Type of Substrate Reagents Regioselectivity Stereoselectivity

reaction
SN1 reaction: tertiary Carbon-halogen Racemization,
and secondary alkyl bond breaks, i.e., a mix of
halides. resulting in a retention and
positively inversion.
charged carbon
(carbonation),
and nucleophile
Halide (X–), attacks the
hydroxy group carbocation,
(OH–), alkoxy forming a new
group (RO–), bond.
Nucleophilic SN2 reaction: primary cyanide ion (CN–), Concerted Inversion
Substitution and secondary alkyl hydrogen sulfide reaction:
halides. (H2S), ammonia nucleophile
(NH3), and water attacks the
(H2O). partially positive
carbon atom that
is bonded to the
halogen, C-X
bond breaks
simultaneously,
and the halogen
leaves the
molecule.
E1 : tertiary alkyl Weak base Zaitsev’s rule Trans 75%
halides , secondary
Elimination alkyl halides.
E2 : Carbon-hydrogen Strong base Zaitsev’s rule Trans 90%
and carbon-halogen.
Electrophilic Aromatic Electrophile
Electrophilic Substitution : Benzene
Substitution Electrophilic Aliphatic Halogen
Substitution : Ketone
Nucleophile X- Markovnikov’s
Carbonyl groups: rule
+ Water
+ Alcohol
 + Hydride
+ Amine
+ Enolate ion
+Organometallic
Nucleophilic Aldehydes and ketones nucleophile.
Addition Nitriles : Markovnikov’s
+ Hydrolysis of a rule
nitrile
+ Organozinc
nucleophiles
+ Alcohol
+ Grignard
reagents
Oxidation-
Reduction

1. The molecule that contains the electrophile and the leaving functional group
is called the substrate
2. In chemistry, a reagent or analytical reagent is a substance or compound
added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or test if one occurs.
3. In chemistry, regioselectivity is the preference of chemical bonding or
breaking in one direction over all other possible directions.