GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 BIODIVERSITY & SPECIATION

Biodiversity is the variation among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial, marine Extinction occurs when species are diminished because of environmental forces such as habitat
and desert ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are a part. fragmentation, climate change, natural disaster, overexploitation by humans, and pollution, or because of
“Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such evolutionary changes in their members (genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, decline in population
groups.” numbers).
Speciation – form of evolution wherein one species gives rise to another species. A. Endemic - native and restricted to a certain place.
- occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own B. Endangered- species seriously at risk of extinction.
unique characteristics. The demands of a different environment or the characteristics of the members of C. Vulnerable - if the population has decreased at least 50% and the cause of decline is known.
the new group will differentiate the new species from their ancestors. D. Threatened - species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.)
Examples:
Modes of speciation: Endangered Threatened Endemic
A. Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation (allo – other, patric – place; ‘other place’) Philippine Eagle Palawan Hornbill Sardinella tawilis (Herre, 1927)
- occurs when some members of a population become geographically separated from the other members (Pithecophaga jefferyi) (Anthracoceros marchei)
thereby preventing gene flow. Tamaraw Visayan Warty Pig Tamilokus mabinia (2018)
(Bubalus mindorensis) (Sus cebifrons)
Examples of geographic barriers are bodies of water and mountain ranges.
Tarsier Philippine Cobra Copeland's Pitcher Plant
B. Sympatric speciation (sym – same, patric – place; ‘same place’) - - occurs when members of a (Carlito syrichta) (Naja philippinensis) (Nepenthes copelandii)
population that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different Evolutionary thought - the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding
species. It involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the of how such processes work, is directly traceable to developments in intellectual thought in western Europe
reproductive isolation of a group of individuals. over the last 300 years. Many people contributed to this shift in perspective.
C. Peripatric speciation - (peri – around, patric – place; ‘At the periphery’) is the type of speciation in which The following are early scientist who contributed to shaping and developing evolutionary thought:
small group of population separate from the original group, and eventually evolve as a separate species
with time. Small
number of organisms
living in that area
sometimes carry the
rare genes that are
transferred to the
entire community of
new species, and
thus under its
influence, the set of
new species are
formed.
D. Parapatric
speciation (para –
near, patric – place;
‘near to each other’)
– occurs when the
groups that evolved
to be separate
species are
geographic neighbors. Gene flow occurs but with great distances is reduced. There is also abrupt change
in the environment over a geographic border and strong disruptive selection must also happen.
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