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The Ocean
The Ocean
The Ocean
salts:
magnesium
chloride
Sea water is a solution containing about 3.5 by weight of
MgC12 14.6% dissolved substances, mainly common salt sodium chloride.
common salt
calcium chloride
CaCk 3.1%
other salts 2.9%
(i) Filtration
Filtration is a common method for separating an insoluble solid from a solution (mixture of solid
-
and liquid).
(i) Crystallization
Crystallization separates a solute from a solution. The solid is obtained as well formed crystal.
⑲
.
>.ma
★ Quick cooling and slow cooling
Quick cooling Slow cooling / evaporation
cooling / evaporation of cold
cooling of hot saturated solution
Cool down methods saturated solution by standing
by standing in running tap water
in air
Speed faster slower
Difference in appearance
I
smaller and distorted in shape larger and well-formed
Crystallization:
• solute obtained as well-formed crystals
• can be used to obtain a specific solute from a mixture containing more than one solute
(the solute with lower solubility starts to crystallize first, while the solute(s) with lower solubility
remains dissolved.)
Distillation
Simple distillation separates a pure solvent from a solution. (solute is not pure).
In
condenser
Test for the presence of sodium and chloride ion in a sample of common salt
(i) Test for sodium ion: using flame test
-
Metallic ion Flame colour
Potassium Lilac flame
Sodium Golden yellow flame
Calcium Brick-red flame
Copper Bluish green flame
Procedures:
atten
platinum 1. Moisten a clean platinum wire with
concentrated HCl and dip it into the
sample.
2. Burn the sample under non-luminous
Bunsen flame.
3. Observe the colour of the flame.
(ii) Test for chloride ion: using the silver nitrate test (AgNO )
3
Test:
(1) Dissolve the solid sample in distilled water
(2) Add excess dilute nitric acid with acidified silver nitrate solution to the sample
(to remove sulphite or carbonate ions & prevent the formation of other precipitates, which
are soluble in nitric acid)
Result:
A white precipitate appears. (AgCl)
E silver nitrate solution
⑱
Equation: white solid (AgCl)
Ag + Cl AgCl
-
(ii) Test for the presence of water:
(1) Dry cobalt (II) chloride paper (2) Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate crystals
The paper turns from blue to pink. The crystals turn from white to blue.