1.

Define topographical survey

. Topographical survey is a technique used to measure and record the physical features of a landscape..
It is usually carried out before any construction work to ensure the safe and efficient design of a
structure. Topographical surveys use a variety of methods including aerial photography, ground surveys,
and GPS measurements. The data collected from a topographical survey is used to create a
topographical map, which shows the contours of the land and the location of any features.
Topographical surveys are an important part of the planning process for any construction project.

2.Explain the Importance of topographic surveys

Topographic surveys help to identify potential hazards and risks on a site.

2. They are used to plan and design infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and drainage systems.

3. Topographic surveys can help to determine the best location for a structure and ensure that it is built
safely and efficiently.

4. They can also be used to monitor the progress of a construction project and ensure that the project is
on track.

5. Topographic surveys can also help to assess the environmental impact of a project and ensure that it
is in compliance with regulations.

1. Topographic surveys can help to estimate the cost of a project by providing accurate data on the size
and location of the site.

2. They can also be used to determine the feasibility of a project and identify potential problems that
may arise during construction.

3. They are an important part of the planning process for public works projects such as parks, schools,
and hospitals.

4. Topographic surveys can be used to monitor the progress of land reclamation projects.

5. They can be used to create 3D models of a site for planning and visualization purposes.

3.State and explain the methods of carrying out topographic survey

Triangulation: Triangulation is a classical surveying method that involves measuring the angles of a
triangle formed by selected points. By applying trigonometry, distances and elevations can be
calculated, contributing to the creation of detailed topographic maps.
Trilateration: Trilateration relies on the measurement of distances between survey points, forming
triangles without necessarily measuring angles. This method is particularly useful in areas with
challenging terrain or obstacles.

GPS/GNSS Surveying: Global Positioning System (GPS) or Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
surveying utilizes satellite signals to determine precise positions on the Earth’s surface. This method
allows for efficient and accurate data collection, especially in large-scale surveys.

Aerial Photogrammetry: Aerial photogrammetry involves capturing images from aircraft or drones and
using them to create detailed 3D models of the terrain. This method is advantageous for large areas and
challenging landscapes.

Terrestrial Laser Scanning: Terrestrial laser scanning employs laser beams to measure distances and
create highly detailed, three-dimensional representations of the surveyed area. This method is effective
for capturing intricate features and structures.

4.Explain the sources of error in topographic survey

ors in surveying

Natural errors

These are the effects of temperature, refraction, measurements obstructions, magnetic declination, and
so on. The length of a steel tape, for example, fluctuates with temperature. Such causes of error are
beyond the surveyor's control. Still, by taking preventative steps and using appropriate procedures for
the environment, the mistakes can be kept below reasonable limits.

Instrumental errors

These are the consequence of the instrument's poor construction and adjustment. A few instances are
inaccurate graduations on a steel tape and poor adjustment of a transit's plate levels. The impact of
most instrumental mistakes can be brought within the necessary accuracy limits by applying appropriate
adjustments and adopting appropriate field procedures.

Tool errors can be continuously reduced by periodic testing musical instruments, prisms, sticks, and
three instruments. Annual maintenance contracts are purchased to ensure that test tools are regularly
cleaned, measured, and prepared by an authorized professional. Occasionally during these travel
services, data from the compiler operating system (firmware) will be replaced by the current version. It
is equally important that equipment that is suspected to be intolerant is sent to the appropriate service
center. The photogrammetry & survey category should be notified before shipping equipment for
random adjustment, calibration, and adjustment.

Personal errors
These are caused by limits in human senses such as sight, touch, and hearing. A personal mistake, for
example, is imprecisely bisecting an object by fixing the line of sight of transit while measuring angles.

Because any survey is only as accurate as of the tool/target set; a safe, secure standard tripod is
important. The tripod should always be used to stabilize the backsight target when you place it on the
control panel. When placing the tripod, firmly press the tripod feet on the ground. Place the tripod legs
in an area that will reduce the value of moving near the tool. Reducing the movement near the tripod
will decrease the chances of exploding. In windy conditions, you may need to put sandbags on top tripod
feet to ensure stability. When setting up steep slopes, place two tripod legs on the sloping side.
Periodically check the optical plummet to make sure that the tool is still focused on the point. Check the
level bubble from time to time to confirm that the instrument is in a horizontal plane. The level bubble
should hold one standing where the metal is well rotated with a complete rotation.