmetrical about the origin, and the waveform repeats after half a cycle.

2. Analyse the periodic waveform below of displacement y against angle  in into its constituent

harmonics as far as and including the third harmonic, by taking 30 intervals.

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  y cos y cos  sin y sin  cos 2 y cos 2 sin 2 y sin 2 cos 3 y cos3 sin3 y sin3

30 10 0.866 8.66 0.5 5 0.5 5 0.866 8.66 0 0 1 10

60 -6 0.5 -3.0 0.866 -5.196 -0.5 3 0.866 -5.196 -1 6 0 0
90 -17 0 0 1 -17 -1 17 0 0 0 0 -1 17
120 -17 -0.5 8.5 0.866 -14.72 -0.5 8.5 -0.866 14.722 1 -17 0 0
150 -13 -0.866 11.26 0.5 -6.5 0.5 -6.5 -0.866 11.258 0 0 1 -13
180 -4 -1 4 0 0 1 -4 0 0 -1 4 0 0
210 10 -0.866 -8.66 -0.5 -5.0 0.5 5 0.866 8.66 0 0 -1 -10
240 24 -0.5 12 -0.866 -20.78 -0.5 -12 0.866 20.784 1 24 0 0
270 33 0 0 -1 -33 -1 -33 0 0 0 0 1 33
300 36 0.5 18 -0.866 -31.18 -0.5 -18 -0.866 -31.176 -1 -36 0 0
330 33 0.866 28.58 -0.5 -16.5 0.5 16.5 -0.866 -28.578 0 0 -1 -33
360 24 1 24 0 0 1 24 0 0 1 24 0 0

hence, , ,

hence, , ,

Substituting these values into the Fourier series:

gives: y = 9.4 + 17.2 cos  + 0.92 cos 2 + 0.83 cos 3 + ……
- 24.1 sin  - 0.14 sin 2 + 0.67 sin 3

or y = 9.4 + 17.2 cos  - 24.1 sin  + 0.92 cos 2 - 0.14 sin 2 + 0.83 cos 3 + 0.67 sin 3

3. For the waveform of current shown below state why only a d.c. component and even cosine

terms will appear in the Fourier series and determine the series, using /6 rad intervals, up to and

including the sixth harmonic.

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The function is even, thus no sine terms will be present.

The function repeats itself every half cycle, hence only even terms will be present.

Hence, the Fourier series will contain a d.c. component and even cosine terms only.

 i cos 2 i cos 2 cos 4 i cos 4 cos 6 i cos 6

30 1.5 0.5 0.75 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.5

60 5.5 -0.5 -2.75 -0.5 -2.75 1 5.5
90 10 -1 -10 1 10 -1 -10
120 5.5 -0.5 -2.75 -0.5 -2.75 1 5.5
150 1.5 0.5 0.75 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.5
180 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
210 1.5 0.5 0.75 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.5
240 5.5 -0.5 -2.75 -0.5 -2.75 1 5.5
270 10 -1 -10 1 10 -1 -10
300 5.5 -0.5 -2.75 -0.5 -2.75 1 5.5
330 1.5 0.5 0.75 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.5
360 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

hence, , ,

Substituting these values into the Fourier series:

gives: i = 4.00 – 4.67 cos 2 + 1.00 cos 4 - 0.66 cos 6 + ……

4. Determine the Fourier series as far as the third harmonic to represent the periodic function y

given by the waveform shown. Take 12 intervals when analysing the waveform.

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The following values are read from the graph (accuracy will depend on values read)

Angle  0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

y 0 25 50 75 95 90 0 -20 -45 -75 -95 -78

 y cos y cos  sin  y sin  cos 2 y cos 2 sin 2 y sin 2 cos 3 ycos3 sin3 ysin3

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
30 25 0.866 21.65 0.5 12.5 0.5 12.5 0.866 21.65 0 0 1 25
60 50 0.5 25 0.866 43.3 -0.5 -25 0.866 43.3 -1 -50 0 0
90 75 0 0 1 75 -1 -75 0 0 0 0 -1 -75
120 95 -0.5 -47.5 0.866 82.27 -0.5 -47.5 -0.866 -82.27 1 95 0 0
150 90 -0.866 -77.94 0.5 45 0.5 45 -0.866 -77.94 0 0 1 90
180 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0
210 -20 -0.866 17.32 -0.5 10 0.5 -10.0 0.866 -17.32 0 0 -1 20
240 -45 - 0.5 22.5 -0.866 38.97 -0.5 22.5 0.866 -38.97 1 -45 0 0
270 - 75 0 0 -1 75 -1 75 0 0 0 0 1 -75
300 - 95 0.5 -47.5 -0.866 82.27 -0.5 47.5 -0.866 82.27 -1 95 0 0
330 - 78 0.866 -67.548 - 0.5 39 0.5 -39.0 -0866 67.548 0 0 -1 78

hence, , ,

hence, , ,

Substituting these values into the Fourier series:

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gives: y = 1.83 – 25.67 cos  + 1.0 cos 2 + 15.83 cos 3 + ……
+ 83.89 sin  - 0.29 sin 2 + 10.5 sin 3

or y = 1.83 – 25.67 cos  + 83.89 sin  + 1.0 cos 2 - 0.29 sin 2 + 15.83 cos 3 + 10.5 sin 3

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