Week 10.

1
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE
KINETICS (FORCE & ACCELERATION)
KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Rectilinear Kinematics

The kinematics of a
particle is
characterized by
specifying, at any
given instant, the
particle’s position,
velocity, and
acceleration.
KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Rectilinear Kinematics

Position

Position is a vector quantity since it has

both magnitude and direction.
KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Rectilinear Kinematics

Displacement - change in position

The displacement of a particle is also a vector quantity.

Distance travelled is a positive scalar that represents the
total length of path over which the particle travels.
KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Rectilinear Kinematics

Velocity
average velocity instantaneous velocity

The sense of the velocity is the same as that of

Δs or ds. The magnitude of the velocity is known
as the speed.
KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Rectilinear Kinematics

Acceleration
average acceleration instantaneous acceleration
KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Rectilinear Kinematics

Constant velocity (a = 0)

Constant acceleration
01. PROBLEM

A car accelerates from 10.0 m/s to a speed of 30.0 m/s in 10.0

sec. If the acceleration is uniform, determine the acceleration
and the distance travelled during the 10.0 sec of motion.

a
VO = 10 V = 30

x
t = 10 s
02. PROBLEM
A school bus is travelling at the posted speed limit of 24 kph in a
school zone on dry pavement. The driver applies brake and the bus
decelerates at a constant rate 7.92 m/s2 until coming to a halt.
a) Calculate the distance the bus travels while decelerating.
b) Calculate the distance required to stop if the bus is initially
travelling at 48 kph.

a = -7.92
VO = 24 V=0

s
02. PROBLEM (cont.)
A school bus is travelling at the posted speed limit of 24 kph in a
school zone on dry pavement. The driver applies brake and the bus
decelerates at a constant rate 7.92 m/s2 until coming to a halt.
a) Calculate the distance the bus travels while decelerating.
b) Calculate the distance required to stop if the bus is initially
travelling at 48 kph.

a = -7.92
VO = 48 V=0

s
03. PROBLEM (cont.)
A car travelling at a constant speed of 15.0 m/s in a zone where the posted
speed limit is 40 kph. As the motorist passes a stationary police car, the
police accelerate at a constant rate of 3.00 m/s2 and maintains this rate of
acceleration until the police car pulls next to the speeding car. Determine
the time required for the police officer to catch the speeder.
v = 15.0 m/s

x1

v=0 x2
a = 3 m/s2
03. PROBLEM (cont.)
A car travelling at a constant speed of 15.0 m/s in a zone where the posted
speed limit is 40 kph. As the motorist passes a stationary police car, the
police accelerate at a constant rate of 3.00 m/s2 and maintains this rate of
acceleration until the police car pulls next to the speeding car. Determine
the time required for the police officer to catch the speeder.
v = 15.0 m/s

x1
03. PROBLEM (cont.)
A car travelling at a constant speed of 15.0 m/s in a zone where the posted
speed limit is 40 kph. As the motorist passes a stationary police car, the
police accelerate at a constant rate of 3.00 m/s2 and maintains this rate of
acceleration until the police car pulls next to the speeding car. Determine
the time required for the police officer to catch the speeder.

v=0 x2
a = 3 m/s2
03. PROBLEM (cont.)
A car travelling at a constant speed of 15.0 m/s in a zone where the posted
speed limit is 40 kph. As the motorist passes a stationary police car, the
police accelerate at a constant rate of 3.00 m/s2 and maintains this rate of
acceleration until the police car pulls next to the speeding car. Determine
the time required for the police officer to catch the speeder.
v = 15.0 m/s

v=0
a = 3 m/s2

t = 10 sec
04. PROBLEM

At the NLEX, a tourist bus is capable of an acceleration of

about 1.6 m/s2. At this rate, how long would it take to accelerate
from 80 km/h to 110 km/h?
05. PROBLEM

In coming to a stop, a police car leaves a skid mark 92 m long on

the highway. Assuming a deceleration of 7.00 m/s2, estimate the
speed of the car just before braking.

m/s
= 129 kph
06. PROBLEM (cont.)
An athlete jogs 8 complete laps around a quarter- mile track in
a total time of 12.5 min. Calculate the average speed in m/s.

quarter- mile = 400m (approx)

average speed in kph

= 4.3 x 3.6 = 15.48 kph
07. PROBLEM
The current in a river is 1.00 m/s. Kathy swims 600 m downstream
and then back to her starting point without stopping. If Kathy can
swim 2.00 m/s in still water, determine the time required for the
round trip.

Vdown = 2 + 1

ttotal = tdown + tup

Vup = 2 - 1
08. PROBLEM
During a test a rocket travels upward at 75 m/s,
and when it is 40 m from the ground its engine
fails. a) Determine the maximum height sB
reached by the rocket and b) its speed just before
it hits the ground. While in motion the rocket is
subjected to a constant downward acceleration of
9.81 m/s2 due to gravity. Neglect the effect of air
resistance.

Constant acceleration (a = -g)

vf = vo - gt
vf2 = vo2 - 2gs
s = vot - ½ gt2
08. PROBLEM (cont.)
During a test a rocket travels upward at 75 m/s, and
when it is 40 m from the ground its engine fails. a)
Determine the maximum height sB reached by the
rocket and b) its speed just before it hits the ground.
While in motion the rocket is subjected to a constant
downward acceleration of 9.81 m/s2 due to gravity.
Neglect the effect of air resistance.
Solution:
a) maximum height sB reached
vB2 = vA2 - 2gs
s = sB – sA
s = sB – 40

0 = 752 – 2(9.81)(sB – 40)

sB = 327 m
08. PROBLEM (cont.)
During a test a rocket travels upward at 75 m/s, and
when it is 40 m from the ground its engine fails. a)
Determine the maximum height sB reached by the
rocket and b) its speed just before it hits the ground.
While in motion the rocket is subjected to a constant
downward acceleration of 9.81 m/s2 due to gravity.
Neglect the effect of air resistance.
Solution:
sB = 327 m

b) velocity of the rocket just before it

hits the ground
vc2 = vB2 - 2gs
vc2 = 0 – 2(9.81)(0 – 327)
vc = - 80.1 m/s = 80.1 m/s ↓
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE

When air resistance is

neglected, the only force
acting on the projectile is
its weight, which causes
the projectile to have a
constant downward
acceleration of
approximately a = g.

g = 9.81 m/s2 or
g = 32.2 ft/s2
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE

Y
vox = vx = vocosθ
vo
vx
voy
θ y vy v voy = vosinθ
vox X
x

Along X x x
t  
x = voxt v ox v o cos 
2
 x  1  x 
Along Y y  v o sin     g 
   
v
 o cos   2 v
 o cos  
vy = voy – gt
2
vy2 = voy2 – 2gy y  x tan  
gx
2
y = voyt – ½gt2
2
2 v o cos 
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE

Y
vo

θ
X
R

Range Maximum Range

(same elevation) (same elevation)
2
v o sin 2    45
0

R 
g 2
vo
R max 
g
00. PROBLEM

Y
vo

H
θ
X
R

Maximum Height

2 2
v o sin 
H 
2g
09. PROBLEM (cont.)
When a baseball player hit a homer over a 7.5 m high right-
field fence 95 m from home plate, roughly what was the
minimum speed of the ball when it left the bat? Assume that
the ball was hit 1.0 m above the ground and its path initially
made a 38° with the ground.
09. PROBLEM (cont.)
When a baseball player hit a homer over a 7.5 m high right-
field fence 95 m from home plate, roughly what was the
minimum speed of the ball when it left the bat? Assume that
the ball was hit 1.0 m above the ground and its path initially
made a 38° with the ground. (95, 6.5)
Y
Solution:
380
X
10. PROBLEM (cont.)
An athlete executing a long jump leaves the ground at a
28.0° angle and travels 7.80 m.
1. What was the takeoff speed?
2. If this speed was increased by just 5.0 percent, how
much longer would the jump be?

(7.8, 0)
10. PROBLEM (cont.)
An athlete executing a long jump leaves the ground at a
28.0° angle and travels 7.80 m.
1. What was the takeoff speed?
2. If this speed was increased by just 5.0 percent, how
much longer would the jump be?

(7.8, 0)
11. PROBLEM

A ball is thrown horizontally from the roof of a

Y
building 45.0 m tall and lands 24.0 m from the
base. What is the ball’s initial speed?
Solution: X
Along y Along x
y = voy – ½ gt2 x = vox t

24 = vox (3.03)
-45 = 0 – ½ gt2
vox = v = 7.92 m/s
12. PROBLEM
A projectile is fired with an initial
speed of 196 m/s at an angle of 30°
above the horizontal from the top of a
cliff 98.0 m high.

1. Determine the time to reach

maximum height.
2. Determine the maximum
height above the base of cliff
3. Find the total time in the air
4. Find the horizontal range of the
projectile.
12. PROBLEM
A projectile is fired with an initial
speed of 196 m/s at an angle of 30°
above the horizontal from the top of a
cliff 98.0 m high.
Solution:
1. Time to reach maximum height
At the peak, v2y = 0
V1y = 196sin 300
V1y = 98 m/s
vfy = voy – gt
v2y = v1y – gt
0 = 98 – 9.81t
t = 10 sec
12. PROBLEM (cont.)
A projectile is fired with an initial
speed of 196 m/s at an angle of 30°
above the horizontal from the top of a
cliff 98.0 m high.
Solution:
2. Maximum height from the base
of the cliff
V1y = 98 m/s
vfy2 = voy2 – 2gy

V2y2 = V1y2 -2gh 2 2

v o sin 
H 
2g
12. PROBLEM (cont.)
A projectile is fired with an initial
speed of 196 m/s at an angle of 30°
above the horizontal from the top of a
cliff 98.0 m high.
Solution:
3. Time of flight
R

4. Horizontal range
x = Vox t 2
v o sin 2 
R 
x = 196 cos300 (21) g
x = 3565 m
13. PROBLEM
A stone is thrown horizontally outward
from the top of a bridge. The stone is
released 19.6 meters above the street
below. The initial velocity of the stone is
10.0 m/s. Determine the total time that
the stone is in the air and the velocity of
the projectile just before it strikes the
street.

1. Time in the air

y = Voyt + 1/2at2
13. PROBLEM (cont.)

2. Velocity just before hitting

the street

V1x

V1y
V1

V1
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

1. Force and Acceleration

2. Work and Energy
3. Impulse and Momentum

Kinetics is a branch of dynamics that

deals with the relationship between
the change in motion of a body and
the forces that cause this change.
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

Newton’s second law

- when an unbalanced force acts on a particle,
the particle will accelerate in the direction of the
force with a magnitude that is proportional to the
force.
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

At rest

N=W
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

W
At rest
P
P=F
F P < Fmax
N=W
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

W At rest
(Impending
P motion)

P = Fmax
Fmax Fmax = μsN
N=W
μs = coef of
static friction
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

W
a
In motion
P
P>F
F = μkN
F
N=W
μk = coef of
kinetic friction
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

W
a
In motion
P
ƩF = ma
ƩF = REF
F P – F = ma
N=W
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

W
a
In motion
REF ƩF
ƩF = ma
ƩF = REF
P – F = ma
N=W Dynamic
Equilibrium
14. PROBLEM
A box of mass 5.0 kg is pulled vertically
upward by a force of 68 N applied to a rope
attached to the box. Determine the (1)
acceleration of the box and (2) the velocity
of the box after 2.0 s of motion.
14. PROBLEM (cont.)
A box of mass 5.0 kg is pulled vertically 68 N
upward by a force of 68 N applied to a rope
attached to the box. Determine the (1)
acceleration of the box and (2) the velocity a
of the box after 2.0 s of motion.
1. The acceleration of the box
Solution:
ΣF = REF = ma
W = 5(9.81)
68 - W = ma
68 - mg = ma
68 - 5(9.81) = 5a REF

a = 3.79 m/s2
14. PROBLEM (cont.)
A box of mass 5.0 kg is pulled vertically
upward by a force of 68 N applied to a rope 68 N
attached to the box. Determine the (1)
V
acceleration of the box and (2) the velocity
of the box after 2.0 s of motion.
2. The velocity after 2 sec
Solution: a = 3.79
a = 3.79 m/s2
68 N

V = Vo + at V0 = 0
V = 0 + 3.79(2)

V = 7.58 m/s
15. PROBLEM
A student of mass 50 kg decides to test
Newton’s laws of motion by standing on a
bathroom scale placed on the floor of an
elevator. Assume that the scale reads in
newtons. Determine the scale reading a = 0.5
when the elevator is accelerating upward
at 0.50 m/s2.
15. PROBLEM (cont.)
A student of mass 50 kg decides to test
Newton’s laws of motion by standing on a
bathroom scale placed on the floor of an
elevator. Assume that the scale reads in
newtons. Determine the scale reading
when the elevator is accelerating upward
at 0.50 m/s2.

F
15. PROBLEM (cont.)
A student of mass 50 kg decides to test
Newton’s laws of motion by standing on a W = 50(9.81)
bathroom scale placed on the floor of an a = 0.5
elevator. Assume that the scale reads in
newtons. Determine the scale reading
when the elevator is accelerating upward
at 0.50 m/s2.

Solution:
F - W = REF F
F - mg = ma
F = mg + ma F = 515 N
F = 50(9.81) + 50(0.5)
REF = ma
F = 515 N
16. PROBLEM
How much tension must a rope withstand if it is used to
accelerate a 1200 kg car vertically upward at 0.80 m/s2?
Solution:
ΣF = REF T

a = 0.8
T – W = REF
T - mg = ma
T = ma + mg
T = 1200(0.8) + 1200(9.81) W

T = 1.3 x 104 N REF = ma

17. PROBLEM
A force of 48.0 N is required to start a 5.0 kg box moving across a
horizontal concrete floor. (1) What is the coefficient of static friction
between the box and the floor? (2) If the 48.0 N force continues,
the box accelerates at 0.70 m/s2. What is the coefficient of kinetic
friction?
Solution: W
1. Coefficient of static friction
F = Fmax = μsN
F = μsN 48 N
F = μsW = μs mg
F = 48 N (impending motion)
μs(5)(9.8) = 48 N F = Fmax
μs = 0.98
17. PROBLEM (cont.)
A force of 48.0 N is required to start a 5.0 kg box moving across a
horizontal concrete floor. (1) What is the coefficient of static friction
between the box and the floor? (2) If the 48.0 N force continues,
the box accelerates at 0.70 m/s2. What is the coefficient of kinetic
friction?
W

Fmax
48 N

N F
17. PROBLEM (cont.)
A force of 48.0 N is required to start a 5.0 kg box moving across a
horizontal concrete floor. (1) What is the coefficient of static friction
between the box and the floor? (2) If the 48.0 N force continues,
the box accelerates at 0.70 m/s2. What is the coefficient of kinetic
friction?
Solution: W
2. Coefficient of kinetic friction a = 0.70
F = μkN
48 N
48 – F = REF
48 – μkN = ma REF
48 – μk(5)(9.81) = 5(0.7)
N F < Fmax
μk = 0.91 < μs
18. PROBLEM
A carton lies on a plane tilted at an angle θ = 22.00 with the
horizontal, with μk = 0.12. Determine the acceleration of the
carton as it slides down the plane. If the carton starts from rest
9.30 m up the plane from the base, what will be the carton’s
speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline?
1. Acceleration of the carton
θ
Solution:
W sin θ - F = REF = ma
m
mg Sin θ = μmg Cos θ + ma REF
9.8 Sin 22° = 0.12(9.8) Cos 22° + a
N
a = 2.58 m/s2 F
18. PROBLEM (cont.)
A carton lies on a plane tilted at an angle θ = 22.00 with the
horizontal, with μk = 0.12. Determine the acceleration of the
carton as it slides down the plane. If the carton starts from rest
9.30 m up the plane from the base, what will be the carton’s
speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline?

2. Carton’s speed at the a = 2.58

bottom
Solution:
v2 = vo2 + 2as
v2 = (0)2 + 2(2.58)(9.3) vo = 0
v = 6.93 m/ s
v
19. PROBLEM (cont.)

A 1150 kg car pulls a 450 kg trailer. The car exerts a horizontal

force of 3.8 x 103 N against the ground in order to accelerate.
What force does the car exert on the trailer? Assume an
effective friction coefficient of 0.15 for the trailer.

a
19. PROBLEM (cont.)

A 1150 kg car pulls a 450 kg trailer. The car exerts a horizontal

force of 3.8 x 103 N against the ground in order to accelerate.
What force does the car exert on the trailer? Assume an
effective friction coefficient of 0.15 for the trailer.
Solution:

From FBD of the car:

3800 - T = REF
3800 - T = ma
3800 - T = 1150a REF a

T = 3800 - 1150a (1) T

19. PROBLEM (cont.)

A 1150 kg car pulls a 450 kg trailer. The car exerts a horizontal

force of 3.8 x 103 N against the ground in order to accelerate.
What force does the car exert on the trailer? Assume an
effective friction coefficient of 0.15 for the trailer.
Solution:
For the car:
T = 3800 - 1150a (1)

For the trailer:

F = μN = μmg
REF a
F = 0.15(450)(9.81) = 662.175
N
T
T - F = REF = ma
T - 662.175 = 450 a
F = μN
T = 450a + 622.175 (2)
19. PROBLEM (cont.)

A 1150 kg car pulls a 450 kg trailer. The car exerts a horizontal

force of 3.8 x 103 N against the ground in order to accelerate.
What force does the car exert on the trailer? Assume an
effective friction coefficient of 0.15 for the trailer.
Solution:

T = 3800 - 1150a (1)

T = 450a + 622.175 (2)

450a + 662.175 = 3800 - 1150a

a = 1.96 m/s2 REF a

T = 450(1.96) + 662.175
T = 1544 N T

F = μN