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4 - Lesson 1 and 2 - Management of Domestic Sewage
4 - Lesson 1 and 2 - Management of Domestic Sewage
MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC
SEWAGE
Chapter Outline
• Introduction –Some definitions, How important is Sanitation,
what are the global/international and local perspectives, sanitation
coverage in Uganda, Objectives of sanitation provision, factors
affecting selection of a sanitation system.
AND SPECIFICALLY:
for women: reduce the risk of rape and/or attack experienced when
going to public latrines or the bush to defecate.
for girls: reduce school absenteeism by staying at home during
menstruation.
Objectives of providing sanitation Cont’d
Beyond improving public health and minimizing
environmental pollution as well as other reasons
stated above, there are also economic benefits of
improved sanitation include:
• Sustainable Development
Goal 6 aims to:
ensure availability and
sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all.
Under GOAL 6, the targets are
• 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe
and affordable drinking water for all
• 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable
sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying
special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations
• 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution,
eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated
wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe
reuse globally
• 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across
all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of
freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce
the number of people suffering from water scarcity
Under GOAL 6, the targets are
• 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources
management at all levels, including through transboundary
cooperation as appropriate
• 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems,
including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and
lakes
• 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-
building support to developing countries in water- and
sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water
harvesting,
• desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling
and reuse technologies
• 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local
communities in improving water and sanitation management
WASH Sector SDGs and Related Targets/Indicators
GOAL SDG GLOBAL TARGET SDG GLOBAL INDICATOR
Ending open 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and 6.2.1 Population practising open
defecation equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and defecation
end open defecation, paying special attention
to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations
Achieving 1.4 By 2030, ensure all men and women, in 1.4.1 Population living in households
universal particular the poor and vulnerable, have with access to basic services
access to basic equal rights to economic resources, as well (including basic drinking water,
services as access to basic services….. sanitation and hygiene)
Progress 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and 6.2.1 Population using safely
towards safely equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and managed sanitation services
managed end open defecation, paying special attention 6.2.1 Population with a basic
services to the needs of women and girls and those in handwashing facility with soap
vulnerable situations and water available on premises
FSM AND THE SDGs – WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
SERVICE LEVEL DEFINITION
SAFELY MANAGED Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households
and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and
treated offsite
BASIC Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households
Sewerage is
too costly for Focus on OSS Informal
whole city toilet settlements
populations installations neglected
GENERATION AT
USER INTERFACE STORAGE COLLECTION & TRANSPORT TREATMENT REUSE
• High costs of on- • Poorly constructed • Lack of price regulation for • Lack of sufficient • Lack of innovations to
site sanitation that can’t contain FS emptying services, capacity to treat FS improve Resource
facilities, • Poorly operated • Poor access to oss systems • Lack of Recovery,
• Lack of innovations containment – non (septic tanks/pit latrines etc), decentralized • Lack of government support
to improve OSS faecal material • Long haulage distances to FSTPs wastewater/FS – FS valorisation needs
provision fractions high coupled with traffic jams treatment facilities Gov’t support – Payment
for environmental benefits!
Challenge of providing OSS
PIT COLLAPSE!
Various forms of
scavenging, by
animals, and by
people
Depth (MOH guidelines) 5m (1.5m above WT), Allow 0.5m free space at the top of the pit to
allow for demolition, emptying, avoids splashing, etc. Allowance
should be made if hard materials e.g. leaves, stones, etc. are used for
anal cleansing.
Typical design life 4 – 15 years (usually 10 years is desired)
Wet pit is where the pit is extended below the ground water table as opposed to dry pit where the
pit is not extended below the ground water table
Solids accumulation rate
Excreta deposited in the pit have two essential components:
Volume of Pit (m3) = Sludge Accumulation Rate × Number of Users × Design Life
(m3/person/year) (persons) (years)
V = CxPxN
Where V = effective pit volume, C = sludge accumulation rate
P = number of persons who will be using the latrine, N = Design life in years
Design of pit latrine cont’d
• The total pit size for a pit latrine not exceeding 4.0 m in depth
can be determined using the following relationship V =
1.33xCxPxN
• Qn: Design a low-cost simple pit latrine for a family of six persons. The soil in the
area is fairly permeable and stable. The ground water table is 5m below the
ground level. Determine the size of the pit required for a period of five years. The
family uses water for anal cleansing. HINT, consider the pit as a dry pit, i.e, pit is
not extended below the ground water table. Thus from table 3, C = 0.06 m3/c/yr.
Further, consider a circular pit, usually in range of 1.0 -1. 5 m diameter, for this
case, lets consider a diameter of 1.25m. Thus V = 2.4 m, Cross sectional pit area =
1.23 m, hence depth of pit = 1.95m, Take 2m. Please note that a rectangular pit
can also be considered. If we take 1.25 x 1.25 m; the required depth becomes 1.54
m. Choose a depth of 1.7m
Advantages of pit latrines
• Least costly
• Easily constructed and maintained
• Structurally safe and therefore free from
the risk of children falling into it and thus
less frightening for children
• Prevents hook worm transmission; and
• Offers a better solution than open
defecation and unhygienic hanging latrines
Disadvantages of pit latrines
• Flies lay their eggs in faeces within poorly
built latrines. Increase in the fly population
increases spread of diseases caused by
the faecal pathogens they carry
• Odour nuissance
• Improper lining of pits may lead to collapse
of the super structure
Question
• In an effort to discourage people from open
defecation, the local authority in a village offers
pre-cast concrete rings of 1.0 m diameter and
concrete slabs to cover the pits at a very
subsidized rate. Design a simple pit latrine for an
average family of 7 persons who use water for
anal cleansing. The ground water table is below
5.0 m and the latrine is to serve a family for at
least 4 years.
End of Presentation
~ Thanks for
listening