71FINAL1

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL BASED LOAD FREQUENCY
CONTROL OF MULTI AREA INTERCONNECTED POWER
SYSTEMS
A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the
Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
N.NARAYANA RAO (20KD1A0271)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Mr. T. Papi naidu M.tech(Ph.D)

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology(A)
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Gurajada ,Vizianagaram)
Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
Vizianagaram- 535005
April -2024
LENDI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY(A)
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUGV)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
Jonnada (Village), Denkada (Mandal), Vizianagaram Dist. – 535
005. Phone No. 08922-241111, 241112
E-Mail.: lendi_2008@yahoo.com Website: www.lendi.org
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL BASED
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF MULTI AREA INTERCONNECTED POWER
SYSTEMS ” is being submitted by
In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Gurajada, Vizianagaram is a
record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other Institute or University
for the award of any Degree.
Project Guide Head of the Department
External Examiner
Accredited by NBA &NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
005. Phone No. 08922-241111, 241112
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I consider it as a privilege to thank all those people who helped us a lot for the
successful completion of this project work entitled “FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
BASED LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF MULTI AREA INTERCONNECTED
POWER SYSTEMS”.
I sincerely express our whole hearted gratitude to Mr.T.PAPI NAIDU,
Associate Professor for his technical guidance, constant encouragement and support in
carrying out the project work.
I would like to thank Dr. K. Subbaramaiah, Head of the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for his collaboration and constant
encouragement for the successful completion of this project work even though he is
busy with his hectic schedule of teaching and administration.
I Sincerely express our wholehearted thanks to Dr. V.V. Rama Reddy,
Principal for providing us all required software and working facilities in the college to
carry out the hardware setup successfully.
I avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and hearty thanks to
management of Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology for providing
congenial atmosphere and encouragement.
Finally, we would like to thank all the Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff who
helped using the successful completion of this project work. I also like to thank all of our
Friends & Parents helped us directly or indirectly for the successful completion of our
project work.

005. Phone No. 08922-241111, 241112
INSTITUTE
VISION
Producing globally competent and quality technocrats with human values for the holistic needs of
industry and society.
MISSION
 Creating an outstanding infrastructure and platform for enhancement of skills, knowledge

and behaviour of students towards employment and higher studies.
 Providing a healthy environment for research, development and entrepreneurship, to meet
the expectations of industry and society.
 Transforming the graduates to contribute to the socio-economic development and welfare of
the society through value-based education.
005. Phone No. 08922-241111, 241112
E-Mail.: lendi.2008@yahoo.com Website: www.lendi.org
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VISION
To be a hub for imparting knowledge, skills, and behaviour for exemplary contributions in the field of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
MISSION
 To impart Technical Education through the state-of-the-art infrastructure facilities,

laboratories and instruction.
 To inculcate industry-oriented learning through industrial visits, internships, projects at Industries,
MOUs, to make students’ technically skills oriented.
 Creating conducive environment for higher education, employment and entrepreneurship through
quality education, professional skills and research.
 To promote societal commitment among students by inculcating moral and ethical values.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
PEO1: Graduates shall have strong foundation in core and allied Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, in sciences and mathematics, to become globally competent in designing, modeling and
critical problem solving.
PEO2: Graduates shall involve in research activities in the field of electrical and electronics
engineering through lifelong learning and provide solutions to engineering problems for sustainable
development of society.
PEO3: Graduates shall have good communication skills and socio-ethical values for getting
employment or higher studies by excelling in competitive examinations and be able to work in
supportive and leadership roles.
005. Phone No. 08922-241111, 241112
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PO1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design & Development: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations
PO4: Investigations: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO5: Modern Tools: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6: Engineer & Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
PO7: Environment & Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice
PO9: Individual & Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication Skills: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions
PO11: Project mgt. & Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments
PO12: Life Long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
PSO1: Capable of design, develop, test, verify and implement electrical and electronics engineering
systems and products.
PSO2: Succeed in national and international competitive examinations for successful higher studies
and employment.
005. Phone No. 08922-241111, 241112
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

PROJECT COURSE OUTCOMES
1. Apply the Concepts of Electrical Engineering to analyze the ideas of Students and Design
the Physical/ Simulation model.
2. Enable Students to work as an individual and in Diverse Teams.
3. Identify the state of the art in the Fields of Electrical Engineering through Literature Survey
and Implement the ideas using Modern Tools.
4. Design and Develop models that are useful for the Society by following Research Ethics and
Values.
5. Improve Writing and Presentation Skills of Students so as to enable the Work done by them
to get Published.
CO Vs PO & PSOs MAPPING
COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 3
CO2 2 2 - 3 - - - 2 3 3 - 2 - -
CO3 2 2 2 3 3 - - - - 2 1 2 3 3
CO4 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 - 2 2 1 3 3 3
CO5 2 2 3 2 2 - 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 3
CO* 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 3
Overall Pos & PSOs
mapped:PO1,PO2,PO3,PO4,PO5,PO6,PO7,PO8,PO9,PO10,PO11,PO12,PSO1,PSO2
CONTENT
DESCRIPTION Page No.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to power system control 1-6

1.1.1Automatic voltage regulator loop (AVR) 2
1.1.2 Load frequency control (LFC) 3-5
1.2 Literature review 6-9
1.3 Interconnected power systems 9-10

1.3.1 Advantages of interconnection 10
1.4 Aim and Objectives 10-11
1.5 Organization of thesis 11
CHAPTER 2:
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
2.1 Derivation of swing equation 13-15
2.2 Mathematical modeling of lfc systems 15-17
2.3 Mathematical Modeling Of Lfc Systems 17-24
2.3.1 Mathematical modelling of generator 18-19
2.3.2 Mathematical modelling of load 19-20
2.3.3 Mathematical modelling for prime mover 20-21
2.3.4 Mathematical modelling for governor 21-24
CHAPTER 3:
INTRODUCTION TO CONTROLLERS
3.1 Introduction 26-31
3.1.1 P controller 26-27
3.1.2 PI controller 27-28

3.1.3 PD controller 28- 29
3.1.4 PID controller 29-31
3.2 The Characteristics Of P, I, And D Controllers 31-33
3.2.1 proportional control 31
3.2.2 integral control 32

3.2.3 proportional and integral control 32
3.2.4 proportional plus derivative (p-d) control 32
3.2.5 proportional, integral and derivative control 32
3.2.6 the characteristics of p, i, and d controllers 33

3.3 Design Of Pi Controller Using Synthesis Method 33-36
3.3.1 control loop tuning 34-36
3.4 Development Of Pi Controller 36-37
CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO TWO AREA INTERCONNECTED

POWER SYSTEM AND FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
4.1 Introduction To Two Area
Interconnected Power System 39-42
4.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller 42-44

4.3 Fuzzy Expert Systems 44-45
4.4 Advantages Of Fuzzy Control 46
4.5 Principal Elements To A Fuzzy Logic Controller 46-47
4.5.1. Fuzzification module (Fuzzifier) 46
4.5.2 Rule base and Inference engine 46
4.5.3 Defuzzification modules (De fuzzifier) 47
4.6 Membership Function 47
4.7 Fuzzy Rule Base For Load Frequency Control 49-52
4.8 Design Steps For Fuzzy Logic Controller 53

CHAPTER 5: SIMULATION AND RESULTS
5.1 Power System Model Using Different Controllers 54-58

5.2. Power System Model Using Fuzzy Logic Controller 58-60
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion 62
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE 62
APPENDIX 63
REFERENCES 64-67
ABSTRACT
This work intends to present Load Frequency Control in a multi-area Power System by
appreciating the performance of the methods in a single area power system. PID
controller, being the most widely used controller in industrial applications, needs
efficient methods to control the different parameters of the plant. The project work
undertaken aims at investigating the load frequency control problem in a power system
consisting of two power generation unit and multiple variable load units. As reported by
several researchers, the conventional approach of PID controller is not very efficient
due to the presence of non-linearity in the system of the plant. Also, the output of the
conventional PID system has a quite high overshoot and settling time. The main focus
of this work is to design the controller to obtain good output frequency responses
Obtain Fuzzy logic. The output response of proposed Fuzzy logic controller should
show better performance and be reasonably good over the conventional controllers.
Utilizes for load frequency control. The work is intended to carried out in
Matlab/Simulink.
i
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Title Page No

1.1
Two area inter connected power 12
2.1
Transfer function model of generator 22
2.2
Block diagram of load 22
2.3
Block diagram of generator and load

23
2.4
Simplified block diagram of generator and load 23
2.5
Transfer function model of steam turbine 24
2.6
Schematic diagram of a speed governing system 24
2.7
Transfer function model of speed governing system 27
3.1
P Controller
30
3.2
PI Controller 31
3.3
PD Controller 32
3.4
PID Controller 34
4.1
Two-area interconnected power system with controller 44
4.2
Basic structure of fuzzy logic controller 47
4.3
FIS editor 53
4.4
Input 1 in FIS 53
4.5
editor Input 2 in 53
4.6
FIS editor Output in 54
FIS editioi r
4.7
File section for Export To Workspace in FIS Editor 54
4.8
Rule Viewer 54
4.9
5.1 Surface viewer 55
Simulink model of two area power system using PID 57

controller
5.2
58
Output response of area1 with I
5.3
Output response of area2 with I 58

5.4
5.5 Output response of tie line power system with I 58
5.6 Output response of area1 with PI

59
5.7 Output response of area2 with PI 59
5.8 Output response of tie line power system with PI 59
5.9 Output response of area1 with PID

60
5.10 Output response of area2 with PID 60
Output response of tie line power system with PID 60
iii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
4
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM CONTROL
Electrical power is supplied to consume at permissible level of
voltage and frequency around the generator. As demand changes
system voltage and frequency changes from initial operating point,
causes changes in state of system and also effects performance of the
system.
Power system control means maintaining perfect power balance [1].
The main bifurcation between frequency and voltage in power system
is on the account of active and reactive power. The dependency of
frequency is on active power where as that of voltage is on the
reactive power. In order to perform voltage and frequency control,
usually alternators will have two control loops namely
 Automatic voltage regulator loop (AVR)
 Automatic load frequency control loop (ALFC) [2]
1.1.1AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR LOOP (AVR)
Generators utilized in power stations or standby power systems are
equipped with automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) to stabilize their
voltages amidst varying loads. While early AVRs were
electromechanical, modern versions incorporate solid-state devices for
enhanced performance. Operating as a feedback control system, the
AVR measures the generator's output voltage, compares it to a set
point, and generates an error signal to adjust the generator's excitation.
By manipulating the excitation current in the generator's field winding,
the AVR effectively controls the terminal voltage. In grid-connected
systems, changes in excitation predominantly impact the generator's
reactive power output rather than its terminal voltage, which is
primarily influenced by the power system. In parallel operation, AVRs
ensure all generators maintain consistent power factors to facilitate
seamless integration into the grid. Moreover, AVRs in power station
generators may feature additional control mechanisms to stabilize the
grid during sudden load fluctuations or faults. Strict limits are
imposed on system frequency variation due to several critical reasons.
Firstly, the speed of alternating current motors is directly proportional
5
to the power supply frequency, necessitating consistent frequency for
optimal motor performance. Secondly, synchronous electric clocks
rely on frequency stability for accurate timekeeping, with frequency
errors directly affecting clock precision. Additionally, turbine blades
in power plants are susceptible to damage if frequency falls below or
exceeds specific thresholds, highlighting the importance of
maintaining frequency within safe limits. Furthermore, prolonged
under-frequency operation can lead to reduced efficiency and
overheating in power transformers, particularly impacting thermal
power plants by diminishing fan blast and subsequently reducing
power generation. To mitigate these risks, load shedding techniques
are employed to restore frequency to desired levels by disconnecting a
portion of the load from generating units, thereby averting potential
power plant shutdowns.
1.1.2 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC)
In an electrical power system, LFC is a system to maintain

reasonably uniform frequency, to divide the load between the
generators, and to control the tie line inter change schedules, and
decreasing overshoot of the disturbance so that the system is not too
far from the stability [3]. A power system is a highly non-linear and
large-scale multi-input multi-output (MIMO) dynamical system with
numerous variables, protection devices and control loops, with
different dynamic responses and characteristics. Hundreds of small
and large interconnected generating units supply a variety of loads
across the huge geographical area through highly meshed transmission
lines, and distribution network. It is highly desirable to improve the
performance and functions of power systems during normal and
abnormal operations, but it is not an easy task, due to large
interconnected network with constantly changing load, operational
limits, rotor angle instability, voltage instability, and frequency
instability, economy in operation and physical disturbances.
6
In real power systems, there is some overlap between the
different forms of instability one phenomenon may lead to others and
as systems fail, more than one form of instability may ultimately
emerge. The change in frequency is sensed when the rotor angle delta
is changed. The error signals are transformed into real power
command signal, which is sent to prime mover to call for an increment
in the torque. The prime mover then brings change in the generator
output by an amount which will change the values within the specified
tolerance.
For large scale power systems which consists of inter-

connected control areas load frequency control [4] then it is important
to keep the frequency and inter area tie power near to the scheduled
values. For satisfactory operation of power system, frequency should
remain nearly constant. Frequency deviations can directly impact on a
power system operation, system reliability and efficiency. Large
frequency deviations can damage equipment’s, degrade load
performance, overload transmission lines and interfere with system
protection schemes. These large-frequency deviation events can
ultimately lead to a system collapse. To overcome the effects of load
variation and maintain frequency and constant voltage level, a control
system is required. Frequency deviation can affect the stability of the
system so, in order to maintain system stability imbalances between
load and generation must be corrected in seconds to avoid frequency
deviation. The problem of controlling the frequency in large power
systems is by adjusting the production of generating units in response
to changes in the load which is called Load Frequency Control (LFC).
The two main objective of Load Frequency Control (LFC) are

1. To maintain the real frequency and the desired power output
(megawatt) in the Interconnected power system.
2. To control the change in tie line power between control areas
The industrial loads connected to the power supply system are

very sensitive to the quality of electrical energy mainly the frequency
7
component. Thus, the steady-state frequency error in the system must
remain within acceptable values in order to maintain the equilibrium.
Possible increase in load reduces the nominal frequency of the system.
This frequency alternation is detected by a regulator in the primary
control loop. Thereafter, the speed of rotation of the turbine increases,
resulting in an increase in the power produced. Frequency deviations
can directly impact power system operation, system reliability and
efficiency. Large frequency deviations can damage equipment’s,
overload transmission lines, degrade load performance and adversely
affect the performance of system protection schemes. These large-
frequency deviation events can ultimately lead to a system collapse.
The input mechanical power is used to control the frequency of

the generators and the change in the frequency and tie-line power are
sensed, which is a measure of the change in rotor angle [5]. A well
designed power system should be able to provide the acceptable levels
of power quality by keeping the frequency and voltage magnitude
within tolerable limits. Changes in the power system load affects
mainly the system frequency, while the reactive power is less sensitive
to changes in frequency and is mainly dependent on fluctuations of
voltage magnitude. So the control of the real and reactive power in the
power system is divided separately.
The load frequency control mainly deals with the control of the
system frequency and real power whereas the automatic Voltage
regulator loop regulates the changes in the reactive power and voltage
magnitude. Load frequency control is the basis of many advanced
concepts of the large scale control of the power system. In order to
design load frequency controllers to achieve high power quality
standards there is a need for data transmission over long distances [6].
Many control strategies for load frequency control of power

systems have been proposed and investigated by several researchers
over the past decades. This extensive research is due to the fact that
LFC constitutes an important function of power system operation
8
where the main objective is to regulate the output power of each
generator at prescribed levels while keeping the frequency fluctuations
within pre-specified limits.
A different algorithm has been presented in [7] to improve the

performance for multi-area power systems. Viewing a multi-area
power system under LFC as a decentralized control design for a multi-
input multi-output system, it has been shown in [8] that a group of
local controllers with tuning parameters can guarantee the overall
system stability and performance. The results reported in [4-8]
demonstrate clearly the importance of robustness and stability issues
in LFC design. In addition, several practical issues have been
addressed in [9] which include recent technologies utilized by
vertically integrated utilities, augmentation of filtered area control
error with LFC schemes and hybrid LFC that encompasses an
independent system operator and bilateral LFC. The applications of
artificial neural network, genetic algorithms, and optimal control to
LFC have been reported in [10].
Each output Frequency finds the information about its own

area and the tie line power deviation finds the Information about the
other areas. Thus the load frequency control of a multi area power
system generally incorporates Proper control system, by which the
area frequencies could bring back to its predefined Value or very
nearer to its predefined value so as the tie line power, when the is
sudden Change in load occurs. The load frequency control mainly
used to reduce the frequency variations to zero in order to maintain
balance between the generation and demand also to stabilize the tie
line variations occurring in the interconnected power system.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Menaa, M. ; Hasni, M. [11] illustrated that In an interconnected

multi-region power system, as a power load request fluctuates
9
arbitrarily, on account of any little sudden load change in any of the
ranges, both area frequency and tie-line power stream trade
additionally shift. The fundamental objectives of Load Frequency
Control (LFC) are, to hold the frequency and the wanted power yield
in the interconnected power system at the planned qualities and to
control the adjustment in the tie-line power stream between control
ranges. Karun, D. Sindhu, T.K. [12] found that with the continually
expanding interest for force, ordinary vitality sources alone can't be
relied on for power generation. Disseminated renewable vitality power
system are recognized as a suitable option. However the irregular way
of these sources builds the frequency deviations which encourage add
to the deviations brought on by burden varieties. Consequently it is an
essential to keep the system frequency consistent. By actualizing
Load-frequency control (LFC), the frequency deviations can be
constrained. The principle point of the LFC in an interconnected force
framework is to keep the frequency deviations in the control ranges
inside of the pre-indicated limits and to keep up tie-line power streams
inside of as far as possible while obliging fluctuating burden requests.
Ravi B Kumar [13] observed that the parameters of PID controller
and inclination coefficient for Load Frequency Control (LFC) are
outlined utilizing another methodology. In the proposed technique, the
power system instabilities and nonlinear impediments of governors
and turbines, i.e. Valve Speed Limit(VSL) and Generation Rate
Constraint (GRC), are considered in planning. Varieties of
indeterminate parameters are considered between - 40% and +40% of
ostensible qualities with 5% stage to outline the proposed PID
controller, another target capacity is characterized. MATLAB codes
are produced for GA based PID controller tuning, the aftereffects of
which are utilized to think about the system step reaction. All these
are through in Simulink based foundation. YaikineKouba [14]
presented that portrays a use of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) to load
frequency control (LFC) in single, two and multi-zone interconnected
power system. And the proposed ABC calculation is utilized to get the
ideal estimations of the corresponding fundamental inference (PID)
10
controller parameters based load frequency control (LFC). The
primary capacity of the LFC loop is to control the frequency and
reactive power. The principle point of this work is to smother every
one of the vacillations of the system because of the unsettling
influence and get back the frequency at ostensible worth. Keeping in
mind the end goal to break down the framework frequency and the tie-
line power stream with the changing of the load, the reproduction is
performed under load unsettling influences. Re-enactment results
indicated great execution as far as settling time and crest overshoot of
the proposed approach contrasted with the conventional Ziegler-
Nichols, Genetics Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) routines, and the
capacity of the proposed calculation to take care of burden recurrence
control issues under various aggravations is affirmed. El
KoubaYakine, Menaa,Hasni. Boudour [15] illustrated that in this
paper the ideal tuning of the Proportional Integral-Derivation (PID)
controller for both Load Frequency Control (LFC) and Automatic
Voltage Regulator (AVR) of two-range interconnected power system
utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) calculation. The
dynamic and receptive forces are controlled independently. The LFC
loop controls the frequency and dynamic force and the AVR circle
alters the voltage and receptive force. So as to dissect the framework
recurrence, the tie line power stream, and the system voltage, the two-
range interconnected power system is mimicked for a stage load
aggravation in Area-1. Sreedhar.Allu. [16] Observed that a single
area power system is considered to investigate the better performance
of the fractional order PID (FOPID) controller compared to PID by
using root locus technique. And in the next step, the study is extended
to a three area or multi area thermal power system with non-linearity
of Generation Rate Constraint (GRC).(FOPID) controller is used to
improve the dynamic response of the system and the improved values
are tuned by using (BFOA) employing Integral Time multiplied
Absolute Error as an objective function. Then finally, the robustness
of proposed controller is investigated by introducing Transport Delay
11
(TD). J .Syaamala, I.E.S. Naidu [17] observed that Automatic
Generation Control (AGC) or Load Frequency Control is a very
important issue in power system. AGC is a feedback control system
for maintaining a generator yields power to remains defined frequency.
One of the objectives of AGC is to maintain the system frequency at
desired value and in the steady state performance of power system .An
extended power system can be divided into a number of load
frequency control areas interconnected by means of tie lines. Without
loss of generality one can consider a three- area case connected by tie
line. Here we are considering system, which is integration of two
thermal power systems with hydropower system.
1.3 INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS

According to practical point of view, the load frequency
control problem of interconnected power system is much more
important than the isolated (single area) power Systems. Whereas the
theory and knowledge of an isolated power system is equally
important for understanding the overall view of interconnected power
system [18]. Generally now days all power systems are tied with their
neighbouring areas and the Load Frequency Control Problem become
a joint undertaking. Some basic operating principle of an
interconnected power system is given below
1. The loads should strive to be carried by their own control areas
under normal operating conditions, except the scheduled portion of the
loads of other members, as mutually agreed upon.
2. Each area must have to agree upon adopting, regulating, control
strategies and Equipment which are beneficial for both normal and
abnormal conditions.
12
system
Figure 1.1 Two area inter connected power

1.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF INTERCONNECTION
1. Effect of size
This one is one of the most important advantages for the
whole interconnected power system. When a load block is added,
at the initial time, the required Energy is temporarily borrowed
from the system kinetic energy. Generally the availability of
Energy is more for larger systems. So there is comparatively less
static frequency drop. Whereas, for a single area power system
the frequency drop may be a bit higher for same amount in load
change.
2. Need to have reduced reserve capacity
As the peak demands do not have any certain time, they
may occur at any random time of the day in many areas, for a
large power system the ratio between load peak and load
average is smaller as compared to smaller systems. Therefore it
is obvious that all interconnected power system areas may
benefit from a decreased need of capacity reserved by the
scheduled arrangement of interchanging energy.
If there is interconnection exists between three control areas
through tie line than that is called a two area interconnected power
system. A two area power system where each area supplies to its own
area and the power flow between the areas are allowed by the tie-line.
13
In this case of two area powers system an assumption is taken that the
individual areas are strong and the tie line which connects the two
areas is weak. Here a single frequency is characterized throughout a
single area; means the network area is ‘strong’ or ‘rigid’. There may
be any numbers of control areas in an interconnected power system.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim is to design a controller that can bring results in a two

area power system when the input parameters to the system is changed
few methods of load frequency control are consider and by using the
optimal controller design we have to obtain better results and desired
reliability under changes in the input parameters.
The objective of this work is to investigate the load frequency control

problem for a multi area power system taking into consideration the
uncertainties in the parameters of the system.
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

The thesis titled as “Fuzzy Logic Control Based Load Frequency
Control of Multi area Interconnected Power Systems” is divided
into 5 chapters.
Chapter 1
This chapter deals with introduction to power system control in that
mainly discussed about load frequency control and advantages of
interconnection of power systems.
Chapter 2
This chapter deals with the mathematical modelling of various
components in power system for load frequency control problem.
Chapter 3
This chapter deals with the introduction and designing of basic
conventional controllers in load frequency control problem.
Chapter 4
This chapter deals with introduction to two area interconnected power
system and introduction to fuzzy logic controller in load frequency
control problem.
14
Chapter 5
This chapter deals with simulation and results of two area
interconnected power system with different controllers.
Chapter 6
This chapter deals with the conclusion and future scope.
15
CHAPTER 2
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
16
2.1 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROLAND MATHEMATICAL
MODELLING OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
If the system is connected to a number of different loads in a

power system then the system frequency and speed change with the
governor characteristics as the load changes. If it is not required to
keep the frequency constant in a system then the operator is not
required to change the setting of the generator. But if constant
frequency is required the operator can adjust the speed of the turbine
by changing the governor characteristic as and when required. If a
change in load is taken care by two generating stations running at
parallel then the complexity of the system increases. The possibility of
sharing the load by two machines is as follow
 Suppose there are two generating stations that are connected to each
other by tie line. If the change in load is either at A or at B and the
generation of A is alone asked to regulate so as to have constant
frequency then this kind of regulation is called Flat Frequency
Regulation.
 The other possibility of sharing the load the load is that both A and B
would regulate their generations to maintain the constant frequency.
This is called parallel frequency regulation.
 The third possibility is that the change in the frequency of a particular

area is taken care of by the generator of that area thereby the tie-line
loading remains the same. This method is known as flat tie-line
loading control.
 In Selective Frequency control each system in a group is takes care of

the load changes on its own system and does not aid the other systems
group for changes outside its own limits.
 In Tie-line Load-bias control all the power systems in the

interconnection aid in regulating frequency regardless of where the
frequency change originates. The equipment consists of a master load
17
frequency controller and a tie line recorder measuring the power input
on the tie as for the selective frequency control.
The error signal i.e. Δf and ΔPttie are amplified, mixed and
transformed to real power command signal ΔPV which is sent to the
prime mover to call for an increase in the torque. The prime mover
shall bring about a1 change in the generator output by an amount
ΔPgwhich will change the values of Δf and ΔP tie within the specified
tolerance. The first step to the analysis of the control system is the
mathematical modeling of the system’s various components and
control system techniques.
A power system consists of a number of synchronous machines

operating synchronously under all operating conditions. Under normal
operating conditions, the relative position of the rotor axis and the
resultant magnetic field axis is fixed. The angle between the two is
known as the power angle or torque angle. During any disturbance,
the rotor decelerates or accelerates with respect to the synchronously
rotating air gap mmf, creating relative motion. The equation
describing the relative motion is known as the swing equation, which
is a non-linear second order differential equation that describes the
swing of the rotor of synchronous machine. The power exchange
between the mechanical rotor and the electrical grid due to the rotor
swing (acceleration and deceleration) is called inertial response.
2.2 DERIVATION OF SWING EQUATION

A synchronous generator is driven by a prime mover. The equation
governing the rotor motion is given by (2.1)
N-m (2.1)
Where
is the total moment of inertia of the rotor mass in kg-m2
is the angular position of the rotor with respect to a stationary axis

in rad
18
is time in seconds s
is the mechanical torque supplied by the prime mover in N-m
is the electrical torque output of the alternator in N-m
is the net accelerating torque, in N-m
Neglecting losses, the difference between the mechanical and

electrical torque gives the net accelerating torque Ta. In the steady
state, the electrical torque is equal to the mechanical torque and hence
the accelerating power is zero. During this period the rotor moves at
synchronous speed ωs in rad/s. The electric torque T e corresponds to
the net air-gap power in the machine and thus accounts for the total
output power of the generator plus I2R losses in the armature winding.
The angular position θ is measured with a stationary reference
frame. Representing it with respect to the synchronously rotating
frame gives
(2.2)
Where is the angular position in rad with respect to the

synchronously rotating reference frame. The derivative of the above
equation with respect to time is
(2.3)
The above equations show that the rotor angular speed is equal to the
synchronous speed only when dδm/dt is equal to zero. Therefore, the
term dδm/dt represents the deviation of the rotor speed from
synchronism in rad/s.
By taking the second order derivative of the above equation it

becomes
(2.4)
Substituting the above equation in the equation of rotor motion gives
19
N-m
(2.5)
Introducing the angular velocity ωm of the rotor for the notational
purpose, and multiplying both sides by ωm
(2.6)
Where, Pm ,Pe and Pa respectively are the mechanical, electrical and

accelerating power in MW.
The coefficient Jωm is the angular momentum of the rotor: at

synchronous speed ωs, it is denoted by M and called the inertia
constant of the machine.
Normalizing it as
H= =
Where Srated is the two phase rating of the machine in MVA.
Substituting in the above equation
(2.7)
In steady state, the machine angular speed is equal to the

synchronous speed and hence ωm can be replaced in the above
equation by ωs. Since Pm, Pe and Pa are given in MW, dividing them by
the generator MVA rating Srated gives these quantities in per unit.
Dividing the above equation ob both sides by Srated gives
(2.8)
20
The above equation describes the behavior of the rotor dynamics and
hence is known as the swing equation. The angle δ is the angle of the
internal emf of the generator and it dictates the amount of power that
can be transferred. This angle is therefore called the load angle.
2.3 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF LFC SYSTEMS

In this section transfer function model of each component of
LFC/AGC in an interconnected power system is presented. The
various components of LFC systems used in the power system model
are (a) Generator, (b) Load, (c) Governor, and (d) Prime mover
2.3.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF GENERATOR

In power system mathematical model of alternator can be
developed using swing equation given by
(2.9)
Where 'H' is the inertia constant in MJ/MVA, 'G' is the rating of the
machine in MVA ωsis the synchronous angular speed in rad/sec, ∆δ is
change in the rotor angle in rad, ∆PMand ∆PEare the change in
mechanical input power and electrical output power in MW
respectively
(2.10)
Here and are expressed in per unit.

Or in terms of small deviation in speed
(2.11)
Here ∆ω is the angular speed deviation per unit
Taking Laplace Transform, we obtain
21
(2.12)
Figure 2.1 Transfer function model of generator
2.3.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF LOAD
Electrical load in power system are generally of two types i.e.

load which is independent of frequency known as frequency
independent load & load which depends on frequency known as
frequency sensitive load. Heating and lighting loads (resistive loads)
are generally frequency independent. Whereas motor loads are treated
as frequency sensitive loads. Therefore, the total electrical load can be
expressed in Laplace transform as:
(2.13)
Where ΔPL is the non-frequency sensitive load change,
DΔω is the frequency sensitive load change.
D is expressed as per cent change in load by per cent change in
frequency measured in Watt/(rad/sec). Using equations (2.12) & (2.13),
transfer function model of load and generator can be formed and are
shown in Figures 2.2, 2.3 Figure 2.4 shows the simplified transfer
function model of combination of alternator and load.
22
Figure 2.2 Block diagram of load
Figure 2.3 Block diagram of generator and load
Figure 2.4Simplified block diagram of generator and load
2.3.3 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR PRIME MOVER

The source of power generation is commonly known as the
prime mover. It may be hydraulic turbines at waterfalls, steam
turbines whose energy comes from burning of the coal, gas and other
fuels. The model for the turbine relates the changes in mechanical
power output ΔPm to the changes in the steam valve position ΔPV.
23
(2.14)
Where τT, the turbine constant is, in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 seconds
Figure 2.5 Transfer function model of steam turbine
2.3.4 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR GOVERNOR

In modern power plant there is always a mismatch between
generated power and load demand. When the electrical load on a
generator suddenly changes with same mechanical input power, the
turbine speed changes as a result the frequency of generation also
changes. Governor employed in generating system senses this change
in speed and accordingly the valve position is changed to adjust the
steam in case of thermal power plant and water input in case of hydro
power plant to the turbine so as to maintain rated frequency.
Schematic diagram of a Watt governor system for thermal power plant
is shown in Figure 2.6
Figure 2.6 Schematic diagram of a speed governing system
24
The above speed governing system shown in Figure 2.6 consists of the
following essential parts as discussed below:
i. Speed governor: The main part of speed governing system is
centrifugal fly-ball that is driven directly or through gearing system
employed in the turbine shaft. Downward and upward motion of speed
governing system is directly proportional to change in speed of the
turbine.
ii. Linkage mechanism: As shown in Figure 7 there are four linkage
arms l1, l2, l3&l4and five linkage points A , B , C , D &E . l1&l2linkage
arms are stiffly coupled and also arms l3and l4. By the help of
hydraulic amplifier, linkage arms and linkage points the linkage
mechanism system gives movement to the turbine valve position
which is directly proportional to change in turbine shaft speed and
also that provides feedback through the turbine valve movement.
iii. Hydraulic amplifier: Large mechanical forces are necessary to
drive the water/steam valve against high water/steam pressure. These
forces are obtained in the process of various stages of hydraulic
amplifier.
iv. Speed changer: It comprises of vertical screw arrangement which
is driven by a servo motor and helps to move the linkage point ' A'
either up or down as per the requirement to supply electrical power at
nominal frequency.
Let small displacement of link point ' A' be ∆YA in downward
direction. This creates an upward movement of link point 'C' by ∆YC &
point 'D' by ∆YD and a downward movement of point 'E' by ' ∆YE.
Downward movement of link point 'E' causes the steam valve to open
which in turn increases the mechanical power output of the turbine as
a result electrical power output of alternator increases by an amount
∆PC. Now due to rise in ∆PC, speed and hence the frequency of
generator increases by an amount ∆f . Hence, it can be written as ∆YA=
kc∆PC where kc is proportionality constant.
25
Net upward movement of link point C is due to i. Initial downward
movement of link point ' A' by ∆YA and is given by ∆YC= -k1 ∆YA =-
k1kC ∆PC (Upward)
ii. Due to increase in speed, the link point 'B' moves downward and
hence link point C by k2∆f.
Therefore, net movement of link point C can be expressed as
∆YC =-k1kC∆PC+k2∆f (2.15)
Resultant movement of link point D depends on movement of link
points 'C'&'E' and is expressed as
∆YD=k3∆YC+k4∆YE (2.16)
The movement of link point E depends on quantity of pressurized oil
through pilot valve which is given by
(2.17)
Where,k1,k2,k3,k4&k5are proportionality constants.
Taking Laplace transform of both sides of equations (2.15-2.17)
and after simplifying for ∆YE we have
(2.18)
Where is the gain of speed governor, and is the
time constant of speed governing system and

Equation (2.18) can be rewritten in simplified form as:
(2.19)
Where
,∆Pref(s)=∆PC(s) and R=R1*2π is the speed
regulation of the governor which is the slope of governor
26
characteristics. The transfer function model of speed governing
system is shown in Figure 2.7
Figure 2.7 Transfer function model of speed governing

system
Combining all the block diagrams from earlier block diagrams for a
single area system we get the following as shown in Figure 2.8
Figure 2.8 Transfer function model of LFC of an isolated

thermal power system.
27
CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION TO
CONTROLLER
28
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The controllers may be classified according to their control actions

they are:
 Proportional controllers.
 Integral controllers.
 Derivative controller.
 Proportional plus Integral controllers.
 Proportional plus Derivative controllers.
 Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative controllers.
 Fuzzy logic controller
 Sliding mode controller
 ANFIS - Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems
3.1.1 P CONTROLLER
P controller is mostly used in first order processes with single

energy storage to stabilize the unstable process. The main usage of the
P controller is to decrease the steady state error of the system. As the
proportional gain factor K increases, the steady state error of the
system decreases. However, despite the reduction, P control can never
manage to eliminate the steady state error of the system. As we
increase the proportional gain, it provides smaller amplitude and phase
margin, faster dynamics satisfying wider frequency band and larger
sensitivity to the noise.
29
We can use this controller only when our system is tolerable
to a constant steady state error. In addition, it can be easily concluded
that applying P controller decreases the rise time and after a certain
value of reduction on the steady state error, increasing K only leads to
overshoot of the system response. P control also causes oscillation if
sufficiently aggressive in the presence of lags and/or dead time. The
more lags (higher order), the more problem it leads. Plus, it directly
amplifies process noise.
Where is the adjustable controller gain and is the normal value of the
control signal, which is also be adjustable. In principle, is selected to
make the control error (t) = 0 at the nominal operation point.
Figure 3.1 P Controller
3.1.2 PI CONTROLLER
P-I controller is mainly used to eliminate the steady state error

resulting from P controller. However, in terms of the speed of the
response and overall stability of the system, it has a negative impact.
This controller is mostly used in areas where speed of the system is
not an issue. Since P-I controller has no ability to predict the future
errors of the system it cannot decrease the rise time and eliminate the
oscillations. If applied, any amount of I guarantees set point overshoot.
Controller, at any instant is the area under the actuating error

signal curve up to that instant. But while removing the steady-state
30
error, it may lead to oscillatory response of slowly decreasing
amplitude or even increasing amplitude, both of which is usually
undesirable.
PI controller is unquestionably the most commonly used

control algorithm the process control industry. The main reason is its
relatively simple structure, which can be easily understood and
implemented in practice, and that many sophisticated control
strategies, such as model predictive control, are based on it. PI control
might also be preferable for processes with large time. The PI
implements the control law.
Where the gain and the integral time are adjustable parameters; 𝑢0 is
less important due to the integral.
Figure 3.2 PI Controller
3.1.3 PD CONTROLLER
The aim of using P-D controller is to increase the stability of

the system by improving control since it has an ability to predict the
future error of the system response. In order to avoid effects of the
sudden change in the value of the error signal, the derivative is taken
from the output response of the system variable instead of the error
signal. Therefore, D mode is designed to be proportional to the change
31
of the output variable to prevent the sudden changes occurring in the
control output resulting from sudden changes in the error signal. In
addition D directly amplifies process noise therefore D-only control is
not used.
A PD controller is preferred when integral action is not needed,

but the dynamics of the process are so slow that the predictive nature
of derivative action in Many thermal processes, where energy is
stored with small heat losses (e.g., ovens), usually have slow
dynamics, almost as integrating systems. A PD controller might then
be suitable for temperature control. Another typical application for PD
control is in servo mechanisms such as electrical motors, which
usually behave as second-order integrating.
Where, the gain and the derivative time are adjustable parameters 𝑢0
is chosen as for a P controller
Figure 3.3 PD controller
3.1.4 PID CONTROLLER
A proportional–integral–derivative controller (P-I-D) is a

generic control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial
control systems. A PID controller attempts to correct the error
between a measured process variable and a desired set point by
32
calculating and then outputting a corrective action that can adjust the
process accordingly .The PID controller calculation involves three
separate parameters the Proportional, the Integral and Derivative
values[19]. The Proportional value determines the reaction to the
current error, the Integral determines the reaction based on the sum of
recent errors and the Derivative determines the reaction to the rate at
which the error has been changing. In today’s control engineering
world and P-I-D is used over 95% of the control loops. Actually if
there is control, there is P-I-D, in analogue or digital forms. In order to
achieve optimum solutions Kp, Ki and Kd gains are arranged according
to the system characteristics. Conventional PID controllers are
characterized with simple structure and simple design procedures.
They enable good control performance and are therefore widely
applied in industry. However, in a number of cases, such as those
when parameter variations take place and/or when disturbances are
present, control system based on a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) may
be a better choice. The PID controller is a universal controller which
is used particularly in the field of material processing. Practical
controllers are usually assembled with one or more operational
amplifiers, whereby the PID behaviour is realized by suitable
feedbacks.
P-I-D controller has the optimum control dynamics including

zero steady state error, fast response (short rise time), no oscillations
and higher stability. The necessity of using a derivative gain
component in addition to the PI controller is to eliminate the
overshoot and the oscillations occurring in the output response of the
system. One of the main advantages of the P-I-D controller is that it
can be used with higher order processes including more than single
energy storage. In order to observe the basic impacts, described above,
of the proportional, integrative and derivative gain to the system
response, see the simulations below prepared on MATLAB in
continuous time with a transfer function and unit step input.
33
There are many tuning methods, but most common methods are as
follows:
Manual Tuning Method
 Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Method
 Direct synthesis Tuning Method
 Good gain Tuning Method
 Anti-wind up Tuning Method
 Cohen-Coon Tuning Method
 Linear Quadratic Regulator Tuning Method
 PID Tuning Software Methods (ex. MATLAB)
It is clear from above discussions that a suitable combination of

proportional, integral and derivative actions can provide all the desired
performances of a closed loop system. The transfer function of a P-I-D
controller is given by
Figure3.4 PID Controllers
3.2 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF P, I, AND D

CONTROLLERS
A proportional controller () will have the effect of reducing the rise

time and will reduce, but never eliminate, the steady-state error.
34
An integral control () will have the effect of eliminating the steady-
state error, but it may make the transient response worse.
A derivative control () will have the effect of increasing the stability

of the system, reducing the overshoot, and improving the transient
response.
3.2.1 PROPORTIONAL CONTROL
By only employing proportional control, a steady state error

occurs. It is simple regulating type; tuning is easy. But it normally
introduces steady state error. It is recommended for process transfer
functions having a pole at origin, or for transfer functions having a
single dominating pole.
3.2.2 INTEGRAL CONTROL
It does not exhibit steady state error, but is relatively slow

responding. It is particularly effective for:
(i) Very fast process, with high noise level

(ii) Process dominated by dead time
(iii) High order system with all-time constants of the same magnitude.
3.2.3 PROPORTIONAL AND INTEGRAL CONTROL
The response becomes more oscillatory and needs longer to

settle, the error disappears. It does not cause offset associated with
proportional control. It also yields much faster response than integral
action alone. It is widely used for process industries for controlling
variables like level, flow, pressure, etc., those do not have large time
constants.
3.2.4 PROPORTIONAL PLUS DERIVATIVE (P-D) CONTROL
It is effective for systems having large number of time

constants. It results in a more rapid response and less offset than is
35
possible by pure proportional control. But one must be careful while
using derivative action in control of very fast processes, or if the
measurement is noisy (e.g. flow measurement).
3.2.5 PROPORTIONAL, INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVE

CONTROL
All design specifications can be reached. It finds universal

application. But proper tuning of the controller is difficult. It is
particularly useful for controlling slow variables, like pH, temperature,
etc. in process industries.
3.2.6 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF P, I, AND D

CONTROLLERS
CLC RISE OVERSHOOT SETTLING STEADY

RESPONSE TIME TIME STATE
ERROR
Kp Decrease Increase Small Decrease

change
Ki Decrease Increase Increase Eliminate
Kd Small Decrease Decrease Small

change change
Table 3.1 Characteristics of P, I, and D controllers
3.3 DESIGN OF PI CONTROLLER USING SYNTHESIS

METHOD
Control system in which the output has an effect upon the
input quantity in such a manner as to maintain the desired output value
is called closed loop systems. The provision of feedback automatically
corrects the changes in output due to disturbance. Hence the closed
36
loop system is also called automatic control system. The general block
diagram of an automatic control system is shown in Fig.3.5
Figure 3.5Block diagram of conventional controller
It consists of an error detector, a controller, plant (Flank wear model)

and feedback path elements.
The reference or input signal is nothing but cutting speed
which corresponds to desired output. The feedback path element
samples the output and converts it to a signal of same type as that of
reference signal. The feedbacks signal is proportional to output signal.
Here the output is flank wear which is to be controlled. The error
signal generated by the error detector is the difference between
reference signal and feedback signal. The controller modifies and
amplifies the error signal to produce better control action. When the
set-point is changed the response of the process deviates and the
controller tries to bring the output again close to the desired set point.
In the present work a PI controller is implemented and controller
parameters have an important effect on the response of the controlled
process.
3.3.1 CONTROL LOOP TUNING

Once a Controlled process and associated control components are
installed, this is referred to as control loop tuning. Before you set out
to tune a control loop, you need to ensure the following
 All sensor/transmitters must be calibrated to manufacturer’s
specifications
37
 The end device must be properly sized for the process. This implies all
parts of the system must be linearized to minimize variation in process
gain over the normal operating range of the process.
For our purposes, the synthesis method is best, we will briefly outline
by compare with the common trial-and-error method, Zeigler-Nichols
continuous cycling method, Cohen-Coon method, these approaches to
a process reaction method for PI control loop tuning methods, with
following demerits.
 Continuous cycling is often objectionable because the process is
pushed to the limits of its stability. As such, if any external
disturbance enters the process while it is being tuned, the process
could run away with a highly unstable response. Also, it is possible to
damage equipment in some processes when operating at the stability
limits.
If you do not take the time to ensure all elements of the process and
control loop are properly configured, the time taken to tune the loop
will likely be wasted.
Given the transfer function of the components of a feedback
loop, synthesis the controller required to produce a specified closed-
loop components other than the controller have been lumped into
single block, G p(s).From the Fig 3.6 the transfer function of the closed
loop can be written as
Figure 3.6 Simplified Block Diagram of Conventional PI

Controller
Where is the time constant of the closed loop response and is the
process time constant. The PI controller settings are obtained by using
synthesis method.
The smaller the value ofthe faster will be the controller responseso
provides convenient parameter to reach a compromise between fast
38
approach to set point and acceptable variation in the controller output
that is in the manipulated variable. So is called performance
adjustment parameter.
3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF PI CONTROLLER

The objective of modelling is to obtain the simplest
mathematical description that ad-equality predicts the response of the
physical system to all anticipated inputs, there are different methods
for tuning PI controller parameters Kp and Ti are designed based on a
step change in cutting speed is given.
The optimal controller settings are then found after evaluation
of the minimum values of ISE, IAE and percentage of peak overshoot.
The model of physical mathematical relationship developed and PI
control is developed based on tuning. Error in the output of the surface
roughness and cutting speed are respectively the output and input of
the PI controller. Simuation studies are carried out on the on the
mathematical model. Three major steps are
considered in performing the dynamic simulation of the
process.
1. Developments of the mathematical model.
2. Solution of the model and
3.Analysis of the simulation results.
The typical PI controller parameters are shown from the results

obtained using the synthesized method
39
40
CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO TWO AREA
INTERCONNECTED POWER
SYSTEM AND FUZZY LOGIC
CONTROLLER
41
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO TWO AREA INTERCONNECTED
POWER SYSTEM
Generally, power systems obligate composite & multi-variable

configurations and they have many non-minimum and nonlinear phase
systems. Power networks are distributed by tie lines into regulator
Areas. Generators are expected to maintain synchronism with the tie
line and connected Areas [20]. From experimentations on different
power networks, it’s realized that individual Area requires precise
control of its tie line power & system frequency.
There are basically two types of control mechanism to control

frequency in interconnected power systems i.e. first one is primary
speed control & second one is secondary speed controller . The first
speed control creates the preliminary rough alteration of frequency.
For its activities, the variation in load is being tracked by the
generators and share among them according to their ratings. The
inherent time lags of the system and the turbine itself is the major
cause for the slow response of the system. Liable on the turbine kind,
the primary loop classically responds in 2–18 s. The later speed
control follows the well alteration of frequency by varying the
frequency inaccuracy to zero by an integral control action.
The association among the load and speed is accustomed by

varying a load set point input. In exercise, the tuning of the load
reference mark point is being done by functioning the speed changing
motor. In production of every division at a specified system frequency
is changed only by varying its load reference, which manages to
change the speed-droop characteristic up and down. This control is
significantly sluggish and drives to action only when the job is done
42
by the primary speed control. Reaction period can be very low like 1
minute.
Regulation of the frequency is done by the speed-governing

system. The isochronous governor changes the turbine valve/door to
get the frequency once again to the ostensible or booked rate. An
isochronous governor performs attractively when a generator is
providing a disconnected load or when one and only generator in a
multi generator framework is obliged to react to the heap variations.
For power and load imparting around generators joined with

the framework, speed regulation or droop attributes must be given.
The speed-droop or regulation trademark can be acquired via
including an unfaltering state sentiment circle about the integrator. An
unrestrained two Area connected power system is presented in Figure
4.1.
A two area model is adapted in the work is shown in figure 4.1
Figure 4.1 Two-area interconnected power system with controller
The terms showed in the figure 4.1 are termed given
below: f1&f2 : Frequency Deviations in Areas 1&2
43
Ptie(1,2):Tie Line Power Deviation in Two Areas
Systems R1&R2 : Regulations of Governors in Areas 1, 2
u1&u2 : Control Inputs in Areas 1& 2
Pg1&Pg2:Deviations in Governor Power Outputs in Thermal Areas 1 &

2
Pt1&Pt2: Deviations in Turbine Power Outputs in Thermal Areas 1 &
2 Pd1&Pd2: Load Disturbances in Areas 1& 2
KP1&KP2: Power System Constants in Areas 1&2
TP1&TP2: Power System Time Constants in Areas 1&
2 B1& B2: Tie Line Frequency Bias in Areas 1&2
T12: Synchronizing Coefficients for Tie Lines between Pair of Areas

For the Two-Area System
Tg1& Tg2: Governor Time Constants for Thermal Areas 1 &
2 Tt1& Tt2: Turbine Time Constants for Thermal Areas 1 & 2
a12 : Ratio of Rated Powers of a Pair of Areas in the Two Area System
Primary load frequency loop comprises the model of speed

governor used for governing the speed control (or) frequency control
of generator model after comparing with the demanded power. From
generator we can get the change in frequency that changes in
frequency is fed back to the steam input to measure the ACE. Where
ACE is control by using proper integral control.
4.2 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
Fuzzy logic is a type of multi valued logic. It deals with

approximate reasoning rather than precise. Fuzzy logic derived from
fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy logic was first proposed by LotfiZadeh in
1965. Fuzzy logic has currently used in control theory, artificial
44
intelligence systems specially to control complex aircraft engines and
control surfaces, helicopter control, missile guidance, automatic
transmission, wheel slip control, auto focus cameras and washing
machines ,railway engines for smoother drive and fuel consumption
and many industrial processes. Fuzzy logic provide better results if we
compared it with PID controller[21].Fuzzy set of theory represent the
human reasoning with knowledge that is almost impossible to
represent in quantitative measures or for that control plants that are
hard to control or ill defined .Fuzzy inference system model the
system using if-then rules. Fuzzy controller is an innovative
technology that modifies the design of systems with engineering
expertise.
Fuzzy logic use human knowledge to implement a system. It is

more effective than PID controller as its reach to its reference level in
less time. It is mostly use in that system in which there is no
mathematical equations for handling system. Common sense, human
thinking and judgment are fuzzy rules. It helps engineers to solve
nonlinear control problems. It mathematically emulates human
knowledge for intelligent control system and complex application
Fuzzy logic controller uses the error value and changing of this error
value for our task in here. And the goal with using FLC is to minimize
the error. The error here is the difference between reference speed and
available speed of the motor. The output of fuzzy controller is created
by rules which are composed using these two inputs with linguistic
definitions of the system.
The general rule is that if error value is negative and change of

error value is negative then output of controller is positive. Or if error
value is positive and change of error value is positive then output of
controller is negative. But in this article the membership functions of
inputs and output are not only positive and negative. Two input are
error (ace) and change error(ace*) have trimf membership function
negative large, negative medium, negative small, Zero, positive small,
positive medium and positive large in order to get desired value with
45
high accuracy. As mentioned before fuzzy logic control is based on
linguistic definition of the system. These membership functions
convert the crisp values such as error value and changing of error
value into linguistic forms. So two input each with seven membership
function will make 7 multiply 7 = 49 rules in order to get accurate
value and efficiency. The gain coefficients were used in order to scale
the desired inputs and outputs within the range of membership
function’s range. According to the specification provided in fuzzy
controller as membership function range is between -1 to 1.
Membership functions are from -1 to 1 range so values of K

calculated according to that range. The controlled technological
process has a “fuzzy” character. It is not possible to precisely define
these conditions. The fuzzy logic controller is comprised of four main
components the fuzzifier, the inference engine, the rule base, and the
defuzzifier, as shown in Fig. 4.2 The fuzzifier transforms the numeric
into fuzzy sets[22], so that, this operation is called fuzzification. The
main purpose of the fuzzy logic controller is the inference engine,
which performs all logic manipulations in a fuzzy logic controller.
The rule base consists of membership functions and control rules. Last,
the results of the inference process is an output represented by a fuzzy
set, however, the output of the fuzzy logic controller should be a
numeric value. Therefore, fuzzy set is transformed into a numeric
value by using the defuzzifier, so that, this operation is called
defuzzification as shown in the figure
Figure4.2 Basic structure of fuzzy logic controller
4.3 FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEMS
46
There are two famous type of system currently used in fuzzy logic
 Mamdani fuzzy inference

 Sugeno fuzzy inference
4.3.1 MAMDANI FUZZY INFERENCE
The most common method is used currently is fuzzy inference

system. In 1975, Professor Ebrahim Mamdani of London University
introduced first time fuzzy systems to control a steam engine and
boiler combination. He applied a set of fuzzy rules experienced human
operators.
4.3.2 SUGENO FUZZY INFERENCE
Mamdani style is not computationally efficient as it find the

centroid of two dimensional shapes by integration of carrying function.
Michio Sugeno proposed a new method to use single spike, a
singleton, as a membership function inputs. Its mean fuzzy set is at
unity point at one particular point on the universe of discourse and
zero at remaining area. This system is almost same of Mamdani
method but with the exception of consequent change and instead of
fuzzy set it use a mathematical function as input variable.
In this project both Mamdani and Sugeno method is selected

because this method is widely accepted for capturing expert
knowledge. Mamdani allow designer to describe his thinking or
knowledge in more effective way. But this system sometime slows
due to computational burden in defuzzification process. Sugeno works
well with optimization and adaptive techniques, that’s why it is
computationally effective which make it attractive in control problems
but in this case mathematical inputs are not available so Mamdani
style is used to control the speed of motor.
The FLC system usually done in four steps.

1. Fuzzification of the inputs
2. Rule evaluation.
47
3. Aggregation of the rules.
4. Defuzzification.
4.4 ADVANTAGES OF FUZZY CONTROL
1. To control any system mathematical model is not required in fuzzy

controller.
2. Haman knowledge and experience can be implemented using
linguistic rules.
3. Non-linear plants can be controlled.
4. It can also control fast processes.
4.5 PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS TO A FUZZY LOGIC

CONTROLLER
1. Fuzzification module (Fuzzifier)
2. Rule base and Inference engine
3 Defuzzification modules (De fuzzifier)
4.5.1 FUZZIFICATION
This process converts the measured inputs called crisp input,

into the fuzzy linguistic values. The first step in designing a fuzzy
controller is to decide which state variables represent the system
dynamic performance must be taken as the input signal to the
controller. Generally Fuzzy logic uses linguistic variables instead of
any precise or numerical variables. The process of transforming a
numerical variable (real number or crisp variables) into a linguistic
variable (fuzzy number) is called Fuzzification. System variables,
which are generally used as the fuzzy controller inputs includes states
error, state error integral, state error derivative or etc. Here speed error
and its derivative i.e change in speed error are chosen as the input
signals.
4.5.2 RULE BASE AND INTERFACE ENGINE
48
A collection of the expert control rules (knowledge) needed to
achieve the control goal. This process will perform fuzzy logic
operations and result the control action according to the fuzzy inputs.
4.5.3 DEFUZZIFICATION
The reverse of Fuzzification is called Defuzzification. It is the

transformation of a fuzzy quantity into a precise quantity, just like
fuzzification is the conversion of a precise quantity to a fuzzy quantity.
The use of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) produces required output in
a linguistic variable (fuzzy number).As per the real world
requirements, the linguistic variables should to be transformed to a
crisp output
4.6 MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION
The most important things in fuzzy logic control system

designs are the process design of membership functions for inputs and
outputs and design of fuzzy if-then rule knowledge base. A
membership function is a graphical representation of the magnitude of
participation of each input. There can be different memberships
functions associated with each input and output response. In this study,
we used the triangular membership function for input and output
variables. The quality of control which can be achieved using fuzzy
controller is determined by the number of membership function .With
increase in the number of membership function, the quality of control
improves. When the number of linguistic variables increases, the
computational time and required memory also increases. Therefore, a
compromise has to be considered between the quality of control and
computational time to choose the number of linguistic variables. For
the load frequency control study, seven linguistic variables for each of
the input and output variables are used to describe them.
4.7 FUZZY RULE BASE FOR LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
49
The required algorithm for load frequency fuzzy control can be
summarized as follows.
For the determination of the control rules, it can be more

complicated than membership functions, which depend on the
designer experiences and actual physical system. A numerical
example is included in each step for clarity of understanding the
principle. The triangular membership functions for input variable
speed error (ACE), change in speed error (ACE *) and control output
(du) i.e. change in firing angle are shown in normalized units. The
general considerations in the design of the controller are: If both ace
and ace*is zero, then maintain the present control settings i.e. du=0. If
ace is not zero but it is approaching to this value at a satisfactory rate,
then maintain the present control Settings. If ace is increasing then
change the control signal du depending on the magnitude and sign of
ace and ace* to force ace towards zero. Ace * and ace are change in
speed error and speed error respectively (normalized). du is change in
firing angle (normalized). The Linguistic fuzzy sets are defined as
Large Negative (LN), Medium Negative (MN), Small Negative (SN),
Zero (Z), Small Positive (SP), Medium Positive (MP) And Large
Positive (LP).
ACE/ LN MN SN Z SP MP LP
ACE*
LN LP LP LP MP MP SP Z
MN LP MP MP MP SP Z SN
SN LP MP SP SP Z SN MN
Z MP MP SP Z SN MN MN
SP MP SP Z SN SN MN LN
MP SP Z SN MN MN MN LN
LP Z SN MN MN LN LN LN
Table 4.1 Rules for non-optimal fuzzy logic controller
50
For the case of two-input and one output, the control rules can be
shown graphically in a table when every cell shows the output
membership functions of a control rule with the relationship between
input 1 and 2. The control rules build from the if-then statement (if
input 1 and input 2 then output 1). Table 4.1 indicates the appropriate
rule bases in this study. Let us consider the third row and fourth
column in Table 4.1, that means, if ACE is SN and ACE * is Z then y is
SP
4.8 DESIGN STEPS FOR FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
The most important aspect in Fuzzy logic control system

designs start with a process of converting the measured inputs called
crisp values, into the fuzzy linguistic values used by the fuzzy
reasoning mechanism[23]. The process of reasoning mechanism will
perform fuzzy logic operations and result the action according to the
fuzzy inputs. a collection of the expert control rules known as
knowledge needed to achieve the control goal.
4.8.1 FUZZY LOGIC TOOLBOX
There are five primary graphical user interface (GUI) tools for
building, editing and observing fuzzy inference systems in the toolbox:
i. Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) editor
ii. Membership Function editor
iii. Rule Editor
iv. Rule Viewer
v. Surface Viewer
These GUI are dynamically linked and if the changes make to the FIS
to one of the toolbox, the effect can be seen in other GUIs.
4.8.2 FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM (FIS) EDITOR
The FIS editor handles the high level issues of the system.
Fuzzy Logic toolbox does not limit the FIS editor displays general
51
information about fuzzy inference system. FIS editor can be open as
steps shown below:
Step 1: Type fuzzy at MATLAB prompts and enters.
Figure 4.3 FIS editor

Step 2: Select Edit to Add Variable. Input can be added to more
than one.
Step 3: Click input1 (yellow box and highlighted with red outline)
Figure 4.4 Input 1 in FIS editor

Step 4: Click input 2 ( yellow box and highlighted with red outline)
Figure 4.5 input 2 in FIS editor
52
Step 5: Click output (green box and highlighted with red outline)
Figure 4.6 Output in FIS editor
Step 6: Click File, Export and To Workspace
Figure 4.7 File section for Export To Workspace in FIS

Editor
Figure 4.8 Rule viewer
53
Figure 4.9 Surface viewer
54
CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION AND RESULTS
55
5.1 POWER SYSTEM MODEL USING DIFFERENT
CONTROLLERS
In two area system, two single area systems are interconnected

via tie-line. Interconnections established increases the overall system
reliability. Even if some generating units in one area fail, the
generating units in the other area can compensate to meet the load
demand. The PID controller improves steady state error
simultaneously allowing a transient response with little or no
overshoot. As long as error remains, the integral output will increase
causing the speed changer position, attains a constant value only when
the frequency error has reduced to zero as shown in figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1 Simulink model of two area power system using PID
controller
The gain value of different type of controllers using in two area power
systems is given in table 5.1
56
Table 5.1: Different values of gain for different controllers
It shows that for different controllers getting different settling

time value. The settling time of PID controller is less than I, PI
controller. We can control oscillations, rise time and settling time
using different control method.
Figure 5.2 Output response of area1 with I
Figure 5.3 Output response of area2 with I
Controll KP Ki Kd Settlin
er Area1 Area2 Area1 Area2 Area1 Area g time
2 (sec)
I - - 0.274 0.468 - - 35
2 0
PI 0.110 0.012 0.274 0.201 - - 25
9 1 2 9
PID 0.110 0.012 0.274 0.201 0.111 0.003 10
9 1 2 9 0
57
Figure 5.4 Output response of tie line power system with I
Figure 5.5 Output response of area1 with PI
Figure 5.6 Output response of area2 with PI
58
Figure 5.7 Output response of tie line power system with PI
Figure 5.8 Output response of area1 with PID
Figure 5.9 Output response of area2 with PID
59
Figure 5.10 Output response of tie line power system with PID
The output response is shown in Figure.5.10, which having the

comparison results between simple integral (I), proportional integral (PI),
Proportional integral derivative (PID).
of
Figure 5.11 Combined output response of area2
60
5.12 Combined output response of tie line power system
5.2. POWER SYSTEM MODEL USING FUZZY

LOGIC CONTROLLER
In this type of controller gain value of controller is
automatically fixed. The MATLAB Simulink diagram is shown in
Figure 5.13.
Figure 5.13 Simulink model of two area power system using

fuzzy controller
The output response of PID tuning method for area1, area 2

and Tie-line is shown in below Figures
61
Figure 5.14 Output response of area 1 with fuzzy controller
Figure 5.16 Output response of area 2 with fuzzy

controller
62
Figure 5.17 Output response of tie line power system
with fuzzy controller
For better dynamic responses using fuzzy logic controller

method, we reduce settling time, oscillation. The response of power
system also varies according to rated power capacity of any system.
63
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND
FUTURE SCOPE
64
6.1 CONCLUSION
A PID controller used for Load Frequency Controller of Two

area interconnected power systems has been presented. The proposed
technique for designing a Fuzzy logy controller helps us save time
when compared to those from conventional design procedures The
system performance was observed on the basis of dynamic parameter
i.e., setling time overshot and undershoot. The system performance
characteristics reveals that the performance of fuzzy logic controller
method better than other controller. Therefore, this proposed Fuzzy
logy controller is effective, efficient and robust over a wide range of
operating conditions.
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE
As a future study, the proposed method can be applied to multi

area power system load frequency control (ALFC) and also optimum
values can be obtained by Genetic Algorithm and Neural Networks.
Here two area interconnected system is implemented with
conventional controller like P,PI,PID and Fuzzy based PID controller
with Sugeno interface system. But the main drawback is that it is
difficult to implement rules and tune PID values to get desired results.
So by implementing iterative algorithms like genetic algorithm and
particle swam optimization in order to get optimized system. By these
iterative algorithms the controller values are tuned automatically.
65
APPENDIX
In the following, most of the parameters of the two-area
interconnected power system in Fig. 4.1 are from Refs [12,13] and
some parameters have been modifiedR1 = R2 = 2.4 Hz/p.u. Tp1 = Tp2
= 20s, K p1 = K p2 =120 Hz/p.u., a12 = −1 , B1 = B2 = 0.425 ,
T12=0.086 , Tt1=Tt2=0.3s.
66
REFERENCES
[1] Kundur, P.:'Power system stability and control',McGraw Hill, New
York, 1994.
[2] Mouayad A. Sahib “A novel optimal PID plus second order

derivative controller for AVR system” Engineering Science and
Technology, an Intr. Journal, Vol. 18, pp.194-206, 2015.
[3] EmreOzkop, Ismail H.Altas,AdelM.Sharaf, Load frequency control

in four area Power system using Fuzzy Logic PI controller,16th
National Power Systems conference, 15th-17thDec.,2010.
[4] Atulikhe and Ananthkulkarni “Load Frequency Control for two

area power systems using different controllers” IJAET,
Vol.6,issue4,pp.1796-1802,Sept 2013.
[5] MuthanaT.Alrifai and Mohamed Zribi “Decentralized controllers

for power system load frequency control” ASCE journal, Volume (5),
issue(II), June,2005
[6]M. Aldeen, H.Trinh, Load-Frequency Control of Interconnected

Power Systems via constrained feedback control schemes. Computer
and Electrical Engineering 20(1994) 71.
[7] Pan,C. T. and liaw, C. M., "An adaptive controller for power
system load-frequency control", IEEE Trans.on Power Systems, Vol.
4, No. 1, pp. 122-128, 1989.
[8] Yamashita, K., and Miyagi, H., "Multi-variable self-tuning

regulator for load frequency control system with interaction of voltage
on load demand", IEE Proceedings-Control Theory and Applications,
Vol. 138, No. 2, pp. 177-183, 1991.
[9] Aldeen, M. and Marah, J.F., "Decentralized proportional-plus-
integral design method for interconnected power systems", IEE
Proceedings-C, Vol. 138, No.4, 1991.
67
[10] Abdel-Magid, Y.L. and Dawoud, M.M., "Genetic Algorithms
Applications In Load Frequency Control", Genetic algorithms in
engineering systems: innovations and applications, 12-14 September
1995, conference publications No. 414, IEE, 1995.
[11]YakineKouba, N.E.L. ;Menaa, M. ; Hasni, M. ; Boudour, M. Load
Frequency Control in multi-area power system based on Fuzzy Logic-
PID Controller Published in: Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE),
2015 IEEE International Publication on Date of Publication:17-19
Aug. 2015 Page(s):1 – 6.
[12] Karun, D. Sindhu, T.K. Fuzzy logic based load frequency control
of grid connected distributed generator Published in: Advancements in
Power and Energy (TAP Energy), 2015 International Publication on
Date of Publication: 24-26 June 2015 Page(s): 432 – 437.
[13] B Ravi Kumar et al. e “Tuning PID Controller Parameters for

Load Frequency Control Considering System Uncertainties” Int.
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -4) May 2015, pp.42-47
www.ijera.com 42 |
[14] El YakineKouba .Menaa, M. ; Hasni, M. ; Boudour, M. Optimal

load frequency control based on artificial bee colony optimization
applied to single, two and multi-area interconnected power systems
Control, Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT), 2015 3rd
International Publication on Date of Publication:25-27 May 2015
[15] El YakineKouba.Menaa.Hasni.Boudour. That Optimal control of

frequency and voltage variations using PID controller based on
Particle Swarm Optimization published in ICSC april 2015 page no.
424- 429 publisher IEEE.
[16] SreedharAllu, Gayatri B, Anusha M and Manmadha Kumar

Application of Fractional order PID controller for non-linear power
system International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Global
Technology I Vol-03, Issue-04, April 2015.
68
[17] J .Syamala, I.E.S. Naidu “Load Frequency Control of MultiArea
Power Systems Using PI, PID, and Fuzzy Logic Controlling
Techniques” IJIRSET volume 3,ICETS'14 published on February 2014
[18] Demiroren, A., Zeynelgil, H. L. and Semgor, N. S., "The

Application of ANN technique to Load-Frequency Control for inter
connected Power system", Paper accepted for presentation at PPT
2001, 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech conference 10th-13th September,
Porto, Portugal.
[19]Mohammad SoroushSoheilirad, Mohammad Ali Jan Ghasab,
Seyed Mohammed hosseinSefidgar, Amin Mohammad saberian,
Tuning of PID controller for Multi area load frequency control by
using Imperialist Competitive Algorithm, J.Basic. Appl.
Sci.Res.,2(4)3461-3469,2012
[20] K.P.SinghParmar, S.Majhi, D.P. Kothari, Optimal Load

Frequency Control of an Interconnected Power System, MIT
international Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering,
vol.1, No.1, pp 1-5,jan 2011
[21]SaravuthPothiya, IssarachaiNgamroo, SuwanRunggeratigul, and

PrinyaTantaswadi ” Design of Optimal Fuzzy Logic based PI
Controller using Multiple Tabu Search Algorithm for Load Frequency
Control” IJCAS, Vol.4, no.2 pp.155-164, April 2006
[22]Guanrong Chen and Trung Tat Pham “Introduction to Fuzzy Sets,

Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Control Systems” ©2001 by CRC press LLC.
[23]G.Karthikeyan, S.Ramya, Dr.S.Chandrasekar, Load Frequency

Control for Three Area System with Time Delays Using Fuzzy Logic
Controller.” International Journal Of Engineering Science And
Advanced Technogy, ISSN:2250-3676 Volume-2, Issue-3, 612-618
69

71FINAL1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

71FINAL1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL BASED LOAD FREQUENCY

CONTROL OF MULTI AREA INTERCONNECTED POWER

N.NARAYANA RAO (20KD1A0271)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. T. Papi naidu M.tech(Ph.D)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF MULTI AREA INTERCONNECTED POWER

SYSTEMS ” is being submitted by

N.NARAYANA RAO (20KD1A0271)

Project Guide Head of the Department

N.NARAYANA RAO (20KD1A0271)

 Creating an outstanding infrastructure and platform for enhancement of skills, knowledge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

 To impart Technical Education through the state-of-the-art infrastructure facilities,

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

CO Vs PO & PSOs MAPPING

DESCRIPTION Page No.

1.1 Introduction to power system control 1-6

1.3 Interconnected power systems 9-10

3.1 Introduction 26-31

3.1.1 P controller 26-27

3.1.2 PI controller 27-28

3.1.4 PID controller 29-31

3.2 The Characteristics Of P, I, And D Controllers 31-33

3.2.1 proportional control 31

3.2.2 integral control 32

3.2.4 proportional plus derivative (p-d) control 32

3.2.5 proportional, integral and derivative control 32

3.2.6 the characteristics of p, i, and d controllers 33

CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO TWO AREA INTERCONNECTED

4.1 Introduction To Two Area

Interconnected Power System 39-42

4.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller 42-44

4.6 Membership Function 47

4.7 Fuzzy Rule Base For Load Frequency Control 49-52

4.8 Design Steps For Fuzzy Logic Controller 53

5.1 Power System Model Using Different Controllers 54-58

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Figure No Title Page No

Block diagram of generator and load

5.1 Surface viewer 55

Simulink model of two area power system using PID 57

Output response of area2 with I 58

5.5 Output response of tie line power system with I 58

5.6 Output response of area1 with PI

5.7 Output response of area2 with PI 59

5.8 Output response of tie line power system with PI 59

5.9 Output response of area1 with PID

Output response of tie line power system with PID 60

1.1.2 LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC)

In an electrical power system, LFC is a system to maintain

For large scale power systems which consists of inter-

The two main objective of Load Frequency Control (LFC) are

The industrial loads connected to the power supply system are

The input mechanical power is used to control the frequency of

Many control strategies for load frequency control of power

A different algorithm has been presented in [7] to improve the

Each output Frequency finds the information about its own

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Menaa, M. ; Hasni, M. [11] illustrated that In an interconnected