Name________________________________________ Approximately 14% of the AP exam

AP Chemistry Exam Practice Part 5: Intermolecular Forces, Solids and Liquids, Solutions
What are IMFs?
1. NOT bonds
2. Attractions between neighboring species
3. MUCH Weaker than bonds (usually)

The 5 types of intermolecular forces (IMFS) listed

from strongest to weakest (usually) are:

1. Ion-ion (NOT really an IMF)

room temp
volatility, likelihood of being gas at
Increasing vapor pressure,
Example: Salt bonds
2. Ion-dipole
Ex: Salt dissolving in water
2. Which of the following are hydrogen bonds?
Hvap, critical point, specific

3. Hydrogen Bonds
Increasing m.p., b.p , Hfus,

Ex: Water condensing

4. Dipole-Dipole
Ex: HBr liquifying
5. Dipole-induced dipole
Ex: CO2 dissolving in water
6. Induced dipole-induced dipole
London dispersion forces
heat

Dispersion forces
Ex: freezing nitrogen a.)

Dispersion forces are ALWAYS found between ANY 2

particles that form an attraction. However, it is the
WEAKEST attraction between 2 particles, so if a
stronger attraction exists – such as dipole-dipole – the
dispersion force is often overlooked. (Though not always)
1. What type of IMF is formed in the following? b.)
a) freezing water
b) liquifying argon
c) dissolving copper (II) sulfate in water c.)
d) mixing ethanol, C2H5OH, with water
e) oxygen gas dissolved in water
Hydrogen bond: the ATTRACTION between a H of
one molecule (that is bonded to F, O, or N) and a
very EN element (O, F, N) in a polar bond of
d.)
another molecule. It is NOT A BOND!!!!!!!!!

e.)
f.)

g.)
Vapor Pressure – the pressure exerted by an evaporated Chromatography (paper or thin layer) separates
gas above a liquid substances based on their polarity.

If the solvent (mobile phase) is nonpolar, the nonpolar

substances travel the farthest – with the solvent.

If the solvent (mobile phase) is polar, the polar substances

travel the farthest – with the solvent.

Each molecule within a mixture has its own distinctive

Rf factor = how far it traveled/how far the solvent traveled.

The stronger the IMFS, the lower the equilibrium

vapor pressure at given T.

The stronger the IMFs, the higher the normal b.p.

3. a) At 99oC, water has an equilibrium vapor

pressure of 733.2 mmHg. What mass of water can
evaporate at this temperature in a 2.0 L container?

During phase change, added or removed heat

doesn’t change kinetic energy of particles and thus,
does not change the temp. Energy is used to break
IMFs or is released when IMFs are formed.

Boiling point – temp at which vapor pressure equals

b) Would the number of moles of gaseous bromine, atm. pressure.
Br2, (b.p. 58.8oC) above the liquid bromine be
greater or less than the water in the same container Normal b.p. –temp at which vapor pressure equals 1
atm.
under the same conditions? Why?
Ways to measure the [ ] of a solution:
Molarity (M) = mol solute/L soln
Molality (m) = mol solute/kg solvent
Mole fraction (X) = mol solute/ mol soln
% by mass = g solute/g soln
% by volume = mL solute/mL soln
m/v % = g solute/mL soln
6. A solution of diluted bleach is titrated with sodium
thiosulfate in a redox titration and determined to be 0.038 M.
If the 5.0 mL of the bleach was measured and placed in a
volumetric flask an then dilutes to 100.0 mL before titrating,
what was the original molarity of the bleach?

Preparing Solutions:
1. Use a buret or graduated solution to measure the
stock solution if
2. Always use volumetric flask. (sometimes grad. cylinder)
3. Add solute or concentrated solution.
4. Fill to the line with deionized water.
5. Stopper and shake.
ΔHsoln (heat of solution): SUM OF
4. What mass of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate is required to
- Energy required to break the IMFS in the solvent
produce 50.0 ml of a 0.20 M solution?
- Energy required to break IMFS in solute
- Energy released when IMFS form between solute and
solvent.
An exothermic heat of solution means that the IMF formed
releases MORE energy than the IMFs broken.

An endothermic heat of solution means that the IMFS broken

require more energy (total) than the IMF formed.

5. How can 200.0 mL of a 0.20 M HCl solution be prepared

Ways to increase solubility of a
from a 0.50 M HCl solution?
 Solid gas
Increase temp Decrease temp
Increase surface area Increase pressure above
Agitation, stirring Don’t agitate
WHY …? ONLY Reasons you will use
Does Y Identify intermolecular force involved
dissolve in Z? Compare strengths of intermolecular force
Have a high freezing pt, low volatility, low vp, high (For nonpolar mc, the larger the electron cloud, the more polarizable
critical pt, high melting pt, high Hfus, high Hvap? the mc is, and the stronger the London forces)

Which has a higher bp, SF4 or SF6? Justify.

SF4 has a see- saw shape. Therefore, there is a net pull of electrons towards one side of the molecule and SF 4 is polar. SF6 is an
octahedral shape, which is symmetrical in 3d space. This makes SF6 is nonpolar. Because SF4 is polar it forms stronger dipole-dipole
IMFs. Because SF6 is nonpolar, it forms weaker induced dipole-induced dipole IMFs. Because SF4 has stronger IMFs, it takes more
energy to break those IMFs and therefore it has a higher bp.
Which has a higher vapor pressure at 25oC, NH3 or H2O? Justify.

and are both polar molecules due to the higher electronegativity difference between Na and O or H and O
and the unsymmetrical shape. However, because the electronegativity difference between O and H is higher than the EN diff between
N and H, water is more polar and forms stronger intermolecular attractions and therefore, evaporates less easily and has a lower vapor
pressure.

Which is more likely to be a gas at room temperature, methane or octane? Justify.

Both methane, CH4, and octane, C8H18, are nonpolar. Therefore, they both form induced dipole-induced dipole attractions. However,
because methane has a smaller electron cloud, it is less polarizable (its electrons can shift less creating a smaller temporary induced
dipole as compared to octane). Therefore its attractions will be weaker than octane’s. Since its attractions or weaker, it is more likely
to be gas at room temperature. Octane, with stronger attractions, is more likely to be a liquid at room temperature.

Of the following 2 isomers of pentane, which has the higher boiling point? Explain.

The first isomer, straight chain pentane, has a higher bp than the branched chain version because its electron cloud is more spread out.
Thus, it is more polarizable. Thus, its electrons can shift more creating a larger temporary induced dipole. Thus, it can form stronger
induced-dipole-induced dipole IMFs and therefore, its bp will be higher, since for a substance to boil, IMFs must be broken.

Which has the higher melting pt., NaCl or LiF or BeO? Explain.
BeO has the highest melting point of all three. To melt an ionic compound, you must break the ionic bonds in the crystal lattice. The
stronger the bonds, the higher the mp. Because BeO has a higher charge than NaCl or LiF, it has the strongest coulombic attraction
between its ions, and therefore the strongest bonds, and therefore the highest mp. (P.S. LiF is next highest since it is smaller than
NaCl!)

Is NaCl soluble in hexane, C6H14? Explain.

NaCl is not soluble in the nonpolar solvent, hexane. This is because the attractions between hexane and the ions in salt are so weak
that it cannot break the (very strong!) ion-ion attractions between the sodium and chloride ions.

Rank the following solutions in order of increasing conductivity, 0.1 M HNO2, 0.1 M CH3OH, 0.1 M
NaCl, 0.1 M CaCl2? Explain.

0.1 M CaCl2 > 0.1 M NaCl > 0.1 M HNO2 > 0.1 M CH3OH

CaCl2 breaks into 3 ions when it dissolves, forming a 0.3 M solution of ions. NaCl breaks into two ions when it dissolves, forming a
0.2 M solution of ions. Nitrous acid is a weak acid so it will only dissociate a small % of the time, creating slightly greater than 0.1 M
ions. CH3OH doesn’t dissociate at all since it is a covalent molecule. Thus, it does not conduct electricity.

7. What concentration of ions is found in the following solutions?

a) 0.20 M HNO3
b.) 0.20 M Mg(NO3)2
c.) 0.20 M LiNO3
d.) 0.20 M NH4NO3
8. Answer the following questions using principles of molecular structure and intermolecular forces.
Compound Empirical Formula Solubility in Water Boiling Point (oC)
1 C2H6O Slightly soluble -24
2 C2H6O Soluble 78
Compounds 1 and 2 in the data table above have the same empirical formula, but they have different physical properties.
a. The skeletal structure for one of the two compounds is shown below in Box X.
i. Complete the Lewis electron dot diagram of the molecule in Box X. Include any lone (nonbonding) pairs
of electrons.

ii. In Box Y above, draw the complete Lewis electron dot diagram for the other compound, which is a
structural isomer of the compound represented in Box X. Include any lone (nonbonding) pairs of electrons.
b. On the basis of the complete Lewis electron dot diagrams you drew in part a and the information in the data table
above, identify which compound, 1 or 2, has the structure represented in Box X. Justify your answer in terms of the
intermolecular forces present in each compound.

Use the information in the following table to answer parts c and d.

c. Dichloromethane has a greater solubility in water than carbon tetrachloride has. Account for this observation in
terms of the intermolecular forces between each of the solutes and water.
 d. In terms of intermolecular forces, explain why dichloromethane has a higher vapor pressure than carbon
tetrachloride.

e. The complete Lewis electron dot diagram of methanal (formaldehyde) is shown in the box below. Molecules of
methanal can form hydrogen bonds with water. In the box below, draw a water molecule in a correct orientation to
illustrate a hydrogen bond between a molecule of water and the molecule of methanal. Use a dashed line to
represent the hydrogen bond.

Optional: From the 2013 Practice AP Exam:

2. Substance Equilibrium Vapor Pressure at 20 oC (torr)
C6H6(l) 75
C2H5OH(l) 44
CH3OH(l) 92
C2H6O2(l) 0.06
Based on the data in the table above, which of the following liquid substances has the weakest intermolecular forces?
a. C6H6(l)
b. C2H5OH(l)
c. CH3OH(l)
d. C2H6O2(l)

5.
In the diagram above, which of the labeled arrows identifies hydrogen bonding in water?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
25.
The diagram above shows molecules of Br2 and I2 drawn to the same scale. Which of the following is the best explanation
for the difference in the boiling points of liquid Br2 and I2, which are 59 oC and 184 oC, respectively?
a. Solid iodine is a network covalent solid, whereas solid bromine is a molecular solid.
b. The covalent bonds in I2 molecules are weaker than those in Br2 molecules.
c. I2 molecules have electron clouds that are more polarizable than those of Br 2 molecules, thus London dispersion forces are
stronger in liquid I2.
d. Bromine has a greater electronegativity than iodine, thus there are stronger dipole-dipole forces in liquid bromine than in
liquid iodine.

27. The dissolution of an ionic solute in a polar solvent can be imagined as occurring in three steps, as shown in the figure above. In
step 1, the separation between ions in the solute is greatly increased, just as will occur when the solute dissolves in the polar solvent.
In step 2, the polar solvent is expanded to make spaces that the ions will occupy. In the last step, the ions are inserted into the spaces
in the polar solvent. Which of the following best describes the enthalpy change, ΔH, for each step?
a. All three steps are exothermic.
b. All three steps are endothermic.
c. Steps 1 and 2 are exothermic, and the final step is endothermic.
d. Steps 1 and 2 are endothermic, and the final step is exothermic.

54. NaF MgO

Boiling point (oC) 1695 3600

Ionic radium (pm)

Na+ Mg2+ F- Cl- O2-

76 72 133 181 140

Based on the data in the tables above, which of the following statements provides the best prediction for the boiling point of NaCl?
a. NaCl will have a lower boiling point than NaF because the coulombic attractions are weaker in NaCl than in NaF.
b. NaCl will have a boiling point between than of NaF and MgO because the covalent character of the bonds in NaCl is
intermediate between that of MgO and NaF.
c. NaCl will have a higher boiling point than MgO because the ions are spaced farther apart in NaCl.
d. NaCl will have a higher boiling point than MgO because the energy required to transfer electrons from the anion to the cation
is larger in NaCl than in MgO.
28. Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s)
A student mixes dilute AgNO3(aq) with excess NaCl(aq) to form AgCl(s), as represented by the net ionic equation above.
Which of the diagrams below best represents the ions that are present in significant concentrations in the solution? (Ksp for
AgCl is 1.8 x 10-10).

44. Consider the molecules represented above and the data in the table below.

Compound Molecular Molar mass (g/mol) Boiling

Formula point (oC)
Nonane C9H20 128 151
2,3,4-trifluoropentane C5H9F3 126 89

Nonane and 2,3,4-trifluoropentane have almost identical molar masses, but nonane has a significantly higher boiling point. Which of
the following statements best helps explain this observation?

a. The C - F bond is easier to break than the C – H bond.

b. The C – F bond is more polar than the C – H bond.
c. The carbon chains are longer in nonane than they are in 2,3,4-trifluoropentane.
d. The carbon chains are farther apart in a sample of nonane than they are in 2,3,4-trifluoropentane.
56.
Beaker X and beaker Y each contain 1.0 L of solution, as shown above. A student combines the solutions by pouring them
into a larger, previously empty beaker Z and observes the formation of a white precipitate. Assuming that volumes are
additive, which of the following sets of solutions could be represented by the diagram above?
Beaker X Beaker Y Beaker Z
a. 2.0 M AgNO3 2.0 M MgCl2 4.0 M Mg(NO3)2 and AgCl(s)
b. 2.0 M AgNO3 2.0 M MgCl2 2.0 M Mg(NO3)2 and AgCl(s)
c. 2.0 M AgNO3 1.0 M MgCl2 1.0 M Mg(NO3)2 and AgCl(s)
d. 2.0 M AgNO3 1.0 M MgCl2 0.50 M Mg(NO3)2 and AgCl(s)

59.
The figure above shows that in solid hydrogen fluoride there are two different distances between H atoms and F atoms.
Which of the following best accounts for the two different distances?
a. Accommodation of the necessary bond angles in the formation of the solid
b. Difference in strength between covalent bonds and intermolecular attractions
c. Different isotopes of fluorine present in the samples
d. Uneven repulsions among nonbonding electron pairs.

From the 1984 AP Exam:

67. A student wishes to prepare 2.00 liters of 0.100–molar KIO3 (molecular weight 214). The proper procedure is to weigh out
(A) 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add 2.00 kilograms of H2O
(B) 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add H2O until the final homogeneous solution has a volume of 2.00 liters
(C) 21.4 grams of KIO3 and add H2O until the final homogeneous solution has a volume of 2.00 liters
(D) 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add 2.00 liters of H2O
(E) 21.4 grams of KIO3 and add 2.00 liters of H2O

From the 1989 AP Exam:

15. The weight of H2SO4 (molecular weight 98.1) in 50.0 milliliters of a 6.00-molar solution is
a. 3.10 grams c. 29.4 grams e. 300. grams
b. 12.0 grams d. 294 grams

26. How many milliliters of 11.6-molar HCl must be diluted to obtain 1.0 liter of 3.0-molar HCl?
a. 3.9 mL c. 260 mL e. 3,900 mL
b. 35 mL d. 1,000 mL

28. Which of the following is probably true for a solid solute with a highly endothermic heat of solution when dissolved in water?
a. The solid has a low lattice energy.
b. As the solute dissolves, the temperature of the solution increases.
c. The resulting solution is ideal.
d. The solid is more soluble at higher temperatures.
e. The solid has a high energy of hydration.
43. Which of the following does NOT behave as an electrolyte when it is dissolved in water?
a. CH3OH d. HI
b. K2CO3 e. Sodium acetate, CH3COONa
c. NH4Br

From the 1994 AP Exam:

26. Which of the following actions would be likely to change the boiling point of a sample of a pure liquid in an open container?
I. Placing it in a smaller container
II. Increasing the number of moles of the liquid in the container
III. Moving the container and liquid to a higher altitude
(A) I only (B) II only
(C) III only (D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

32. CH3CH2OH boils at 780C and CH3OCH3 boils at –24oC, although both compounds have the same composition. This difference in
boiling points may be attributed to a difference in
(A) molecular mass (B) density
(C) specific heat (D) hydrogen bonding
(E) heat of combustion

34. X CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3
Y CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH
Z HO–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH
Based on concepts of polarity and hydrogen bonding, which of the following sequences correctly lists the compounds above in
the order of their increasing solubility in water?
(A) Z < Y < X (B) Y < Z < X
(C) Y < X < Z (D) X < Z < Y
(E) X < Y < Z

38. Concentrations of colored substances are commonly measured by means of a spectrophotometer. Which of the following
would ensure that correct values are obtained for the measured absorbance?
I. There must be enough sample in the tube to cover the entire light path.
II. The instrument must be periodically reset using a standard.
III. The solution must be saturated.
(A) I only (B) II only
(C) I and II only (D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

47. Which of the following has the lowest conductivity?

(A) 0.1 M CuSO4 (B) 0.1 M KOH
(C) 0.1 M BaCl2, (D) 0.1 M HF
(E) 0.1 M HNO3

53. If 87 grams of K2SO4 (molar mass 174 grams) is dissolved in enough water to make 250 milliliters of solution, what are the
concentrations of the potassium and the sulfate ions?
[K+] [SO42–]
(A) 0.020 M 0.020 M
(B) 1.0 M 2.0 M
(C) 2.0 M 1 .0 M
(D) 2.0 M 2.0 M
(E) 4.0 M 2.0 M

67. Substances X and Y that were in a solution were separated in the laboratory using the technique of fractional crystallization. This
fractional crystallization is possible because substances X and Y have different
(A) boiling points (B) melting points
(C) densities (D) crystal colors
(E) solubilities
2002
29. The best explanation for the fact that diamond is extremely hard is that diamond crystals
(A) are made up of atoms that are intrinsically hard because of their electronic structures.
(B) consist of positive and negative ions that are strongly attracted to each other.
(C) are giant molecules in which each atom forms strong covalent bonds with all of its neighboring atoms.
(D) are formed under extreme conditions of temperature
and pressure.
(E) contain orbitals or bands of delocalized electrons that belong not to single atoms but to each crystal as a whole.

2012
18. Solid Al(NO3)3 is added to distilled water to produce a solution in which the concentration of nitrate, [NO 3-], is 0.10 M. What
is the concentration of aluminum ion, [Al3+], in this solution?
(A) 0.010 M
(B) 0.033 M
(C) 0.066 M
(D) 0.10 M
(E) 0.30 M

33. Which of the following salts is LEAST soluble in water?

(A) NiS
(B) MgCl2
(C) K2CrO4
(D) Al2(SO4)3
(E) Pb(NO3)2

39. The volume of water that must be added in order to dilute 40 mL of 9.0 M HCl to a concentration of 6.0 M is closest to
(A) 10 mL
(B) 20 mL
(C) 30 mL
(D) 40 mL
(E) 60 mL

69. When a student prepares an aqueous solution containing the five cations Ag+(aq), Hg22+(aq), Cu2+(aq), Mn2+(aq), and Ba2+(aq),
the student observes that no precipitates from in the solution. Which of the following could be the identity of the anion in the
solution?
(A) Cl-(aq)
(B) CO32-(aq)
(C) CrO42-(aq)
(D) NO3-(aq)
(E) SO42-(aq)

2008

38. How many mL of 10.0 M HCl are needed to prepare 500. mL of 2.00 M HCl?
(A). 1.00 mL
(B) 10.0 mL
(C) 20.0 mL
(D) 100. mL
(E) 200. mL

40. On the basis of strength of intermolecular forces, which of the following elements would be expected to have the highest
melting point?
(A) Br2
(B) Cl2
(C) F2
(D) Kr
(E) N2
56. The London (dispersion) forces are weakest for which of the following gases under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure?
(A) H2
(B) O2
(C) Xe
(D) F2
(E) N2

58. A 360. mg sample of aspirin, C9H8O4, (molar mass 180 g), is dissolved in enough water to produce 200. mL of solution.
What is the molarity of aspirin in a 50. mL sample of this solution?
(A) 0.0800 M
(B) 0.0400 M
(C) 0.0200 M
(D) 0.0100 M
(E) 0.00250 M

2015

5.
Which of the following is the strongest type of interaction that occurs between the atoms within the circled areas of the two
molecules represented above?
a. polar covalent bond
b. nonpolar covalent bond
c. hydrogen bond
d. London dispersion forces

11. Name Molecular Formula Molar Mass (g / mol)

Ethane C2H6 30
Butane C4H10 58
The molecular formula and molar mass of two straight chain hydrocarbons are listed in the table above. Based on the
information in the table above. Based on the information in the table, which compound has the higher boiling point, and why
is that compound’s boiling point higher?
a. C4H10, because it has more hydrogen atoms, resulting in more hydrogen bonding.
b. C4H10, because it has more electrons, resulting in greater polarizability and stronger dispersion forces.
c. C2H6, because its molecules are smaller and they can get closer to one another, resulting in stronger dispersion forces
d. C2H6, because its molecules are more polar, resulting in stronger dipole-dipole attractions.
14.
The heating curve for a sample of pure ethanol is provided above. The temperature was recorded as a 50.0 g sample of solid
ethanol was heated at a constant rate. Which of the following explains why the slope of segment T is greater than the slope
of segment R?
a. The specific heat capacity of the gaseous ethanol is less than the specific heat capacity of liquid ethanol.
b. The specific heat capacity of the gaseous ethanol is greater than the specific heat capacity of liquid ethanol.
c. The heat of vaporization of ethanol is less than the heat of fusion of ethanol.
d. The heat of vaporization of ethanol is greater than the heat of fusion of ethanol.

49.
In a paper chromatography experiment, a sample of a pigment is separated into two components, X and Y, as shown in the
figure above. The surface of the paper is moderately polar. What can be concluded about X and Y based on the
experimental results?
a. X has a larger molar mass than Y does.
b. Y has a larger molar mass than X does.
c. X is more polar than Y.
d. Y is more polar than X.

21.
Benzene, C6H6, has the structure shown above. Considering the observation that benzene is only sparingly soluble in water,
which of the following best described the intermolecular forces of attraction between water and benzene?
a. Benzene is nonpolar, therefore there are no forces between water and benzene.
b. The H atoms in benzene form hydrogen bonds with the O atoms in water.
c. Benzene is hydrophobic, therefore there is a net repulsion between water and benzene.
d. There are dipole-induced dipole and London dispersion interactions between water and benzene.
2014
2. Which of the following could be the identity of a white crystalline solid that exhibits the following properties?
· It melts at 320 oC
· It does not conduct electricity as a solid
· It conducts electricity in an aqueous solution.
a. C6H12O6(s)
b. NaOH(s)
c. SiO2(s)
d. Cu(s)

5. Which of the following best helps to explain why the value of ΔHo for the dissolving of CaF2 in water in positive?
a. CaF2(s) is insoluble in water
b. CaF2(s) dissolves in water to form CaF2 (aq) particles
c. Ca2+ ions have very strong ion-ion interactions with F- ions in the crystal lattice.
d. Ca2+ ions have very strong ion – dipole interactions with water molecules in the solution.

6. Under which of the following conditions of temperature and pressure will H2 gas be expected to behave most like an ideal
gas?
a. 50 K and 0.10 atm
b. 50 K and 5.0 atm
c. 500 K and 0.10 atm
d. 500 K and 50 atm

Questions 14-16 refer to the following.

The table below contains information about samples of four different gases at 273 K. The samples are in four identical rigid
containers number 1 through 4.
Container Gas Pressure (atm) Mass of sample (g)
1 He 2.00 ?
2 Ne 2.00 ?
3 ? 2.00 16.0
4 SO2 1.96 64.1

16. The best explanation for the lower pressure in container 4 is that SO2 molecules
a. have a larger average speed than the other three gases
b. occupy a larger portion of the container volume than the other three gases
c. have stronger intermolecular attractions than the other three gases.
d. contain π bonds, while the other gases contain only σ bonds.
30. Thymine and adenine form a base pair in the DNA molecule. These two bases can form a connection between two strands of
DNA via two hydrogen bonds. Which of the following diagrams shows the correct representation of the hydrogen bonding
(denoted by dashed lines) between thymine and adenine base pairs? (In each diagram, thymine is shown at the left and
adenine is shown at the right. The bases are attached to the backbone portion of the DNA strands)

Questions 39 – 41 refer to the following graph, which show the heating curve for methane, CH4.

40. Which of the following best explains why more energy is required for the process occurring at 110 K than for the process
occurring at 90 K?
a. Intermolecular attractions are completely overcome during vaporization.
b. Intermolecular attractions in the solid phase are weaker than in the liquid phase.
c. Electron clouds of methane molecules are less polarizable at lower temperature.
d. Vaporizations involves a large increase in temperature.
41. The enthalpy of vaporization of water is 40.7 kJ / mol. Which of the following best explains why the enthalpy of
vaporization of methane is less than that of water?
a. Methane does not exhibit hydrogen bonding, but water does.
b. Methane has weaker dispersion forces.
c. Methane has a smaller molar mass.
d. Methane has a much lower density.

47. Which of the following diagrams best illustrates how a displacement in an ionic crystal results in cleavage and brittleness?
49.
The table above shows the structural formulas and molar masses for three different compounds. Which of the following is a
list of the compounds in order of increasing boiling points?
a. butane < 1 – propanol < acetone
b. butane < acetone < 1 – propanol
c. 1 – propanol < acetone < butane
d. acetone = butane < 1 – propanol
1999 # 7
Answer the following questions, which refer to the 100 mL samples of aqueous solutions at 25°C in the stoppered flasks shown below.

a. Which solution has the lowest electrical conductivity? Explain.

b. Which solution has the lowest freezing point? Explain.
c. Above which solution is the pressure of water vapor greatest? Explain.
d. Which solution has the highest pH? Explain.
Answers:
1. a) Hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, LDF’s b.) LDF’s c.) ion-dipole, LDF’s d.) H-bonds, dipole-dipole, LDF’s e.) Dipole-induced dipole, LDF’s
2. b, c, e, f
3. A. 1.1 g B. Because bromine forms weaker IMF’s, only LDF’s, since it is nonpolar and water forms H-bonds, it is easier to break the attractions in
Bromine, and therefore, it evaporates more easily producing a higher vapor pressure, so more moles of liquid bromine will be in the gas phase.
4. 2.5 g
5. Measure 80.0 mL of 0.50 M solution using a graduated cylinder. Add enough water to reach a total volume of 200.0 mL. Stir well.
6. 0.76 M
7. a.) 0.20 M H+, 0.20 M NO3- b.) 0.20 M Mg2+, 0.40 M NO3- c.) 0.20 M Li+, 0.20 M NO3- d.) 0.2 M NH4+, 0.20 M NO3-

8. a) (need 2 lone pairs on O)

b.) Compound 2 is the first structure (Box X) and Compound 1 is the second structure (Box Y). We know this because the X molecule will form H-
bonds and have a higher B.p. because it takes more energy to break H-bonds than it does to break the dipole-dipole IMFs in a sample of molecule Y.
So, molecule Y will have the lower B.P.
c.) Because dichloromethane is polar as is water, they can form dipole-dipole attractions which are strong enough to break some of the dipole-dipole
attractions in dichloromethane and the H-bonds in water, allowing dichloromethane to be soluble in water. Carbon tetrachloride, being nonpolar,
would only form dipole-induced dipole attractions with water when it dissolves, and these attractions are not strong enough to break (some of) the H-
bonds in water, and therefore, carbon tetrachloride is less soluble in water.
d.). Dichloromethane can form dipole-dipole and LDFs between neighboring molecules, and carbon tetrachloride can only form LDF’s between
neighboring molecules. However, since CCl4 has a lower vapor pressure than dichloromethane, it must be true that the LDF’s in CCl4 are stronger
than the dipole-dipole IMF’s and LDFs in a sample of CH2Cl2. This occurs because of the large electron cloud in CCl4 which makes the molecule
more polarizable, and better able to form strong LDF’s.
e.) The only possible way is to draw a dotted line from the O on the molecule shown (methanal) and connect it to the H of a water molecule.
2013: 2 C 5 D 25 C 27 D 28 C 44 C 54 A 56 D 59 B
1984: 67 B
1989: 15 C 26 C 28 D 43 A
1994: 5 a 6 b 7 b 11 C 12 d 13 a 14 c 26 c 28 e 29 a 32 d 34 e 38 c 46 e 47 d 50 e 52 b 53 e 67 e
2002: 29 C
2012: 18 B 32 C 33 A 39 B 46 E 6 D 58 D 69 D
2008: 29 B 38 D 40 A 46 A 52 C 53 D 56 A 58 D
2015: 5 C 11 B 14 A 49 D 21 D
2014: 2 B 5 C 6 C 16 C 30 D 40 A 41 A 47 A 49 B
1999 #7: a. C2H5OH (it is the only covalent particle)
d. NaF, the F- can accept H+ from H2O, leaving behind excess OH-, producing a basic solution with a higher pH