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    NUMBER THEORY HANDOUT

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    6 views9 pages

    Number Theory Handout

    Uploaded by

    julietbobbcritchlow

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9
    ‘Ways to think about Decimal Nuinbers; as a Whole Number Plus Tenths, Hundredis, ete Example 1: What are 2.3? ahs + On the left side is "2", that is the whole number part, + The 3 is in the "tenths" position, meaning "3 tenths", or 3/10 + So, 2.3 is "2 and 3 tenths" Example 2: What are 13.76? + Onthe left side is "13", that is the whole number part. . There are two digits on the right side, the 7 is in the "tenths" position, and the 6 is the "hundredths" position . So, 13.76 is "13 and 7 tenths and 6 hundredths” as a Decimal Fraction Or we can think of a decimal number as a Decimal Fraction. ‘A Decimal Fraction is a fraction where the denominator (the bottom number) is a number such as 10, 100, 1000, etc (in other words a power of ten) So "2.3" looks like: 23 10 ‘And "13.76" looks like: 1376 100 as a Whole Number and Decimal Fraction Or we can think of decisal number as a Whole Nismaber plusja Decimal Fraétion. So "2.3" looks like: 2 and 3 10 And "13.76" looks like: 13 and 76 100 Those are all good ways to think of decimal numbers. First, let's have an example: Here is the number "forty-five and six-tenths" written as a|decimal number: ‘The decimal point goes between Ones and Tenths. 45.6 has 4 Tens, 5 Ones and 6 Tenths, like this: Now, let's discover how it all works... + and the "3" is in the Hundreds position, ps aey ae Unt LAS Ho een rvs a SOP fy ‘As we move right, each position is 10 times smaller. =» From Hundreds, to Tens, to Ones And that is a Decimal Number! ‘The decimal point is the most important part of a Decimal Number. Without it we are lost, and don't know what each position means. 17. @ 591 On the left of the decimal point is a whole number (such as 17) e As we move further left, every place gets 10 times bigger. The first digit on the right means i. tenths (1/10) As we move further right, every place gets 10 times smaller (one tenth as big) MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF DECIMALS. Multiplication of Decimals To multiply by 10, is the same as shifting the decimal point one place to the right, as well as multiplying by 100 is the same as shifting the decimal point two places to the right and so on. Division of Decimals ‘To divide by 10, is the same as shifting the decimal point one place to the left, as well as multiplying by 100 is the same as shifting the decimal point two places to the left and so on. Number Theory ty ‘A number is divisible by 2 ifthe las digit is divisible by 2 (80.24,6,8). eg. 98, 34, 169590 vw 8 3” surn of the digits is divisible by 3 eg. 123, 995421, 27 v4 "2 4" © ast two digits is divisible by 4. €.g. 324,689548, 7560 Hon 99 58 ast digit is 5 oF 0 e.g, 9520, 67845, 212130 "#4" "6 ifitis divisible by both 2 and 3. e.g, 1254, 98712, 360 wo» 9 4-0 ge © ast three digits is divisible by 8 eg, 80165400, 126536 1 "5 1 8" 9" sum of the digits is divisible by 9. eg. 315, 5148, 2934 nom wm 19" © fast digit is 0 Whole Numbers (W)= {0. » © Integers (Z)= {...-2,-1,0,1, €.g, 9520, 6780, 212130, 670. 3 Rational Numbers (Q) = {p/a, where p and q are integers, q #0} e.g.: 4, A, %, ~5, 99, -0.23, 35.062, 0.3, 0.607, 16, Na Irrational Numbers (Q! or 1) = {numbers that cannot be expressed as terminating or recurring, decimals} eg: m, V2, V7, Nove: NOT all square roots are irrational numbers. e.g. Y9 = 3 Real Numbeés (R) = The union of the rational & inrational numbers Imaginary Numbers: e.g. ¥-2, V°7, 25 a REAL (R) a ™ RATIONAL (Q) IRRRATIONAL, 4 INTEGERS (Z) DECIMALS WHOLE (W) WATURAL (N) Pri 1e = (2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,.. } (A prime numer ii Note: 2 is the only even prime number Composite = {4,6,8,9,10,12, 14,15, 16,18,20,21,22,, Even = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,... 3, Odd = {1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,. some Nefi COMMON FRACTIONS a number that is divisible by itself and 1) & is the first prime number } amditselt, which, Factors: feeble Suk of umes ae hese numbers, uncluding | ee “Sesh actors 9 Sees Beaton Multiples eg.i) Multiples of 6 = {6,12,18,24,30,...} ii) Multiples of 11 = {11,22,33,44,55,66,...} PO) Factors of 15 = (1,3,5,15} The result obtained by adding numbers is called the sum. The difference of two numbers is the large number minus the smaller. The result obtained by multiplying mmbers is called the product. The result obtained by division is called the quotient. BCR e.g. Find the H.C.F of 12,16, and 24 Solution: 12.= bxpx3 16 = Pxdx2x2 24 = BxdOnd LCM. e.g. Find the L.C.M of 8,15, and 20 ~ Ans, = 2x2x2x3x5 = 120 li2 2\6_ 224 (e. ats. 212 3B al 4 216 1 a2 33 1 i 2[8 15, 20 2 [4, 15, 10 2 mi 3 = 5 5 1 Page 1 of 6 + Conversion of an improper fraction to Conversion of a mixed number to an improper fraction: mi 218 = 4 = ERACTIONS (Basic Operations) ‘Addition & Subtraction of Fractions. 1* Change mixed numbers into improper fractions. OR _{separate whole nos. from the fractions then combine) Express each fraction with the L.C.D. 3" Add the numerators of the new factors. 4 Reduce the fraction to its lowest terms st Change improper answers into mixed numbers. eg) 1 2 3 Lep.-30 2435 3 =15 20 18 30-30-30 = 15 420-18 30 = BoB 30 ae 30, Multiplication of Fractions 1" Change mixed numbers into improper fractions. 2" Cancel numerator with denominators. 3™ Multiply all the top numbers. 4" Multiply all the denominators. 5" Change improper answers into mixed numbers. Reciprocals: eg i)2xh DxK=1 (4x8) +7 - B 1 3 19 T+ 5 - +e ff LOD. 2 = /38 40 35 57 ‘Numnber Theory 2% (since 21 +8 =2 remainder 5) srr 38 8 = 8 8 1 i 3 -67+37-217+47] €1 + Wr - 1 +17) = 18+ 40 - 35457 ee 35 + 40 + 57 1z = “113. + 97 TZ. -16 rT 7 “4 iss aa dae Dx BT BB 4 1x BK S iy Pairs of numbers which have 1 as their product are called reciprocals ‘Therefore 2 is the reciprocal of 4 and % is the reciprocal of 2 ‘Therefore *s is the reciprocal off and % is the reci of fh Division of Fractions 1" Change mixed numbers into improper fractions. 2" Change the division sign to multiplication and invert the number on the right. 3” Change improper answers into mixed numbers. cgi) Saree 10 +5 Sasa = Tex 3 i = 2 EX -|- 5% DECIMALS A decimal is a fraction whose denominator can be expressed as a power of 10. eg i)05=% ii) 0-05="h00 iti) 0-005 = row iv) 0-8888 = "J, 5959 NOTE: When there are no whole numbers it is usual to put a zero in front of the decimal point. eg.3=03 Page 3.0f6 oe - TYPES OF ANGLES AND THEIR PROPERTIES be ea eee eee AW aRgis Wyae = Grantee EnaN Tse SAT i i F i Complementary Angles - Two angles are Complementary when they add up to 90 degrees. E.g, below: ‘These two angles (40° and 50°) are Complementary Angles, because they add up to 90”; Supplemental Angles - Two Angles are Supplementary when they add up to 180 degrees. ‘They don't have to be next to each ‘other, just so long as the total is 180 degrees. 140° Exampies: 60° and 120° are supplementary angles, as well as 93° and 87° are supplementary angles. Adjacent Angles “Two angles which share the same vertex (contre, usually represented by 0) and have a common side (line) are called adjacent angles. [o> Common sia ~ ~ fe, eag “Sle adypcent Angie ‘Vertically Opposite Angles Vertically opposite angies are the angles opposite to each other when two straight lines intersect. Their defining pro} that, vertically opposite angles are equal in magnitude, “

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