(Almost?

) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Table 1: Formulae, Identities, Facts

Measurement
Circumference of a circle C  2 r
l  r , where  is measured in radians
Length of an arc 
l 2 r , where  is measured in degrees
360
1
A  bh
2
Area of a triangle
1
A  ab sin C , where C is measured in degrees
2
Area of a rectangle / parallelogram A  lb or A  bh
1
Area of a trapezium A  h( a  b )
2
1
Area of a kite / rhombus A  xy
2
Area of a circle A   r2
1
A  r 2 , where  is measured in radians
2
Area of a sector

A  r 2 , where  is measured in degrees
360
1
Area of a minor segment A  r 2 (  sin  ), where  is measured in radians
2
Surface area of a closed cylinder A  2 r 2  2 rh
Curved surface area of a cone A   rl , where l is the slant height
Surface area of a sphere A  4 r 2
Volume of a prism V  Ah
Volume of a cylinder V   r 2h
1
Volume of a pyramid V  Ah
3
1
Volume of a cone V   r 2h
3
4
Volume of a sphere V   r3
3
Factorisation
Difference of two squares a 2  b2  (a  b)(a  b)
Difference of two cubes a3  b3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b2 )
Sum of two cubes a3  b3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b2 )
Plane geometry
Pythagoras’ Theorem a 2  b2  c 2
Interior angle sum of a polygon S  (n  2) 180

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Probability
number of favourable outcomes
Probability of an event P(event) 
total number of outcomes
Real functions
Even function f ( x)  f ( x) for all values of x in the domain
Odd function f ( x)   f ( x)for all values of x in the domain
Circles
Centre (0, 0) x2  y 2  r 2
Centre (h, k ) ( x  h)2  ( y  k )2  r 2
Trigonometry
opposite side
Sine ratio sin  
hypotenuse
adjacent side
Cosine ratio cos  
hypotenuse
opposite side
Tangent ratio tan  
adjacent side

sin  cos  tan 

 1 3 1
30
6 2 2 3
Exact values  1 1
45 1
4 2 2
 3 1
60 3
3 2 2

a b c
Sine rule  
sin A sin B sin C
c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C
or
Cosine rule
a 2  b2  c2
cos C 
2ab
sin 
tan  
cos 
Identities sin 2   cos2   1
1  cot 2   cosec2 
tan 2   1  sec2 
Linear functions and lines
 x  x y  y2 
Midpoint between two points M 1 2, 1 
 2 2 
Distance between two points d  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
Perpendicular distance from a point ax1  by1  c
d
to a line a 2  b2

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

rise
m
run
Gradient of an interval
y y
m  2 1 or m  tan 
x2  x1
Gradient-intercept form of line y  mx  b
General form of line ax  by  c  0
Point-gradient formula y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y  y1 y2  y1
Two-point formula 
x  x1 x2  x1
The equation of a line passing
through the point of intersection of a1 x  b1 y  c1  k (a2 x  b2 y  c2 )  0
two lines
Parallel lines m1  m2
Perpendicular lines m1  m2  1
Series and applications
The nth term of an arithmetic series Tn  a  (n  1)d
n n
Sn   2a  (n  1)d  or Sn   a  l 
Sum to n terms of an arithmetic
series 2 2
n 1
The nth term of a geometric series Tn  ar
a(r n  1) a(1  r n )
Sum to n terms of a geometric series Sn  or Sn 
r 1 1 r
a
Limiting sum of a geometric series S  , if r  1
1 r
n
 r 
Compound interest An  P 1  
 100 
The tangent to a curve and the derivative of a function
dy f  x  h  f  x
Differentiation using first principles If y  f  x  , then  f ' ( x)  lim
dx h 0 h
dy
Derivative of x n If y  x n , then  nx n1
dx
If y  F (u ), where F is any differentiable function
Derivative of function of a function dy du
then  F ' (u )
dx dx
dy dv du
Derivative of product of functions If y  uv, then u v
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
Derivative of quotient of functions u dy
If y  , then  dx 2 dx
v dx v

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

The quadratic polynomial and the parabola

The quadratic function y  ax 2  bx  c
If ax 2  bx  c  0, then
Solution of a quadratic equation b  b 2  4ac
x , a0
2a
b
Axis of symmetry of parabola x
2a
Discriminant   b2  4ac
b
Sum of roots of quadratic equation   
a
c
Product of roots of quadratic  
equation a

Parabola with vertex (h, k ) and axis

( x  h)2  4a( y  k )
of symmetry parallel to the y -axis
Parabola with vertex (h, k ) and axis
( y  k )2  4a( x  h)
of symmetry parallel to the x -axis
Integration
ba
Trapezoidal rule (one application) A  f (a)  f (b) 
2
h
A   y0  2 y1  2 y2  2 y3  2 y4  ..........  yn 
Trapezoidal rule
(multiple applications) 2
ba   ab  
Simpson’s rule (one application) A  f (a )  4 f    f (b) 
6   2  
Simpson’s rule h
A   y0  4 y1  2 y2  4 y3  2 y4  ..........  yn 
(multiple applications) 3
x n 1
 x dx  n  1  C
n
Integral of x n

(ax  b)n 1
Integral of (ax  b)n    C
n
( ax b ) dx
a(n  1)
b
Area between a curve and x - axis A   y dx
a
b
Area between a curve and y - axis A   x dy
a
b
Area between two curves A   ( f ( x)  g ( x))dx
a
b
Volume of revolution around x - axis A    y 2 dx
a
b
Volume of revolution around y - axis A    x 2 dy
a

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Logarithmic and exponential functions

Exponents and logarithms a x  b  x  log a b
log c a
Change of base law logb a 
log c b
log a xy  log a x  log a y
x
Identities log a  log a x  log a y
y
log a xc  c log a x
dy
Derivative of e x If y  e x , then  ex
dx
dy
Derivative of e f ( x ) If y  e f ( x ) , then  f ' ( x )e f ( x )
dx
 e dx  e  C
x x
Integral of e x
1
e
ax  b
Integral of eax b dx  eax b  C
a
dy 1
Derivative of log e x If y  log e x  ln x, then 
dx x
dy f ' ( x)
Derivative of loge f ( x) If y  log e f ( x)  ln f ( x), then 
dx f ( x)
1 1
Integral of
x  x dx  ln x  C, x0

f ' ( x) f ' ( x)
Integral of
f ( x)  f ( x)
dx  ln f ( x)  C , x0

Trigonometric functions
dy
Derivative of sin x If y  sin x, then  cos x
dx
dy
Derivative of sin ax If y  sin ax, then  a cos ax
dx
dy
Derivative of sin f ( x) If y  sin f ( x), then  f ' ( x) cos f ( x)
dx
dy
Derivative of cos x If y  cos x, then   sin x
dx
dy
Derivative of cos ax If y  cos ax, then  a sin ax
dx
dy
Derivative of cos f ( x) If y  cos f ( x), then   f ' ( x)sin f ( x)
dx
dy
Derivative of tan x If y  tan x, then  sec2 x
dx
dy
Derivative of tan ax If y  tan ax, then  a sec2 ax
dx
dy
Derivative of tan f ( x) If y  tan f ( x), then  f ' ( x)sec2 f ( x)
dx

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Integral of sin x  sin x dx   cos x  C

1
Integral of sin (ax  b)  sin(ax  b) dx   a cos(ax  b)  C
Integral of cos x  cos x dx  sin x  C
1
Integral of cos (ax  b)  cos(ax  b) dx  a sin(ax  b)  C
 sec x dx  tan x  C
2
Integral of sec2 x
1
Integral of sec2 (ax  b)  sec (ax  b) dx  a tan(ax  b)  C
2

Applications of calculus to the physical world

D
Average speed S
T
dN
Exponential growth and decay N  Aekt can be used as the solution of  kN
dt

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Table 2: Number plane graphs that NSW Mathematics (2 Unit)

students are required to draw by hand or recognise from memory
horizontal lines square root sine curve
y 1 y x y  sin x

vertical lines exponential cosec curve

x 1 ye x y  cosec x

oblique lines logarithm cosine curve

yx y  loge x or y  ln x y  cos x

absolute value hyperbola secant curve

y x 1 y  sec x
y
x

parabola circle tangent curve

yx 2
x  y 1
2 2 y  tan x

cubic semicircle cotangent curve

yx 3 y  cot x
y  1 x 2

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Table 3: Plane geometry definitions, theorems, facts, properties

and terminology
Angles, including those associated with parallel lines and transversals

The sum of the angles in a right angle is 90o.

The sum of the angles in a straight angle is 180o.

Three points are collinear if they form a straight angle.

The sum of angles about a point is 360o.

When two lines meet, vertically opposite angles are equal.

Alternate angles on parallel lines are equal.

Corresponding angles on parallel lines are equal.

Co-interior angles on parallel lines are supplementary.

Two lines are parallel if a pair of alternate angles are equal.

Two lines are parallel if a pair of corresponding angles are equal.

Two lines are parallel if a pair of co-interior angles are supplementary.

If a family of parallel lines cuts equal intercepts on one transversal, then it does so on all
transversals.
Parallel lines preserve ratios of intercepts on transversals.

Triangles
The longest side in a triangle is opposite the largest angle and the shortest side is opposite the
smallest angle.
For a triangle to exist, the sum of the two shorter sides in a triangle must be greater than the
longest side.
The interior angle sum of a triangle is 180o.

A scalene triangle is a triangle with no two sides equal in length.

An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two sides equal in length.

An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all three sides equal in length.

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles.

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

The angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are equal.

The sides opposite equal angles of a triangle are equal.

All angles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle are 60o.

Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the other
triangle. (The SSS Test)
Two triangles are congruent if two sides of one triangle are equal to two sides of the other
triangle and the angles included by these sides are equal. (The SAS Test)
Two triangles are congruent if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other
triangle and one pair of corresponding sides is equal. (The AAS Test)
Two right-angled triangles are congruent if their hypotenuses are equal and a pair of sides is
also equal. (The RHS Test)
Two triangles are similar if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other
triangle.
Two triangles are similar if the ratios of two pairs of corresponding sides are equal and the
angles included by these sides are equal.
Two triangles are similar if the ratios of the three pairs of sides are equal.
Two triangles are similar if the hypotenuse and a second side of a right-angled triangle are
proportional to the hypotenuse and a second side of another right-angled triangle.
An interval parallel to a side of a triangle divides the other sides in the same ratio.
An interval joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half
its length.
In a right angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on
the other two sides.
A triangle is right-angled if the square on the longest side is equal to the sum of the squares
on the other two sides.
Quadrilaterals

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360o.

Definitions and properties for the special quadrilaterals

A trapezium is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel.

A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal.
Properties of a kite:
 One diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal
 One diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles
 The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular
 A kite has one axis of symmetry
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
Properties of a parallelogram:
 The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel
 The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

 The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal

 The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
A rhombus is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides equal in length.
Properties of a rhombus:
 The opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel
 All sides of a rhombus are equal
 The opposite angles of a rhombus are equal
 The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the opposite angles
 The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
 The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular
 A rhombus has two axes of symmetry
A rectangle is a parallelogram with one angle a right angle.
Properties of a rectangle:
 The opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel
 The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal
 All angles at the vertices of a rectangle are 90o
 The diagonals of a rectangle are equal
 The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other
 A rectangle has two axes of symmetry
A square is a rectangle with a pair of adjacent sides equal.
Properties of a square:
 Opposite sides of a square are parallel
 All sides of a square are equal
 All angles at the vertices of a square are 90o
 The diagonals of a square are equal
 The diagonals of a square bisect the opposite angles
 The diagonals of a square bisect each other
 The diagonals of a square are perpendicular
 A square has four axes of symmetry
Tests for special quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a trapezium if:
 It has one pair of parallel sides
A quadrilateral is a kite if:
 Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal
or
 The diagonals meet at right angles and one of them is bisected by the other
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if:
 both pairs of opposite sides are parallel
or
 both pairs of opposite sides are equal
or
 both pairs of opposite angles are equal
or
 the diagonals bisect each other (i.e. the diagonals have the same midpoint)
or
 one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel

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 (Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination
(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

A quadrilateral is a rhombus if:

 all sides are equal
or
 diagonals bisect each other at right angles
or
 the diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
or
 a pair of adjacent sides are equal and opposite angles are equal
A quadrilateral is a rectangle if:
 the diagonals are equal and they bisect each other
or
 it has three right angles
or
 it has two pairs of parallel sides and one right angle
or
 it has two pairs of opposite sides equal and one right angle
A quadrilateral is a square if:
 it has four equal sides and one right angle
or
 the diagonals are equal, bisect each other and meet at right angles
Polygons

The angle sum of a n -sided polygon is (n  2) 180 .

The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360o.

A regular polygon has all sides equal and all interior angles equal.

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