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L2 Partial Derivatives
L2 Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nitima Aschariyaphotha
Contents
Partial Derivatives
Linear Approximation
Differentials
Chain Rule
Implicit Differentiation
3 Partial Derivatives
z or f ( x, y ) or f
x
x
x
If we want to evaluate at (x0,y0), we use notation:
z f
or ( x0 , y0 ) or f x ( x0 , y0 )
x ( x0 , y0 ) x
Partial Derivative with Respect to x
5 Def. Partial derivative of f(x,y) w.r.t. x at (x0,y0) is
f d f ( x0 + x, y0 ) − f ( x0 , y0 )
= f ( x , y0 ) = lim
x ( x0 , y0 ) dx x = x0
x →0 x
f d f ( x0 , y0 + y ) − f ( x0 , y0 )
= f ( x0 , y ) = lim
y ( x0 , y0 ) dy y = y0
y →0 y
Example 2 f ( x, y ) = x 3
− 3 x 2
y + 3 xy 2
− y 3
f
=
y
Higher Derivatives
2 f 3 f
f xyy = ( f xy ) y = = 2
y y x y x
10 Example 3
Find the partial derivatives 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 and 𝑓𝑥𝑦 if f ( x, y) = cos(3x − y 2 )
Geometrical Interpretation of z / x
11 z means Slope of the tangent line to the curve
x ( x0 , y0 ) (x,y0,f(x,y0)) at (x0,y0)
𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 + 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )(𝑦 − 𝑦0 )
𝑧 = 𝑧0 + 𝑓𝑥 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 + 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )(𝑦 − 𝑦0 )
The approximation
∆𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
Example 7
Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 .
(a)Find the differential 𝑑𝑧.
(b)If 𝑥 changes from 2 to 2.05, and 𝑦 changes from 3 to
2.96, compare the values of ∆𝑧 and 𝑑𝑧.
The Chain Rule
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 = +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Example 8
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
If 𝑧 = (sin 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑠 3 𝑡, find and .
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
Implicit Differentiation