DILUTE SOLUTION

VAPOR PRESSURE
BOILING POINT
 Types of liquids
1. Volatile : Liquids which can convert to vapors.
2. Non Volatile : Liquids which can not convert to vapors.
Vapour pressure of volatile liquids P0

❏ At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by vapors of a

substance when it is in equilibrium with its liquid state is called its
vapor pressure.

❏ Pressure exerted by the vapors of the liquid =

VP of that Liquid at that temperature
 For a pure Volatile liquid,

❏ VP is an intensive property.

❏ The VP does not depend on:

➢ the amount of liquid

➢ Shape of vessel
➢ Size of vessel etc.
Boiling Point

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a volatile liquid becomes equal
to the external pressure.

If external pressure is 1 bar, the boiling point is STANDARD BOILING POINT.

If the external pressure is 1 atm, the boiling point is known as NORMAL BOILING
POINT.
IDEAL SOLUTIONS
Ideal Solutions
RAOULT’S LAW
 Raoult’s law

❏ Applicable for only IDEAL LIQUID SOLUTIONS.

❏ In an Ideal solution at a constant temperature, the vapor pressure of a particular

liquid is directly proportional to the mole fraction of that liquid in that solution.
Vapor phase composition
Ideal solutions containing non volatile solute
TYPES OF
NON IDEAL
SOLUTIONS
Types of non Ideal Solutions
COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES
Colligative Properties
Relative lowering of Vapor Pressure
Elevation in Boiling Point
 Depression in freezing point

Freezing point:
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of liquid becomes equal to
the vapor pressure of the solid.

On adding non volatile solute, since the vapor pressure of solvent

decreases thus the freezing point will also decrease.
 Osmosis

When a liquid solution containing non volatile solute and pure solvent are
separated by a semipermeable membrane, then there is a natural tendency of
solvent particles to pass through the semipermeable membrane, from PURE
SOLVENT to SOLUTION.

Only solvent particles can pass through SPM

Osmotic Pressure

● The equilibrium hydrostatic pressure developed at the liquid

solution side due to osmosis
Reverse Osmosis
Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions
VANT’S HOFF
FACTOR
Vant’s Hoff Factor (i)
HENRY’S LAW
Solubility of gas in liquid
 Henry’s law

At constant TEMPERATURE, the mole fraction of gas in the liquid is

directly proportional to the pressure of that gas present above the liquid.