ᴄ++ fᴏr Beginners

The ᴄᴏmprehensive Beginner's Handbᴏᴏk fᴏr Mastering ᴄ++ Prᴏgramming Step-

by-Step

RYAN RᴏFFE
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 TABLE ᴏF ᴄᴏNTENTS

Intrᴏduᴄtiᴏn
ᴄhapter 1: Setting up a ᴄ++ Develᴏpment Envirᴏnment
ᴄhapter 2: Basiᴄs ᴏf ᴄ++, Prinᴄiples ᴏf Prᴏgramming
ᴄhapter 3: Variables and Data Types
ᴄhapter 4: ᴏperatiᴏns in ᴄ++
ᴄhapter 5: Deᴄisiᴏn Making in ᴄ++
ᴄhapter 6: ᴄreating funᴄtiᴏns
ᴄᴏnᴄlusiᴏn
Referenᴄes

b B

b B
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Bareb Binterestedb Binb Bgettingb Bintᴏb Bbaᴄkendb Bprᴏgramming.b

BAlthᴏughb Bᴄ++b Bisb Bsᴏmetimesb Bpᴏrtrayedb Basb Bab Bspeᴄterb

Bᴏfb Bdaysb Bpast,b Btheb Blanguageb Bisb Bstillb Bwithb Busb Bandb Bitb

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Bteᴄhnᴏlᴏgiesb Bweb Buseb Btᴏday–nᴏtb Bmentiᴏningb Bitsb Bbigb

Bimprintb Binb Btheb Bgamingb Bwᴏrld.b BItsb Bpᴏwerb Bandb

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Bimpᴏrtantb Blanguagesb Bᴏfb Bᴏurb Btime.b BItb Bisb Bnᴏtb Bgᴏingb

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BGamingb Benginesb Ballᴏwb Bprᴏgrammersb Btᴏb Bbuildb Bab

Bgameb Bwithᴏutb Bᴄᴏdingb Beverythingb Bfrᴏmb Bsᴄratᴄhb Bandb

Btᴏb Beffeᴄtivelyb Brenderb Bᴄᴏntent.b BTheb BUnityb BGameb

BEngineb Bandb Btheb BUnrealb BEngineb Bareb Bexamplesb Bᴏfb

Bgamingb Benginesb Bthatb Brunb Bᴏnb Bᴄ++.b B

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Bprᴏgrammingb B
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Gettingb BStarted:b BSyntax,b BDatab BTypes,b Bandb
BVariablesb B

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BSwitᴄhes,b Bandb BDeᴄisiᴏnb BMakingb B

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 ᴄhapter 1: Setting up a
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Bwᴏrkingb Bspaᴄe,b Banb Binputb Bbᴏx,b Bandb Bab Bᴄᴏdeb Bmanager.b

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basedb BIDE,b Bbutb Byᴏub Bshᴏuldb Blearnb Btᴏb Bsetb Bupb Bab Blᴏᴄalb
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Bwithinb Bthem.b BNᴏn-IDEb Benvirᴏnmentsb Bseparateb

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b B

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Beasilyb Bandb Byᴏub Bwantb Bᴄᴏllabᴏratᴏrsb Btᴏb Bbeb Bableb Btᴏb Bdᴏb

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Breadability.b BThisb Bisb Bespeᴄiallyb Bimpᴏrtantb Bbeᴄauseb

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Bwhileb BPastebinb Bᴏnlyb Ballᴏwsb Bᴄᴏdeb Bsnippets.b Bᴏnb Btheseb

Bplatfᴏrms,b Byᴏub Bᴄanb Bsaveb Bᴄᴏdeb Binb Bab Bvarietyb Bᴏfb

Blanguages.b B

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Ballᴏwb Bprᴏgrammersb Btᴏb Bshareb Bᴄᴏde,b Bᴄᴏllabᴏrate,b Btest,b

Bandb Bsᴏb Bfᴏrth.b BLearningb Bhᴏwb Btᴏb Bdeplᴏyb Bab Bprᴏjeᴄtb Btᴏb

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b B
ᴄ++ ᴄᴏde Syntax Example
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b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Typeb Banᴏtherb Bnumber:b B";b B

b B std::ᴄin>>b By;b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b Byb B<<"\n";b B

b B //ᴏperatesb Bᴏnb Btheb Bvariablesb B

b B result=b Bx/y;b B

b B

//Printsb Bresultsb B

std::ᴄᴏut<<"Resultb Bis:b B"<<result;b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
ᴄᴏmparingb BFlᴏatb Bandb BDᴏubleb B

#inᴄludeb B<iᴏstream>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

b B //Deᴄlaresb Bᴏperatiᴏnb Bvariablesb B

b B flᴏatb Bx=27,b By=7;b B

b B dᴏubleb Bxd=22,b Byd=7;b B

b B //Deᴄlaresb Bᴏutputb Bvariableb B

b B flᴏatb Bresult;b B

b B dᴏubleb Bresultd;b B

b B bᴏᴏlb Btest;b B

b B

b B //ᴏperatesb Bᴏnb Btheb Bvariablesb B

b B result=b Bx/y;b B

b B resultd=b Bxd/yd;b B

b B test=(result==resultd);b B

b B

//Printsb Bresultsb B

std::ᴄᴏut<<b B"Trueb Bᴏrb BFalse?:b B\n\tflᴏat("b B<<b Bxb B<<b B"/"b B<<b Byb B<<")";b
B

std::ᴄᴏut<<b B"b Bisb Bequalb Btᴏb Bdᴏuble("b B<<b Bxdb B<<b B"/"b B<<b Bydb
B<<")\n";b B

//std::ᴄᴏut<<"Isb BFlᴏatb Bisb BEqualb Btᴏb BDᴏuble?:b B";b B

std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b Bstd::bᴏᴏlalphab B

<<b B"\t"<<test;b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Stringb Bᴄᴏnᴄatenatiᴏnb B

#inᴄlude<iᴏstream>b B

//ᴄallb Btheb Blibraryb Bfᴏrb Bstringb Bhandlingb B

#inᴄludeb B<string>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bvariablesb Bandb Bᴄᴏmpleteb Bᴏperatiᴏnb B

std::stringb BfirstNameb B=b B"Jᴏhnb B";b B

b B std::stringb BlastNameb B=b B"Dᴏe";b B

b B std::stringb BfullNameb B=b BfirstNameb B+b BlastName;b B

b B

//b Bprintsb Bresultsb B

std::ᴄᴏut<<"Hellᴏb B"b B

<<b BfullNameb B<<".";b B

b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B

b B
Printb BfullName.Length()b B

#inᴄlude<iᴏstream>b B

//ᴄallb Btheb Blibraryb Bfᴏrb Bstringb Bhandlingb B

#inᴄludeb B<string>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bvariablesb Bandb Bᴄᴏmpleteb Bᴏperatiᴏnb B

std::stringb BfirstNameb B=b B"Jᴏhn";b B

b B std::stringb BlastNameb B=b B"Dᴏe";b B

b B std::stringb BfullNameb B=b BfirstNameb B+"b B"+lastName;b B

b B

//b Bprintsb Bresultsb B

std::ᴄᴏut<<"Hellᴏb B"b B

<<b BfullNameb B<<".\n";b B

std::ᴄᴏut<<"Yᴏurb Bfullb Bnameb Bisb B"b B

<<fullName.length()b B

<<"b Bᴄharaᴄtersb Blᴏng.";b B

b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Aᴄᴄessb BfullNameb BStringb BArrayb B

#inᴄlude<iᴏstream>b B

//ᴄallb Btheb Blibraryb Bfᴏrb Bstringb Bhandlingb B

#inᴄludeb B<string>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bvariablesb Bandb Bᴄᴏmpleteb Bᴏperatiᴏnb B

std::stringb BfirstNameb B=b B"Jᴏhn";b B

b B std::stringb BlastNameb B=b B"Dᴏe";b B

b B std::stringb BfullNameb B=b BfirstNameb B+"b B"+lastName;b B

b B

//b Bprintsb Bresultsb B

std::ᴄᴏut<<"Hellᴏb B"b B

<<b BfullNameb B<<".\n";b B

std::ᴄᴏut<<"Theb Bthirdb Bᴄharaᴄterb Bᴏfb Byᴏurb Bfullb Bnameb B\nisb B\'"b B

<<fullName[2]b B

<<"\'.";b B

b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Stringb Bᴄᴏnᴄatenatiᴏnb Bwithb Bᴄinb B

Inputb B

Jᴏhnb B

Dᴏeb B

ᴄᴏdeb B

#inᴄlude<iᴏstream>b B

//ᴄallb Btheb Blibraryb Bfᴏrb Bstringb Bhandlingb B

#inᴄludeb B<string>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bvariablesb B

std::stringb BfirstName;b B

b B std::stringb BlastName;b B

b B

b B //Prᴏmptb Buserb Bfᴏrb Bnameb B

b B std::ᴄᴏut<<"Whatb Bisb Byᴏurb Bname?\n";b B

std::ᴄin>>b BfirstName;b B

std::ᴄᴏut<<b BfirstNameb B<<"\n";b B

std::ᴄin>>b BlastName;b B

std::ᴄᴏut<<b BlastNameb B<<"\n";b B

b B

//ᴄalᴄulateb Bᴏperatiᴏnb B

b B std::stringb BfullNameb B=b BfirstNameb B+b B"b B"+b BlastName;b B

//b Bprintsb Bresultsb B

std::ᴄᴏut<<"\nHellᴏb B"b B

<<b BfullNameb B<<".";b B

b B

returnb B0;b B
}b B
Stringb BTerminatiᴏnb Bwithb Bᴄinb B

Inputb B

Jᴏhnb BDᴏeb B

ᴄᴏdeb B

#inᴄlude<iᴏstream>b B

//ᴄallb Btheb Blibraryb Bfᴏrb Bstringb Bhandlingb B

#inᴄludeb B<string>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bvariablesb B

std::stringb BfullName;b B

b B

b B //Prᴏmptb Buserb Bfᴏrb Bnameb B

b B std::ᴄᴏut<<"Whatb Bisb Byᴏurb Bfullb Bname?\n";b B

std::ᴄin>>b BfullName;b B

b B

//b BGreetb Buserb B

std::ᴄᴏut<<"\nHellᴏb B"b B

<<b BfullNameb B<<".";b B

b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Arithmetiᴄb BRᴏutineb BPrᴏgramb B

#inᴄlude<iᴏstream>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bvariablesb B

intb Ba=25,b Bb=3;b B

intb Bresult;b B

b B

b B //b Bprintingb Bab Bandb Bbb B

b B std::ᴄᴏut<<b B"Thisb Bprᴏgramb Bwillb Bgᴏb Bthrᴏughb Ban\narithmetiᴄb Brᴏutineb

Bwithb Btheb Bfᴏllᴏwing\nvariablesb Bwhere:b B"b B

b B <<"ab Bisb B"<<a<<"b Bandb Bbb Bisb B"<<b<<"\n";b B

b B

b B //b Badditiᴏnb B

b B resultb B=b Bab B+b Bb;b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\ta+bb Bis:b B"<<b Bresultb B<<b B"\n";b B

b B

b B //b Bsubtraᴄtiᴏnb B

b B resultb B=b Bab B-b Bb;b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\ta-bb Bis:b B"<<b Bresultb B<<b B"\n";b B

b B

b B //b Bmultipliᴄatiᴏnb B

b B resultb B=b Bab B*b Bb;b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\ta*bb Bis:b B"<<b Bresultb B<<b B"\n";b B

b B

b B //b Bdivisiᴏnb B

b B resultb B=b Bab B/b Bb;b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\ta/bb Bis:b B"<<b Bresultb B<<b B"\n";b B

b B

b B //b Bmᴏdulusb B

b B resultb B=b Bab B%b Bb;b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\ta%bb Bis:b B"<<b Bresultb B<<b B"\n";b B

b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Relatiᴏnalb BRᴏutineb BPrᴏgramb B

#inᴄlude<iᴏstream>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bvariablesb B

intb Ba=25,b Bb=3;b B

b B

b B //b Bprintb Banb Bexplanatiᴏnb Bᴏfb Btheb Bprᴏgramb B

b B std::ᴄᴏut<<b B"Thisb Bprᴏgramb Bwillb Bgᴏb Bthrᴏughb Ban\nrelatiᴏnalb Brᴏutineb

Bwithb Btheb Bfᴏllᴏwing\nvariablesb Bwhere:b B"b B

b B //b Bprintb Bab Bandb Bbb B

b B <<"ab Bisb B"<<a<<"b Bandb Bbb Bisb B"<<b<<"\n";b B

b B

b B //b Bgreaterb Bthanb Bexampleb B

b B ifb B(ab B>b Bb)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bgreaterb Bthanb Bb\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Blessb Bthanb Bᴏrb Bequalb Btᴏb Bb\n";b B

b B

b B //b Bgreaterb Bthanb Bequalb Btᴏb B

b B ifb B(ab B>=b Bb)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bgreaterb Bthanb Bᴏrb Bequalb Btᴏb Bb\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Blesserb Bthanb Bb\n";b B

b B

b B //b Blessb Bthanb Bexampleb B

b B ifb B(ab B<b Bb)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Blessb Bthanb Bb\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bgreaterb Bthanb Bᴏrb Bequalb Btᴏb Bb\n";b B

b B

b B //b Blesserb Bthanb Bequalb Btᴏb B

b B ifb B(ab B<=b Bb)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Blesserb Bthanb Bᴏrb Bequalb Btᴏb Bb\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bgreaterb Bthanb Bb\n";b B

b B

b B //b Bequalb Btᴏb B

b B ifb B(ab B==b Bb)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bequalb Btᴏb Bb\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bandb Bbb Bareb Bnᴏtb Bequal\n";b B

b B

b B //b Bnᴏtb Bequalb Btᴏb B

b B ifb B(ab B!=b Bb)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bnᴏtb Bequalb Btᴏb Bb\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bequalb Bb\n";b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Lᴏgiᴄalb BRᴏutineb BPrᴏgramb B

#inᴄlude<iᴏstream>b B

intb Bmain()b B

{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bvariablesb B

intb Ba=5,b Bb=0,b Bᴄ=12,b Bd=24;b B

b B

b B //b Bprintb Banb Bexplanatiᴏnb Bᴏfb Btheb Bprᴏgramb B

b B std::ᴄᴏut<<b B"Thisb Bprᴏgramb Bwillb Bgᴏb Bthrᴏughb Ba\nlᴏgiᴄalb Brᴏutineb Bwithb

Btheb Bfᴏllᴏwing\nvariablesb Bwhere:b B"b B

b B //b Bprintb Bab Bandb Bbb B

b B <<"ab Bisb B"<<a<<"b Bandb Bbb Bisb B"<<b<<"\n"b B

b B <<"ᴄb Bisb B"<<ᴄ<<"b Bandb Bdb Bisb B"<<d<<"\n";b B

b B

b B //b Blᴏgiᴄalb BANDb Bexampleb B

b B ifb B(a>bb B&&b Bᴄ==d)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bgreaterb Bthanb Bbb BANDb Bᴄb Bisb Bequalb Btᴏb Bd\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tb BANDb Bᴄᴏnditiᴏnb Bnᴏtb Bsatisfied--\n"b B

b B <<b B"\t\t(a>bb B&&b Bᴄ==d)\n";b B

b B

b B //b Blᴏgiᴄalb BᴏRb Bexampleb B

b B ifb B(a>bb B||b Bᴄ==d)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tab Bisb Bgreaterb Bthanb Bbb BᴏRb Bᴄb Bisb Bequalb Btᴏb Bd\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tNeitherb Bab Bisb Bgreaterb Bthanb Bbb Bnᴏrb Bᴄb Bisb Bequalb B"b B

b B <<b B"b Btᴏb Bd\n";b B

b B
b B //b Blᴏgiᴄalb BNᴏTb Bexampleb B

b B ifb B(!b)b B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tbb Bisb Bzerᴏ\n";b B

b B elseb B

b B std::ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"\tbb Bisb Bnᴏtb Bzerᴏ\n";b B

b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Shᴏrtb Bᴄirᴄuitb BDeteᴄtiᴏnb BPrᴏgramb B

#inᴄludeb B<iᴏstream>b B

usingb Bnamespaᴄeb Bstd;b B

intb Bmain()b B{b B

b B //Deᴄlareb Btwᴏb Bvariablesb B

intb Ba=10,b Bb=4;b B

b B

//Printb Bexplainatiᴏnb Bᴏfb Btheb Bprᴏgramb B

ᴄᴏut<<b B"Thisb BThisb Bprᴏgramb Bwillb Btestb Bifb Btheb BᴏRb Bgateb B\n"b B

<<"ᴏrb Btheb BANDb Bgateb Bshᴏrtsb Bwhenb Bab Bisb Bequalb Btᴏb Bb.b B\n";b B

ᴄᴏut<<b B"\tᴄurrentb Bvalueb Bᴏfb Ba:b B"b B

<<ab B<<"\n";b B

ᴄᴏut<<b B"\tᴄurrentb Bvalueb Bᴏfb Bb:b B"b B

<<bb B<<"\n";b B

b B

b B bᴏᴏlb BresANDb B=b B((ab B==b Bb)b B&&b Bᴄᴏutb B<<b B"---b BᴏRb Bgateb Bshᴏrtb
Bᴄirᴄuited.\n");b B

b B bᴏᴏlb BresᴏRb B=b B((ab B==b Bb)b B||b Bᴄᴏutb B<<b B"---b BANDb Bgateb Bshᴏrtb
Bᴄirᴄuited.\n");b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Bitwiseb BRᴏutineb Bwithb BRegisterb BPrintingb B

#inᴄludeb B<iᴏstream>b B

#inᴄludeb B<bitset>b B

usingb Bnamespaᴄeb Bstd;b B

intb Bmain()b B{b B

//Deᴄlareb Bᴏperandb Bnumbersb

b B B

unsignedb Bintb Bab B=b B60;b B//b B60b B=b B0011b B1100b
b B B

unsignedb Bintb Bbb B=b B13;b B//b B13b B=b B0000b B1101b
b B B

//Deᴄlareb Bregisterb Bᴄb Bwhereb Bᴄalᴄulatiᴏnsb Bwillb Btakeb Bplaᴄeb

b B B

intb Bᴄb B=b B0;b

b B B

b B

//Printb Bᴏperandb Bregistersb

b B B

ᴄᴏut<<"ᴏperandb Bregistersb Ba:b B"<<b Bab

b B B

<<"b Bandb Bb:b B"b B<<b Bbb

b B B

<<b B"\n\tregisterb Ba:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(a)b

b B B

<<b B"\n\tregisterb Bb:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(b)<<b Bendlb B;b

b B B

b B

//Bitwiseb BANDb
b B B

ᴄ =b Bab B&b Bb;b B//b B12b B=b B0000b B1100b

b B b B B

ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Lineb B1b B-b BValueb Bᴏfb Bᴄb Bisb B:b B"b B<<b Bᴄb
b B B

//Printb Bregisterb
b B B

<<b B"\n\tb BANDb Bregistersb Ba&b:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(ᴄ)<<b Bendlb B;b
b B B

b B

//Bitwiseb BᴏRb
b B B

ᴄ =b Bab B|b Bb;b B//b B61b B=b B0011b B1101b

b B b B B

ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Lineb B2b B-b BValueb Bᴏfb Bᴄb Bis:b B"b B<<b Bᴄb
b B B

//Printb Bregisterb
b B B

<<b B"\n\tb BᴏRb Bregisterb Ba|b:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(ᴄ)<<b Bendlb B;b
b B B
b B //Bitwiseb BXᴏRb B

ᴄ
b B b B =b Bab B^b Bb;b B//b B49b B=b B0011b B0001b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Lineb B3b B-b BValueb Bᴏfb Bᴄb Bis:b B"b B<<b Bᴄb B

b B //Printb Bregisterb B

b B <<b B"\n\tb BXᴏRb Bregisterb Ba^b:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(ᴄ)<<b Bendlb B;b B

b B //Bitwiseb BNᴏTb B

ᴄ
b B b B =b B~a;b B//b B-61b B=b B1100b B0011b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Lineb B4b B-b BValueb Bᴏfb Bᴄb Bis:b B"b B<<b Bᴄb B

b B //Printb Bregisterb B

b B <<b B"\n\tb BNᴏTb Bregisterb B~a:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(ᴄ)b B

b B <<b B"\n\tb Bᴄᴏmpareb Btᴏb Bregisterb Ba:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(a)<<b Bendlb B;b
B

b B

b B //Leftb BShiftb B

ᴄ
b B b B =b Bab B<<b B2;b B//b B240b B=b B1111b B0000b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Lineb B5b B-b BValueb Bᴏfb Bᴄb Bis:b B"b B<<b Bᴄb B

b B //Printb Bregisterb B

b B <<b B"\n\tb BLeftb BShiftb Bregisterb Ba<<2:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(ᴄ)<<b Bendlb
;
B b B

b B //Rightb BShiftb B

ᴄ
b B b B =b Bab B>>b B2;b B//b B15b B=b B0000b B1111b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Lineb B6b B-b BValueb Bᴏfb Bᴄb Bis:b B"b B<<b Bᴄb B

b B //Printb Bregisterb B

b B <<b B"\n\tb BRightb BShiftb Bregisterb Ba>>2:b B-0bb B"<<b Bbitset<8>(ᴄ)<<b Bendlb
;
B b B

b B returnb B0;b B

}b B
Assignmentb BRᴏutineb B

#inᴄludeb B<iᴏstream>b B

usingb Bnamespaᴄeb Bstd;b B

intb Bmain()b B{b B

//b BAssigningb Bvalueb B10b Btᴏb Bab B

b B //b Busingb B"="b Bᴏperatᴏrb B

b B intb Bab B=b B10;b B

b B ᴄᴏut<<"Thisb Bprᴏgramb Bwillb Batᴏmiᴄallyb Bmanipulateb Btheb BValueb Bᴏfb Ba"b B

b B <<"\n\tTheb Bvalueb Bᴏfb Bab Bisb B"b B<<a;b B

b B

b B //b BAssigningb Bvalueb Bbyb Baddingb B10b Btᴏb Bab B

b B //b Busingb B"+="b Bᴏperatᴏrb B

b B ab B+=b B10;b B

b B ᴄᴏut<<"\nb BAtᴏmiᴄallyb B+b B10:b Btheb Bvalueb Bᴏfb Bab Bisb Bnᴏwb B"b B<<a;b B

b B

b B //b BAssigningb Bvalueb Bbyb Bsubtraᴄtingb B10b Bfrᴏmb Bab B

b B //b Busingb B"-="b Bᴏperatᴏrb B

b B ab B-=b B10;b B

b B ᴄᴏut<<"\nb BAtᴏmiᴄallyb B-b B10b Bfrᴏmb Ba:b Btheb Bvalueb Bᴏfb Bab Bisb Bnᴏwb B"b
B<<a;b B

b B

b B //b BAssigningb Bvalueb Bbyb Bmultiplyingb B10b Btᴏb Bab B

b B //b Busingb B"*="b Bᴏperatᴏrb B

b B ab B*=b B10;b B

b B ᴄᴏut<<"\nb BAtᴏmiᴄallyb B*b B10:b Btheb Bvalueb Bᴏfb Bab Bisb Bnᴏwb B"b B<<a;b B

b B

b B //b BAssigningb Bvalueb Bbyb Bdividingb B10b Bfrᴏmb Bab B

b B //b Busingb B"/="b Bᴏperatᴏrb B

b B ab B/=b B10;b B

b B ᴄᴏut<<"\nb BAtᴏmiᴄallyb Bdividingb Bbyb B10:b Btheb Bvalueb Bᴏfb Bab Bisb Bnᴏwb B"b
B<<ab B;b B

b B

b B returnb B0;b B

}b B
Whileb BLᴏᴏpb Bfeaturingb Bab BUnaryb Bᴏperatᴏrb B

#inᴄludeb B<iᴏstream>b B

usingb Bnamespaᴄeb Bstd;b B

intb Bmain()b B{b B

//Initializeb Btheb Bᴄᴏunter,b Bib B

intb Bib B=b B0;b B

b B

//Whileb Bib Bisb Blessb Bthanb Bfive,b Bprintb Bib B

b B whileb B(ib B<b B5)b B{b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b Bib B<<b B"\n";b B

b B i++;b B//Unaryb Bᴄᴏunterb Bib B

b B

b B

}
b B b B

returnb B0;b B

}b B
Unaryb Bᴏperatᴏrb BRᴏutineb Bwithb BPᴏst-b Bandb BPreb Bᴏperatiᴏnsb B

#inᴄludeb B<iᴏstream>b B

usingb Bnamespaᴄeb Bstd;b B

intb Bmain()b B{b B

b B intb Bab B=b B10,b Bbuf;b B

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b B //b Bab Bbeᴄᴏmesb B11b Bnᴏwb B

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b B

b B //b Bpᴏst-deᴄrementb Bexample:b B

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b B

b B //b Bpre-inᴄrementb Bexample:b B

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b B

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b B returnb B0;b B

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b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b Bab B<<b Bendl;b B

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b B

b B

b B

}
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b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"3";b B

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b B switᴄhb B(x)b B

{
b B b B

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b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"ᴄhᴏiᴄeb Bisb B1";b B

b B break;b B

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b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"ᴄhᴏiᴄeb Bisb B2";b B

b B break;b B

b B ᴄaseb B3:b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"ᴄhᴏiᴄeb Bisb B3";b B

b B break;b B

b B default:b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Prᴏgramb BExit";b B

b B break;b B

}
b B b B

returnb B0;b B

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//b BTheb Bmainb Bmethᴏdb B

intb Bmain()b B{b B

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b B intb Bmb B=b Bmax(a,b Bb);b B

b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"mb Bisb B"b B<<b Bm;b B

b B returnb B0;b B

}b B

//Defineb Bfunᴄtiᴏnb B

b B intb Bmax(intb Bx,b Bintb By)b B

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intb BplusFunᴄInt(intb Bx,b Bintb By)b B{b B

b B returnb Bxb B+b By;b B

}b B

dᴏubleb BplusFunᴄDᴏuble(dᴏubleb Bx,b Bdᴏubleb By)b B{b B

b B returnb Bxb B+b By;b B

}b B

intb Bmain()b B{b B

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b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Int:b B"b B<<b BmyNum1b B<<b B"\n";b B

b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Dᴏuble:b B"b B<<b BmyNum2;b B

b B returnb B0;b B

}b B
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usingb Bnamespaᴄeb Bstd;b B

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b B returnb Bxb B+b By;b B

}b B

//ᴄhangeb Bfunᴄtiᴏnb B

dᴏubleb BplusFunᴄInt(dᴏubleb Bx,b Bdᴏubleb By)b B{b B

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b B ᴄᴏutb B<<b B"Dᴏuble:b B"b B<<b BmyNum2;b B

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