A LOT OF/ LOTS OF + P.C./ U.

● In positive sentences A pronoun is a word that may

● In negations and questions: informal replace a NOUN or NOUN PHRASE
Ex: There are a lot of spoons on the table.
On their own instead of a noun:
Which ONE is your car?
Normally used in negations and questions
Ex: There's not much flour left.
MANY + P.C., MUCH + U. PRONOUNS Pronouns are used With OF: All OF them agree to do it. This picture is beautiful. (Determiner)

In positive sentences after HOW, SO, TOO (FORMAL) Pronouns vs. Determiners That is not your fault. (Pronoun)
Ex: He didn’t realize how much food he had eaten. With OF + THE/THIS/THOSE + noun:
all OF THOSE COMPUTERS

● A FEW (some, a small number) + PC Before nouns: most officers, one

Determiners are used
● FEW (not many, almost none) + PC (rather formal) A LOT OF, MANY, stapler

● A LITTLE (some, a small amount) + U MUCH, FEW, LITTLE

● LITTLE (not much, almost none) + U (rather formal) The set of pronouns which represent the
Ex: She has a little flour left so she’ll make a few cakes. grammatical category of PERSON
Few people are allowed to meet the Queen.
Subject
Very few/little, only a few/ a little ➔ more usual Subject Personal pronouns
Subject complement
● A number of + PC + plural verbs
Object of transitive verbs
● THE number of + PC + singular verbs Subject and Object forms Object Personal pronouns
● An amount of + U + singular verbs After prepositions
● The amount of + U + singular verbs
HE/ SHE used to replace animals (known sex, sympathy/ interest)
● A great/good deal of + U Ex: She's an adorable cat.
● Plenty of + PC/U
SHE used to refer to countries with human qualities
● Many a + SC + singular verbs Personal Pronouns – Special Uses Ex: The country’s oil industry has given it/ her economic independence.

Normally in positive sentences IT is used to refer to a human baby of unknown sex.

Ex: I want some chocolate. Ex: Look at her baby. It's crawling over there.
SOME + SC/ PC/ U
In questions to make offers, requests, or when we expect a YES answer To refer to something
Ex: Would you like some tea? Ex: He has a black car. It was bought 20 years ago.
SOME, ANY
Normally in negations and questions To identify a person
Ex: Is there any message from Tony? Ex: Who's that? - It's Harry.
ANY + SC/ PC/ U
In positive sentences meaning “It doesn’t matter who/what/where, etc. PERSONAL As EMPTY SUBJECT to refer to weather, temperature, time, and distance
Ex: Get any gift you want. Ex: It's extremely cold outside.
PRONOUNS Personal Pronouns – IT
EVERY/ EACH + SC, singular verbs As PREPARATORY SUBJECT
Ex: It's undeniable that she made a mistake.
Ex: Each student has to submit the assignment
As PREPARATORY OBJECT
NO/ NOT ANY + SC/ PC/ U Ex: She found it impossible to be there on time.

Ex: There’s no news from him. To give emphasis

Ex: It was John who stole the money.
BOTH + PC: two people/ things, positive, plural
When the millionth visitor arrives, HE will be given a free ticket.
verbs (>< neither, not either)
Ex: Both my mom and my dad are doctors. Reference to unknown sex When the millionth visitor arrives, HE or SHE (HE/SHE) will be given a free ticket.

Two people/things
● both + PC (V.p): 2
ALL + PC: more than two people/ things, PRONOUNS AND When the millionth visitor arrives, THEY will be given a free ticket.

positive, plural verbs (>< none) (ALL + U)

● either + SC (V.s): 1 in 2 (whatever) ONE/ONES instead of a noun to avoid repeating a noun
● either of the PC (V.s/V.p): 1 in 2 (whatever)
Ex: The sun was shining all day. QUANTIFIERS when it is clear from the context what we mean.
● neither + SC (V.s): nobody/nothing in 2 QUANTIFIERS Ex: I think her latest album is the best one.
NONE: more than two people/ things, negative,
● neither of the PC (V.s/V.p): nobody/nothing in 2 NO noun following (>< all) After a demonstrative
SUMMARY Ex: This is not what I ordered. I
Ex: Are there any biscuits left? --- No, none. chose that (one).
> 2 people/things
● all + the PC: >2 NONE OF + N/ O Personal Pronoun, OTHER QUANTIFIERS One and Ones After EACH, ANY, ANOTHER, EITHER, NEITHER
● each + SC (V.s) singular/ plural verbs
Ex: The building had six windows. Each (one)
had been broken.
● each of the PC (V.s) Ex: None of them/the three girls know(s)
● none of the PC (V.s/V.p) the secret. After WHICH
Ex: There are many restaurants in the town.
Which (one) do you usually go to?
EITHER + SC: any of the two, singular verbs
Use one/ones or leave it out: After a superlative
Ex: Either way is fine with me. Ex: He is the best (one) in his class.

NEITHER + SC: not one and not the other, After an adjective
Ex: An orange juice. A large one, please.
singular verbs (>< both) (DO NOT USE an orange one, please)
Ex: Neither dish is delicious.
After THE
Ex: This pen is better than the one you gave me.
EITHER of / NEITHER of: singular/ plural verbs
Ex: Neither of them is/ are married. After EVERY
Ex: You gave me many pencil. Every one was decent.

● BOTH ... AND ... Before a noun: his guitar, their helmets
● EITHER ... OR ...
● NEITHER ... NOR ... After ALL, BOTH, HALF, or after a quantifier + OF: all
her desks, a lot of water
● NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO ...
Ex: Not only my mom but also my siblings With parts of the body: You've stolen my heart.
Possessive Determiners/
ARE at home today. Adjectives THE is used in this pattern where we have just
mentioned the person: Someone pushed me in THE back.
THE OTHER(S) = the rest
Ex: The cars on the left are mine, Possessive determiners vs. possessive pronouns Own (exclusive relation): my own motorbike

the others are not. ● Has Rory got HIS ticket? Idioms: my best, take our leave, etc.
● I’ve got my ticket. Has Rory got HIS?
A pronoun is used when we want to leave out the noun (if it
OTHERS = several more apart from the ones already mentioned is clear from the context what we mean)
Ex: Some students always study hard, while others just sleep all day. POSSESSIVE Ex: That's not Julie's shirt. Hers is pink.
Possessive Pronouns
THE OTHER ONE(S): not this/these but something else PRONOUNS Determiner + noun + of + possessive
Ex: That’s my friend. vs. That’s a friend of mine.
Ex: I like this jacket, but the other one is cheaper. It’s just a silly idea of my brother’s.

“OTHER” Express a relation, often the fact that

ANOTHER: one more apart from those already mentioned
STRUCTURES
TYPES OF
Ex: May I have another slice of cake, please? something belongs to someone
PRONOUNS
EACH OTHER: Reciprocal pronouns A reflexive pronoun is used as object or complement when it refers to the subject.
Ex: His conversations are all about himself.
EVERY OTHER = alternate The company’s directors have given themselves a big pay rise.
Ex: I clean the house every other day. I hope you enjoy yourself. (= have a good time)

Some idiomatic uses of a

THE OTHER DAY = a few days ago Reflexive Did the children behave themselves? (= behave well)
verb + reflexive pronoun
Ex: I saw John in the park the other
Can we just help ourselves? (= take food)
day.
Verbs do not usually take a reflexive pronoun: WASH,
BATHE, SHAVE, (UN)DRESS, CHANGE
Ex: Do you shave on Sundays?

REFLEXIVE Emphatic
To emphasize a noun phrase
Ex: The house itself is nice, but the garden's very small.
PRONOUNS
I don’t want to walk home by myself/on my own.
“Alone”: by oneself =
on one’s own Don’t you feel lonely living here all by yourself?

In this meaning, the pronoun usually comes in END position.

“Without help” Ex: We built the garage ourselves.

Myself = as for me, as far as I am concerned

“As for me” Ex: I don’t agree with it, myself.

The students help each other/one

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS Referring to an action going in one direction another with their homework.

(EACH OTHER, ONE ANOTHER) and also back in the opposite direction Each driver blamed the other.

Somebody/ someone/ something => positive meaning

Ex: Something is left under the table.

Anybody/ anyone/ anything => negatives & questions

Ex: I can’t see anyone in the waiting room.

Somebody/ someone/ something in QUESTIONS ➔ a more

positive tone, especially when making an offer or a request --
“Yes” is expected to be the answer.
Ex: Could you do something for me? (Please...)
Have you got something suitable to wear? (I expect...)
Compound pronouns formed by every/
INDEFINITE
some/any/no + one/body/thing Anybody/ anyone/ anything ➔ “it doesn’t matter which...”
PRONOUNS Ex: What do you want for lunch? – Oh, anything. I don’t mind.
Ex: Someone is at the door.
Everyone, something, etc. take a singular verb
Ex: Everything was in a mess.

After everyone/ everybody, they/ them/ their are used.

Ex: Someone has left their wallet here.

Notes:
● Something was stolen.
● Some things were stolen.
● Some day vs. some days (a day vs a few days)
● Some time vs. sometimes (a particular time vs rarely)

Used before a noun (The noun can be left out if

the meaning is clear without the determiner.)
Demonstrative Ex: How about this?

Determiners
Used after ALL, BOTH, or HALF or a quantifier + OF
Ex: Both those (cameras) are broken.
To point to something in the situation Demonstrative determiners/ adjectives
DEMONSTRATIVE To identify someone
● This/ these => something near the speaker vs. Ex: Mom, this is Peter.
PRONOUNS
● That/ those => something further away demonstrative pronouns
On the phone
Ex: Is that you, Dave?

Demonstrative Pronouns To refer to something mentioned before

Ex: You don't need to excuse for doing it.
That's not the issue.

That/ those => to replace a noun phrase with the and

This can happen only when there is a phrase or a clause
so avoid repeating the noun
after that/ those. That is rather formal.
Ex: Compare Chopin’s waltzes with those of today.