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 B U Department of Mathematics
Math 102 Calculus II

Fall 2004 First Midterm

Calculus archive is a property of Boğaziçi University Mathematics Department. The purpose of this archive is to organise and centralise the distribution of the exam questions and their solutions.
This archive is a non-profit service and it must remain so. Do not let anyone sell and do not buy this archive, or any portion of it. Reproduction or distribution of this archive, or any portion of
it, without non-profit purpose may result in severe civil and criminal penalties.

1.) a) Sketch the region R that lies inside the curve r = 2 and outside the curve r = 2 − 2 cos θ.
b) Find the area of the region R.
Solution:

a) The curve r = 2 is a circle of radius 2 with its center located at the origin. To
draw the curve r = 2 − 2 cos θ we determine some points that this curve passes through
such as:
(θ = 0, r = 0), (θ = π/2, r = 2), (θ = π, r = 4), (θ = 3π/2, r = 2), (θ = 2π, r = 0).
These two curve intersect when 2 = 2 − cos θ, i.e, at θ = π/2 and θ = 3π/2. So we obtain,
theta=pi/2

2

 
 


 














 

  
R
−4 −2







  

   2







o
theta=0

−2

b) The area of the region R can be obtained by the integral

Z π/2 Z π/2
1 2
A = [2 − (2 − 2 cos θ)2 ]dθ = 2 [2 cos θ − cos2 θ]dθ
−π/2 2 −π/2
Z π/2
1 + cos 2θ
= 2 [2 cos θ − ( )]dθ = 8 − π
−π/2 2

Note that since our figure is symmetric with respect to x-axis, this area can also be
R π/2
calculated from A=2 0 12 [22 − (2 − 2 cos θ)2 ]dθ.

2.) Find an equation of the plane that passes through the points P1 (0, −3, 2) and P2 (1, 2, 3) and
parallel to the line of intersection of the planes 2x + y − z = 1 and x − 2y + z = 7.
Solution:

The vector N~ 1 =< 2, 1, −1 > is normal to the first plane and N

~ 2 =< 1, −2, 1 > is normal
to the second plane. Therefore the line of intersection of these two planes is parallel to
the vector
 V~ = N
~1 × N
~ 2 = -i -3j -5 k.

The vector P1~P2 =< 1, 5, 1 > lies on the required plane. Now, also the vector V~ can be
carried onto this plane since this plane is parallel to the line of intersection. Thus,

~ 3 = P1~P2 × V~ = -22 i + 4 j + 2 k
N

is a normal vector for the required plane. To write down the equation of this plane both
of the points P1 and P2 can be used. Using P1 we get

−22x + 4y + 2z + 8 = 0

3.) (a) Find an equation of the plane parallel to the plane 3x − y + 2z + 3 = 0 if the point (2,2,-1)
is equidistant from both planes.
Solution:

Since the required plane is parallel to the plane 3x − y + 2z + 3 = 0 , < 3, −1, 2 > is
a normal vector for both of them. Therefore the required plane has an equation of the
form 3x − y + 2z + D = 0 where D is a real number. Now since the point (2,2,-1) is
equidistant from both planes we have

|3.2 − 1.2 + 2. − 1 + 3| |3.2 − 1.2 + 2. − 1 + D|

p = p .
2 2
3 + (−1) + 2 2 32 + (−1)2 + 22

This equation implies |D+2| = 5 which has two solutions D = 3 and D = −7. The D = 3
solution corresponds to the first plane, therefore the required plane has the equation:

3x − y + 2z − 7 = 0

(b) Consider the straight line through the point (3,2,3) and perpendicular to the plane given by
2x − y + 3z + 1 = 0. Find the coordinates of the point of the intersection of that line and that plane.
Solution:

The plane has a normal vector < 2, −1, 3 >. Since the required line is perpendicular to
the plane, this vector is parallel to the line. Hence, the parametric equation of the line
is:
x=3+ 2t , y=2-t , z=3+3t , −∞ < t < ∞.
To find the value of t at which the line and the plane intersect, we insert the above result
into the plane equation:

2(3+2t) - (2-t) + 3(3+3t) +1 =0,

 which gives t = −1. The intersection point is obtained by putting t = −1 in the para-
metric equation of the line which gives its coordinates as (1,3,0).
(c) Can a vector (whose initial point is at the origin) have direction angles θ1 = π/4, θ2 = 3π/4,
θ3 = π/3 where θ1 , θ2 , θ3 are the angles between the vector and x,y,z coordinates respectively?
Solution:
For a vector V~ whose direction angles are θ1 , θ2 , θ3 we have

V~ .i= cos θ1 |V~ | , V~ .j= cos θ2 |V~ | , V~ .k= cos θ3 |V~ | ,

which leads to,

V~
= cos θ1 i + cos θ2 j + cos θ3 k
|V~ |
Since this is a unit vector, direction cosines should satisfy

cos2 θ1 + cos2 θ2 + cos2 θ3 =1

In our problem this is not satisfied since, cos2 (π/4) = cos2 (π/4) = 1/2 and cos2 (π/3) =
1/4. Therefore, such a vector does not exist.
(d) Find equations in rectangular and cylindrical coordinates for the surface ρ = 2 sin φ given in
spherical coordinates.
Solution:
We first multiply the equation of this surface by ρ which gives ρ2 = 2ρ sinp
φ. To convert
2 2 2 2
this into rectangular coordinates we use ρ = x + y + z , ρ sin φ = x2 + y 2 and
obtain
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 x2 + y 2 (rectangular).
Now we can convert the final expression into the cylindrical coordinates by applying
x2 + y 2 = r2 which gives
r2 + z 2 = 2r , r ≥ 0 (cylindrical).
4.) Let r(t)= sin 3ti +cos 3tj + 2tk be a vector valued function.
(a) Find the unit tangent vector T(t) and the principal unit normal vector N(t).

Solution:
Let ’ (prime) denote the derivative with respect to t. Then,

~r(t)0 3 cos 3ti − 3 sin 3tj + 2k

T~ (t) = 0
= √
|~r(t) | 13
~ 0
~ (t) = T (t) = − sin 3ti − cos 3tj
N
|T~ (t)0 |
(b) Find the curvature κ(t).

Solution:

|T~ (t)0 | 9
κ(t) = 0
=
|~r(t) | 13

(c) Find the arc length parametrization of this curve by taking (0,1,0) as the reference point.
Solution:

The point (0,1,0) corresponds to t = 0. Taking this point as the reference we can find
the arc lengt parametrization in the increasing t direction from the integral

Z t¯ ¯
√
¯ d~r(u) ¯
s= ¯ ¯ du = 13t
¯ du ¯
0
√
This gives t = s/ 13. Therefore,
µ ¶ µ ¶
3s 3s 2s
~r(s) = sin √ i + cos √ j+ √ k
13 13 13
(d) Let r(t) be the position vector of a particle at time t. Find the scalar tangential and normal
components of acceleration.
Solution:
√
From above we have s = 13t and κ(t) = 9/13. Therefore,

d2 s
aT = =0
dt2
µ ¶2
ds
aN = κ =9
dt
 B U Department of Mathematics
Math 102 Calculus II

Fall 2005 First Midterm

This archive is a property of Boğaziçi University Mathematics Department. The purpose of this archive is to organise and centralise the distribution of the exam questions and their solutions.
This archive is a non-profit service and it must remain so. Do not let anyone sell and do not buy this archive, or any portion of it. Reproduction or distribution of this archive, or any portion of
it, without non-profit purpose may result in severe civil and criminal penalties.

1. Let ~a and ~b be vectors. Show that

(i) |~a · ~b| ≤ |~a||~b|.

If we have equality, what can you say about ~a and ~b ?

Solution:
By the definition of dot product we know that

|~a · ~b| = |~a||~b| cos θ = |~a||~b|| cos θ|

Since 0 ≤ | cos θ| ≤ 1
|~a · ~b| ≤ |~a||~b|
If we have equality, | cos θ| = 1. Thus, θ = 0 or θ = π.
When θ = 0, ~a and ~b are parallel and are in the same direction. On the other
hand when θ = π, ~a and ~b are parallel and are in the opposite direction.

(ii) |~a × ~b| ≤ |~a||~b|.

If we have equality, what can you say about ~a and ~b ?

Solution:
By the definition of cross product we know that

|~a × ~b| = |~a||~b| sin θ

Since −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
|~a × ~b| ≤ |~a||~b|
If we have equality, sin θ = 1. Thus, θ = π/2.
Hence ~a and ~b are perpendicular to each other.
2. Find the parametric equations of the line of intersection of the planes,

3x − 6y − 2z − 15 = 0
2x + y − 2z − 5 = 0

Solution:

Let P1 be the plane 3x − 6y − 2z = 15. Then the normal vector for this plane is
n1 =< 3, −6, −2 > .

Let P2 be the plane 2x + y − 2z = 5. Then the normal vector for this plane is
n2 =< 2, 1, −2 > .

The line of the intersection of two planes is perpendicular to the planes’ normal
vectors n1 and n2 , and therefore parallel to n1 × n2 . In other words, the line of
intersection is a nonzero scalar multiple of n1 × n2 . In our case,

~i ~j ~k
n1 × n2 = 3 −6 −2 = 14~i + 2~j + 15~k
2 1 −2
Now, we need to find a point on the line to write the equation of the line. To find a
point on the line, we should take a point common to the two planes.
So we substitute z = 0 in the plane equations and solve the equations for x and y
simultaneously.

3x − 6y = 15 x = 3
2x + y = 5 y = −1
So we found the point (3, −1, 0).
Hence the line is x(t) = 3 + 14t, y(t) = −1 + 2t, z(t) = 15t

Note that (3, −1, 0) is not the only intersection point. You may find another inter-
section point and write the equation of the line according to this point.

3. If ~r (t) is a differentiable vector-valued function of t of constant length, then show that ~r (t)⊥r~0 (t).

Solution:
d  dr dr dr
First consider that ~r(t) · ~r(t) = ~r(t) · + · ~r(t) = 2~r(t)
dt dt dt dt
d   d
But we know that ~r(t) · ~r(t) = [k~r(t)k2 ] where k~r(t)k2 is a scalar.
dt dt
d
So [k~r(t)k2 ] = 0
dt
dr
Hence ~r(t) · = 0. In other words ~r (t)⊥r~0 (t).
dt
4. The vector-valued function ~r (t) is given by ~r (t) =< cos t, sin t, t >.

(i) Find the arc length from t = 0 to t = 2π.

Solution:

~r(t) = < cos t, sin t, t > then

r~0 (t) = < − sin t, cos t, 1 > and

√
kr~0 (t)k =
p
(− sin t)2 + (cos t)2 + 1 = 2
Let L be the arc length of ~r(t) from t = 0 to t = 2π
Z 2π Z 2π √ √ Z 2π √ √
dr t=2π
L= dt = 2dt = 2 dt = 2 · t = 2 2π
0 dt 0 0 t=0

~.
(ii) Find the principle unit tangent vector T

Solution:
r~0 (t)
The principle unit tangent vector to the graph of ~r(t) at t is T~ (t) = .
kr~0 (t)k
√
Since r~0 (t) =< − sin t, cos t, 1 > and kr~0 (t)k = 2 we obtain
 
− sin t cos t 1
T~ (t) = √ , √ ,√
2 2 2

~.
(iii) Find the principle unit normal vector N

Solution:
~0
~ (t) = T (t) .
The principle unit normal vector to the graph of ~r(t) at t is N
kT~ 0 (t)k
r r
2
  2t
− cos t − sin t cos sin t 1
Since T~ 0 (t) = √ , √ , 0 and kT~ 0 (t)k = + =
2 2 2 2 2

we obtain

~ (t) =< − cos t, − sin t, 0 >= − cos t~i − sin t~j

N
 B U Department of Mathematics
Math 102 Calculus II

Fall 2006 Midterm 1

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θ
1. [7] (AntonBivensDavis, p.729, q.51) Sketch the curve given by r = cos in polar coordinates.
2
State explicitly the symmetries of the graph and the slopes while approaching the origin. In
your sketch, one must observe these easily.

Solution:

The first thing to do is to give values for θ to collect data for r. The reasonable thing
to do is to go up to 4π since that is the period for f (θ) = cos θ2 . Then it is easy to
see that the graph looks like

√1
2

−1 1

− √12

Then make sure about the symmetries. Since cos is an even function, we get the
symmetry with respect to x-axis.
It is not easy to detect the other symmetries. Think as follows: as θ varies from 0
to 2π, the curve traverses the upper half of the figure above. We can then get the
symmetry with respect to the origin by observing that

f (2π + θ) = −f (θ).

Since there is symmetry with respect to the x-axis and the origin, there is symmetry
with respect to the y-axis.
Finally, the slopes while approaching 0 are always 0:

dy dy/dθ r ′ sin θ
(π) = (π) = ′ (π) = tan(π) = 0.
dx dx/dθ r cos θ

Above computation is valid since at π (or 3π) the denominators are never zero.

2. In the figure below, C1 and C2 are circles with radii r1 and r2 and with centers at the origin O
and at (r2 , 0) respectively. Suppose that 2r2 > r1 so that C1 and C2 intersect each other at two
distinct points. Let P be the point of intersection in the first quadrant and H be the shaded
crescent.
 (a) [1+1] Write down the two equations in polar coordinates that describe C1 and C2 .
(b) [2] Find the angle P OB in terms of rr12 . Easiest way is to use the answer to part (a).
(c) [4] Write down an integral in polar coordinates for the area of H. Then compute the area
in terms of rr12 .

r1 P

B
O r2

C1 C2

Solution:

(a) C1 : r = r1 , C2 : (x − r2 )2 + y 2 = r22 ⇒ r 2 = 2r2 x ⇒ r = 2r2 cos θ

(b) P is a point of intersection of C1 and C2 . Hence,
1 r1
θ0 = \
P OB = cos−1 ( ) > 0.
2 r2

(c)
θ0
1
Z
(2r2 cos θ)2 − (r1 )2 ) dθ


area(H) =
2
Z−θθ00
1 + cos 2θ
= (4r22 − r12 )dθ
0 2
sin 2θ
= (2r22 (θ + ) − r12 θ)θ00
2
= 2r22 θ0 + r22 sin 2θ0 − r12 θ0
= (2r22 − r12 )θ0 + 2r22 cos p θ0 sin θ0
r1 4r22 − r12
= (2r22 − r12 )θ0 + 2r22
q2r2 r2
2 2
= (2r2 − r1 )θ0 + r1 4r2 − r12 .2

3. [6] (AntonBivensDavis, p.823, q.44) Let a, b, c and d be four vectors that are parallel to a fixed
plane. Show that (a × b) × (c × d) = 0. Be as simple as possible but be precise!

Solution:

Let n be a normal to the plane. Given that a, b, c, d ⊥ n, we have a × b = kn and

c × d = ln for some k, l ∈ R. So

(a × b) × (c × d) = (kn) × (ln) = (kl)n × n = 0

4. Let D1 and D2 be two distinct, non-parallel planes in R3 and let α be the angle between them.
Consider two vectors v1 and v2 parallel to D1 and D2 respectively. Let θ be the angle between
v1 and v2 . Assume 0 ≤ α, θ ≤ π. Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
For each, if answer is yes, prove the claim. If no, give an example where the claim is not true.
(a) [2] It is always true that θ ≥ α.
(b) [2] It is always true that θ ≤ α.

Solution:

Answer is no for both cases. Let L be the line of intersection and v be a vector
parallel to L. Then v is parallel to both D1 and D2 .
(a) Set v1 = v2 = v. Then θ = 0 < α.
(b) Set v1 = v, v2 = −v. Then θ = π > α.

5. [10] Using vector calculus, find the point on the line x + y − z = 2, 3x + y = 1 closest to the
point (1, 1, 1). You are not allowed to answer this question by finding the global minimum of an appropriate
function!

Solution:

The case in question is exactly the same as the previous question: two planes in-
tersecting along a line (a line in R3 is given by two independent linear equations).
There are several ways to solve this question. Here, we first find the plane D passing
through the point P = (1, 1, 1) and normal to the line. A direction n along the line
is:
n = h1, 1, −1i × h3, 1, 0i = h1, −3, −2i
The equation for the plane D is

D : h1, −3, −2i · hx − 1, y − 1, z − 1i = x − 3y − 2z + 4 = 0

The closest point Q = (x, y, z) on L to P is the point of intersection of L and D;

hence Q satisfies:

x + y − z = 2, 3x + y = 1, −x + 3y + 2z = 4
3 23 8
One can then compute that Q = (x, y, z) = (− , , − ).
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 B U Department of Mathematics
Math 102 Calculus II

Spring 2006 First Midterm

This archive is a property of Boğaziçi University Mathematics Department. The purpose of this archive is to organise and centralise the distribution of the exam questions and their solutions.
This archive is a non-profit service and it must remain so. Do not let anyone sell and do not buy this archive, or any portion of it. Reproduction or distribution of this archive, or any portion of
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1. Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 3 cos θ and outside the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ.

Solution: θ = π/2
6
r = 1 + cos θ
I 1
@
•
@ r = 3 cos θ
 • • • -
1 2 3 θ=0
•
−1

The first step is to determine the intersections of the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ and the
circle r = 3 cos θ, since this information is needed for the limits of integration. To
find points of intersection, we can equate the two expressions for r.
1
This yields, 3 cos θ = 1 + cos θ ⇒ cos θ = which is satisfied by the positive angles
2
π 5π
θ = and θ = .
3 3
Referring to figure above and using symmetry the area in the first quadrant that is
π
swept out for 0 ≤ θ ≤ is one-half of the total area. Thus
3
"Z #
π/3 Z π/3
1 1
A=2 (3 cos θ)2 dθ − (1 + cos θ)2 dθ
0 2 0 2

which is the area inside the circle minus the area inside the cardioid.
 Z π/3
A = (9 cos2 θ − 1 − 2 cos θ − cos2 θ) dθ
0

Z π/3
= (8 cos2 θ − 2 cos θ − 1) dθ
0

Z π/3 h  cos 2θ + 1  i
= 8 − 2 cos θ − 1 dθ
0 2
Z π/3
= (4 cos 2θ − 2 cos θ + 3) dθ
0

 π/3
sin 2θ h iπ/3 h iπ/3
= 4 − 2 sin θ +3 θ
2 0 0 0

 
sin 2π/3 h π i hπ i
= 4 − sin 0 − 2 sin( ) − sin 0 + 3 − 0
2 3 3
"√ # "√ #
3 3 hπ i √ √
= 4 −0 −2 )−0 +3 = 3 − 3 + π = +π
4 2 3
2. (a) Prove that the sum of two vectors of the same length is always perpendicular to their
difference.

Solution:
Let u and v be two vectors of the same length. i.e. ||u|| = ||v||.
Then since we know that two vectors are orthogonal if and only if their dot
product is zero, let’s check

(u + v) · (u − v) = u · (u − v) + v · (u − v)

= u·u−u·v+v·u−v·v
since dot product is distributive over addition

= u·u−u·v+u·v−v·v
since dot product is commutative

= ||u||2 − ||v||2
by the definition of dot product

= ||u||2 − ||u||2
since||u|| = ||v||is given by the question

= 0.

(b) For which values of a are < a, 3, −8 > and < a, 4, 2 > perpendicular?

Solution:
< a, 3, −8 > and < a, 4, 2 > are perpendicular if and only if their dot product is
zero. i.e.
< a, 3, −8 > · < a, 4, 2 >= 0 ⇒ a2 = 4 ⇒ a = ±2
(c) Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are the points A = (1, 2, 3), B = (4, 5, 6), C =
(1, 1, 1).

Solution:
AB~ =< 3, 3, 3 >, AC
~ =< 0, −1, −2 >

i j k
~ × AC
AB ~ = 3 3 3
0 −1 −2

= (−6 + 3)i − (−6)j + (−3)k

= −3i + 6j − 3k
and consequently
√
1 ~ 1 √ 1 √ 3 6
~ =
A = ||AB × AC|| 9 + 36 + 9 = 54 =
2 2 2 2
3. Find the curvature of the ellipse x = cos t, y = 4 sin t (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π) at the points where it
intersects the x-axis.

Solution:

We may treat the ellipse as a curve in the xy-plane of an xyz-coordinate system by

adding a zero k component and writing its equation as

r = 3 cos ti + 4 sin tj + 0k.

It is not essential to write zero k component explicitly as long as you assume it to be

there when you calculate a cross product. Thus,

r0 (t) = (−3 sin t)i + (4 cos t)j

r00 (t) = (−3 cos t)i + (−4 sin t)j

i j k
0 00
r (t) × r (t) = −3 sin t 4 cos t 0
−3 cos t −4 sin t 0

= (12 sin2 t + 12 cos2 t)k = 12k.

Therefore, ||r0 (t) × r00 (t)|| = 12

p √
||r0 (t)|| = 9 sin2 t + 16 cos2 t = 9 + 7 cos2 t
By using the formula for the curvature

||r0 (t) × r00 (t)||

κ(t) =
||r0 (t)||3
we get
12
κ(t) = √ .
( 9 + 7 cos2 t)3
The ellipse intersect the x-axis when y=0. i.e. 4 sin t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, π, 2π since
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Hence
12 3
κ(0) = =
64 16
12 3
κ(π) = =
64 16
12 3
κ(2π) = =
64 16
4. Find the parametric equation of the intersection line of the planes whose equations are y+2z = 2
and 3x + 4y + 5z = 4.

Solution:

The given equations yield the normals n1 =< 0, 1, 2 > and n2 =< 3, 4, 5 > for planes
y + 2z = 2 and 3x + 4y + 5z = 4, respectively. Let’s compute v = n1 × n2 .

i j k
v = n1 × n2 = 0 1 2 = −3i + 6j − 3k
3 4 5
Since v is orthogonal to n1 it is parallel to the first plane. Since v is orthogonal to
n2 it is parallel to the second plane. That is v is parallel to the intersection line L.
To find a point on L, we observe that L must intersect the yz-plane, x = 0, since
v· < 1, 0, 0 >= −3 6= 0. Substituting x = 0 in the equations of both planes yields
2 4
y=− , z=
3 3
−2 4
Thus P (0, , ) is a point on L. A vector equation for L is
3 3
−2 4
< x, y, z >=< 0, , > +t < −3, 6, −3 > .
3 3
Parametric equations for L are

x(t) = −3t

2
y(t) = − + 6t
3
4
z(t) = − 3t
3
 
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 B U Department of Mathematics
Math 102 Calculus II

Summer 2006 First Midterm

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1.) A) Find the equation of the plane through the points (1, 1, −1), (2, 0, 2), (0, −2, 1).
B) Find parametric equations of the line perpendicular to this plane at (4, 2, 3).
Solution:

A) A(1, 1, −1), B(2, 0, 2), C(0, −2, 1)

−→ −→
AB = (1, −1, 3), AC = (−1, −3, 2)

i j k
−→ −→
AB × AC = 1 −1 3 = 7i − 5j − 4k
−1 −3 2
So h7, −5, −4i is normal to the plane. Hence the equation of the plane through the
given points is:

7(x − 1) − 5(y − 1) − 4(z + 1) = 0

7x − 5y − 4z = 6

B) x = 4 + 7, y = 2 − 5t, z = 3 − 4t
2.) A) Find a unit vector such that the derivative of x3 y 2 along this vector at the point (2, 1) is zero.
B) Is there a unit vector along which the derivative of x3 y 2 at the point (2, 1) is 100? Explain.
Solution:
∂ ∂
A) ∇f (x, y) = h ∂x (x3 y 2 ), ∂y (x3 y 2 )i = h3x2 y 2 , 2x3 yi

∇f (2, 1) = h12, 16i

The required unit vector, say ~u = hx, yi, must satisfy ~u · h12, 16i = 0. Let x = t, then
−3
12t + 16y = 0 =⇒ y = t.
4
Also, since ~u is a unit vector we have k~uk = 1. So
9 2 4
t2 + t = 1, t=± .
16 5
Hence we have ~u = h− 45 , 35 i or ~u = h 54 , − 53 i.

B) The derivative along any unit vector ~u at (2, 1) is given by

~u · ∇f (2, 1) = k~uk k∇f (2, 1)k cos θ = 20 cos θ

where θ is the acute angle between ~u and ∇f (2, 1). Clearly 20 cos θ ≤ 20 so there is no
such unit vector.
3.) Find point(s) on the surface z 2 = xy + 4 closest to the origin.
Solution:

We want to minimize f = x2 + y 2 + z 2 under the constraint g = xy − z 2 + 4 = 0.

∇f (x, y, z) = h2x, 2y, 2zi, ∇g(x, y, z) = hy, x, −2zi.

A point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is an extremum of f only if ∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = λ∇g(x0 , y0 , z0 ) for some

λ 6= 0.

∇f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = λ∇g(x0 , y0 , z0 ) =⇒ 2x0 = λy0

2y0 = λx0
2z0 = −2λz0

If z0 6= 0, we have λ = −1, and so x0 = y0 = 0 The points on the surface g(x, y, z) = 0

satisfying this are P1 (0, 0, 2) and P2 (0, 0, −2).
Otherwise if z0 = 0, we have
−4 −8 −8
x0 = , x0 = , x20 = .
y0 λx0 λ

Also, x0 y0 = −4 and 2x0 = λy0 so x20 = −2λ. It follows that x40 = 16 so x0 = ±2, and
the points on g(x, y, z) = 0 satisfying this are P3 (2, −2, 0) and P4 (−2, 2, 0).

Therefore the points closest to the origin on the suface z 2 = xy + 4 are P1 and P2 .
4.) Find the area of the region shared by r = 2 + 2cosθ and r = 2 − 2cosθ.
Solution:

1 π/2 2
Z Z π/2
A=4· r dθ = 2 (2 + 2 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 0
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
=2 4dθ − 2 8 cos θdθ + 2 4 cos2 θdθ
0 0 0

cos 2θ + 1
We have the identity cos2 θ = . Hence
2
π/2 π/2 π/2

A = 4π − 16 sin θ + 2 sin 2θ + 4θ
0 0 0
= 6π − 16