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Chapter 3 Chemical Equations and Reactions Stichiometry
Chapter 3 Chemical Equations and Reactions Stichiometry
General Chemistry
CHAPTER-3
Chemical Equations and reactions
stoichiometry
Dr. Mohammed Shafquzzaman
Associate prof.
Department of Civil engineering
Chemical reaction
• A chemical change occurs when some substances (it could even be the
same substance) come into contact, the chemical bonds of the substances
break, and the atoms that compose the compounds separate and
rearrange themselves into new compounds with new chemical bonds.
When this process occurs, we call it a chemical reaction.
• The substances that were present at the beginning are called reactants
and the substances present at the end are called products.
1. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed
on the left side of the equation.
2. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are
placed on the right sight of the equation.
3. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (⟶)
separates the reactant and product (left and right) sides of the equation.
4. The relative numbers of reactant and product species are represented by coefficients
(numbers placed immediately to the left of each formula). A coefficient of 1 is typically
omitted.
Physical state (phase) of the substrates in the chemical
equation
The physical state of a substance in the chemical equation is indicated by the
following symbols:
• (s) For solid state;
• (ℓ) for liquid state;
• (g) for gaseous state;
• (aq) for substances in aqueous solution, and
• The Greek letter delta (Δ) represents heat.
Left Right
Balancing chemical Equations
Or
The equation tell us that 2 moles of hydrogen reacts with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2
moles of water
Also
We can say that 4 g of hydrogen reacts with 32 g of oxygen to produce 36 g of water
Consider the following reaction
Mole or mass ratio (n)
So for 1.20 moles CH4 require = 1.20 x n=1.20 x 2=2.4 moles oxygen
However, we are asked about the mass of oxygen. Therefore we calculate the mass of
2.40 moles of O2 i.e 2.40 O2
= 2.40 x 16x 2
=76.8 g Answer
Example
Example
16 g 64 g
1 mol 2 mol
2 mol 3 mol
According to the balanced reaction 1.0 mol of CH4 requires 2.0 mole of O2 for complete
reaction
But
Our further calculation will be based on limiting reactant. Here O2 is the limiting reactant
2 mol of O2 produce 1 mol of CO2
Or
64 g O2 produces 44 g CO2