2017 14th IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition

Comic characters detection using deep learning

Nhu-Van NGUYEN, Christophe RIGAUD, Jean-Christophe BURIE
L3i laboratory, University of Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
Email: {nhu-van.nguyen, christophe.rigaud, jcburie}@univ-lr.fr

Abstract—Comic characters detection has been an interesting coherent [9].

area in comic analysis as it not only allows more efficient
indexation and retrieval for comic books but also yields an
adequate understanding of comics so as to help better creating
the digital form of comic books. In recent years, several methods
that have been proposed to extract/detect characters from
comics, have given reasonable performance. However, they
always use their datasets to evaluate the methods without
comparing with other works or experimenting on a standard
dataset. In this work, we take advantage of the recent and
significant development of deep learning to apply it to comic
character detection. We use the latest object detection deep
networks to train the comic characters detector based on our
proposed dataset. By experimenting on our proposed dataset and
also on available datasets from previous works, we have found
that this method significantly outperforms existing methods. We Fig. 1. Examples of comic characters with many variants regarding
believe that this state-of-the-art approach can be considered as a shapes, colors, stroke styles and textures. Image from eBDtheque [8].
reliable baseline method to compare and better understand Best viewed in color.
future detection techniques. In this work, we focus on task of comic character
detection. Among primary tasks of comics analysis, comics
I. INTRODUCTION characters detection is the most difficult part. Balloons, panels
Since the 19th century, a graphic art called “comic books” and texts are semi-structured components. They follow few
is used to tell a story. Comic books are made by combining conventions widely adopted by comic book’s authors to avoid
text and graphic. Initially, comics was printed on paper, but confusing the reader [13, 14]. However, the authors are
nowadays digital comic books become more popular and are entirely free in their drawing of comic characters. Comic
produced and reused in many projects, such as The Digital characters detection is also different from human detection
Comic Museum1, Cité internationale de la bande dessinée et even through many comics are reproductions of human life
de l’image2 in France and the Grand Comics Database3, DC situations. Comic characters are hand drawn and therefore
Comics4 from Warner Bros, and comiXology5 recently much more variant regarding deformation, shape and
acquired by Amazon.com [9]. appearance than real life humans [10, 11, 12]. Hence, we can
not directly apply human detection based methods on comics.
Digital comic content is produced mainly to facilitate
This difficulty is one of the reasons why there are very few
reading on screens of devices such as computers, tablets or
works on comic character detection, including its variants such
mobile phones. However, to enhance traditional collections,
as comic face detection or comic character retrieval.
we need to transform paper comics into a new digital form
adapted to the medium in which the comic is read (e.g. In [1, 2], the authors have proved that Viola-Jones
smartphone, web page, 3D book). Digitized comic book detection framework [3] is sufficient for detecting faces in
analysis can then be investigated to help the creation of comics mangas (Japanese comics). However, in [4] the authors show
in a digital form or to enhance user experience. This field of that prior techniques for face detection and face recognition
research includes components extraction and relations analysis for real people’s faces (including [3]) can hardly be applied to
[9], style analysis [32] and information retrieval [7, 17]. While colored comics characters because comics characters faces
information retrieval research domain has a long history, the differ from real people faces considerably in respect of organ
creation of comics in a digital form is quite new. Component positions, sizes and color shades. They proposed another face
extraction (e.g. panel, balloon, text, comic characters) and detection method using skin color regions and edges. In [5],
their relations (e.g. read before, said by, thought by, addressed the authors profit from color attributes to boost object
to) are necessary to reconstruct the story by creating the links detection task, especially for comic character detection.
between elements based on their initial order to keep the story
Another approach using graph theory have been proposed
1 by [6]. The authors have detected the comic characters by
http://digitalcomicmuseum.com/ representing each panel as an attributed adjacency graph in
2
http://collections.citebd.org/ which color regions are used as nodes. With a similar idea, the
3
http://www.comics.org/ work in [7] uses SIFT descriptor with redundant information
4
http://www.dccomics.com/ classification to also find the most repeated elements.
5
http://www.comixology.com/

2379-2140/17 $31.00 © 2017 IEEE 41

DOI 10.1109/ICDAR.2017.290
Authorized licensed use limited to: Kwame Nkrumah Univ of Science and Technology. Downloaded on April 07,2024 at 07:40:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Some other works focus on character retrieval. The work
in [15] shows good results for character retrieval using local
feature extraction and the approximate nearest neighbors
(ANN) search. In [16], authors use Frequent Subgraph Mining
(FSM) techniques for comic image browsing using query-by-
example (QBE) model. In [17], authors propose a manga-
specific image-describing framework. It consists of efficient
margin labeling, edge orientation histogram feature
description and approximate nearest-neighbor search using
product quantization.
In previous works, most of the authors focus on designing
handcrafted features to represent comic characters. The
extracted features are used to detect or retrieve characters from
comic pages or panels. Although the existing methods give
reasonable performances, they always use their datasets to
evaluate the methods without comparing with other works or
experimenting on a standard dataset.
In this paper, we present a new approach based on Deep
Neural Networks, thanks to its recent significant development.
We also propose a new dataset including ground-truth for
comic character. We show that with a thorough training on the
proposed dataset, we can outperform the current state-of-the-
art comic character detection, even on other datasets without
the need tore-train. A comparison on available datasets from
previous works is presented. This state-of-the-art comic
characters detection could be considered as a reliable baseline
method for developing future detection techniques.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In the next
section, an overview of deep learning object detection is
presented. The proposed dataset and three available datasets
are detailed in section III. The experiment result and
discussion are given in section IV.
II. DEEP LEARNING AND COMICS CHARACTER DETECTION
A. Deep neural networks
Neural networks in general and convolutional neural
networks for computer vision have been introduced for a long
time but they are really well developed recently since a
breakthrough paper in 2012 [18]. The network model in [18]
wins the 2012 ImageNet competition, with a significant
improvement on image classification about 11% (error rate
from 26% to 15%), an immense improvement at that time.
Lately, deep neural networks were well studied in many big
companies and labs all over the world in different domains.
The most popular use case of these networks is for computer
vision.
However, the complicated deep learning models and its
underlying working processes are still difficult to understand
for machine learning experts [20]. While it is
incomprehensible of when and why a deep model works [21,
31], the development of recent deep models typically relies on
a substantial amount of trial-and-error [19, 20, 21]. Deep
CNNs are still well developed and have significant
achievements in most computer vision tasks such as image
classification, detection, localization and more. To our
knowledge, only one work on comics analysis have used deep
learning before [22], the author use CNNs to analyze four-
scene comics and their transition.
42
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B. Convolutional neural networks for object detection
In our work, we are interested in object detection task
using deep learning: given an individual image, we would like
to be able to delimit with a bounding box all the objects
(comic characters). The standard approach to do the object
detection is to use a CNN classifier on different sub-windows
or regions extracted from the image. After the classification,
the CNNs will adjust the object localization (bounding boxes)
by minimizing the error of predicted localization against the
ground truth localizations.
Today, most of the researches focus on methodologies of
regions proposal which aims at reducing the number of
regions to classify [23, 27, 33] and improving the localization
accuracy. The simplest technique is to run classification on all
the regions formed by sliding different sized windows all
through the image [22], but there are a huge number of regions
to classify. In [23] author uses a region proposal algorithm like
selective search [26] which generates about 2000 potential
regions. In [27] the authors propose a spatial pyramid pooling
(SPP) technique which allows to reduce the computation time.
In [28], the Fast-RCNN method improves SSP by combining
classification network and localization network which reduces
the overall training time and increases the accuracy. Recently,
Faster-RCNN approach uses region proposal network (RPN)
to achieve the state-of-the-art performance in the field [30].
Lastly, at the beginning of 2017, another method named
YOLOv2 have been introduced. In this method, object
detection is treated as a single regression problem, straight
from image pixels to bounding box coordinates and class
probabilities [24]. This method has the state-of-the-art
accuracy and it is faster than Faster-RCN.
We have trained the two state-of-the-art deep neural
networks: Faster RCNN and YOLOv2 with our Sequencity612
dataset. In our experiment, YOLOv2 model is slightly better in
term of accuracy. We have learned YOLOv2 model from
scratch and also refined the Darknet’s model. We have kept
the later because it gives better results.
C. YOLOv2 model
YOLOv2 [24] is the improved version of the model
YOLOv1 of the same author. The idea of YOLO is to divide
the image into a grid of SxS cells. For each cell, the YOLOv1
model will predict B bounding boxes. Each bounding box


is characterized by the following parameters that have to be
optimized:















where (x,y) is the center of


, (w, h) is width and height of

,

 is the probability that
an object has its center located inside the cell,





is the
conditional probability of the class c for this

,


which
is the set of defined classes to detect. While YOLOv1 predicts
the coordinates of bounding boxes directly using fully
connected layers on top of the convolutional feature extractor,
the YOLOv2 predicts bounding boxes using hand-picked
priors as introduced in Faster-RCNN[30]. But instead of
predicting offsets of bounding boxes as Faster-RCNN,
YOLOv2 predicts location coordinates relatively to the
location of the grid cell as YOLOv1. However, while
YOLOv1 uses fully connected layers together with
convolutional layers, YOLOv2 uses only convolutional layers.
 Figure 2 shows the base model used in YOLOv2, which
has 19 convolutional layers and 5 maxpooling layers. For the
detection task, YOLOv2 replaces the last convolutional layer
by three 3×3 convolutional layers with 1024 filters, each
followed by a final 1×1 convolutional layer with the number
of outputs we need for detection.
Fig. 2. Darknet-19 model used in YOLOv2
In order to detect comic characters, we train the YOLOv2
model on Sequencity612 train set and test on Sequencity612
test set (see section III.A). While convolutional neural
networks like Faster-RCNN or YOLOv2 are used to identify
homogeneous classes (e.g. human, animal or other objects),
comic characters are almost heterogeneous in term of shapes,
colors, and textures. For example, comic characters may be
object-like, human-like, animal-like, or others imaginary
characters as shown on Figure 1. In this work, we experiment
two types of character detection; the first one detects
characters as a one-class detector and the second one is a
multiple-class detector.
III. COMIC CHARACTER DETECTION
In this research, we have analyzed the performance and
features of the deep learning approach for comic characters
detection on our proposed dataset Sequencity612 and three
available datasets from previous work: Fahad18 dataset [5],
Sun60 dataset [7] and Ho42 dataset [6].
A. Sequencity612 dataset
For our experiments, we propose a dataset called
Sequencity612. It is extracted from the online comic book
library Sequencity6. This library is composed by 140000
pages of comics from europe/america and mangas from Japan.
We randomly selected 1000 comic pages and removed pages
containing covers, preface and pages without comic
characters. There were 612 pages left where at least one
6 7
https://www.sequencity.com
43
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character appear. We made ground truth bounding boxes for
all characters, small or big, speaking or not and in the
background. Because the Sequencity comics are private, we
cannot provide the images, but we provide the ground truth
and corresponding album names and page numbers for anyone
who wants to access the images7. Sequencity612 is split into
three sets: training set of 500 images, validating set of 50
images and testing set of 62 images. The three image lists for
the training set, the validating set and the testing set will also
be publicly available. To our knowledge, this is the largest
dataset for comic characters.
To create the ground-truth for Sequencity612, we have
identified five different types of characters that we classified
into: human-like, near human-like, far human-like, animal-like
and manga characters (from japanese mangas). Three people
have done the ground truth based on 5 targeted classes.
B. Fahad18 dataset
Fahad18 dataset is a collection of 586 images of 18
favorite cartoon characters obtained from Google [5]. There
are 18 cartoon characters in this dataset: Bart, Homer, Marge,
Lisa (The Simpsons), Fred and Barney (the Flintstones), Tom,
Jerry, Sylvester, Tweety, Bugs, Daffy, Scooby, Shaggy,
Roadrunner, Coyote, Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse. In the
whole dataset, the number of images for each character is
ranging from 28 (Marge) to 85 (Tom). Note that an image may
contain more than one character.
Fig. 3. Samples from Fahad18 dataset. Best viewed in color.
C. Ho42 dataset
Ho42 [6] is a collection 42 comic pages which are used to
evaluate the redundant character detection in [6]. According to
the authors, a redundant character is a character that appears at
least two times in a page.
D. Sun60 dataset
The dataset used in [7] for the task character detection is a
collection of 60 comic pages from 6 comic tiles. This
collection is taken from eBDtheque [8] which is composed by
100 comic pages. Unfortunately we couldn’t get the selection
of 60 images from the authors so we use eBDtheque dataset
instead.
The eBDtheque (Figure 1) database is a selection of one
https://bitbucket.org/l3ivan/sequencity612

Fig. 4. Samples from Ho42 dataset. Best viewed in color.
hundred comic pages from America, Japan (manga) and
Europe8. The dataset includes annotation of four different
types of objects: text lines, balloons, panels and characters.
The position property is defined by the coordinates of the
bounding boxes that includes all the pixels of the object.
In this research, we experimented and compared our
results with available datasets from [5, 6, 7]. Because [5, 6, 7]
require extracted panels to detect characters inside panels. We
chose to use the same setting and extract panels by using the
algorithm in [28]. Panel positions will be provided with the
ground truth link9. While the objectives of [6, 7] on Sun60
and Ho42 datasets are not the same as ours, we have tried our
model on these datasets to prove its effectiveness as we can
detect more characters with our model than existing works
without additional knowledge. In contrast, we do not show the
comparison with methods in [6, 7] on Sequencity612 dataset
because they perform poorly due to their requirements that fit
only a limited subset of this dataset. For example, the Ho42
dataset needs images with repeated color characters on each
comic's page, which is not the case of Sequencity612.
Similarly, Fahad’s work requires only rich colors images.
IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
To evaluate detection performance, we follow the
PASCAL VOC evaluation criteria [29]. We report the
interpolated average precision (AP%) and the precision-recall
curve. Average precision computes the average value of
precision p(r) over the recall intervals from r=0.0 to r=1.0
(see Formula 1). The PASCAL Visual Object Classes
challenge (a well-known benchmark for object detection in
computer vision) computes average precision by averaging the
precision over a set of evenly spaced recall levels {0, 0.1,
0.2, ... 1.0}.

cartoon images, which have different styles compared to




























where p_interp(r) is an interpolated precision that takes the
maximum precision over all recalls greater than r.






















Some visual results of our experiments (purple bounding
boxes) are shown in the figures 1, 3 and 4.
8
http://ebdtheque.univ-lr.fr/database/
9
https://bitbucket.org/l3ivan/sequencity612
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A. Sequencity612 dataset
The results of experiments on the Sequencity612 dataset
are presented in Figure. 5. We have compared the one-class
detector versus 5-classes detector for the task of character
detection. By observing the precision-recall curve, we can
confirm the effectiveness of the 5-classes model (dividing
character into multiple classes). Although the one-class model
has a little advantage when we care only about precision (the
recall is less necessary according to the application), the
precision is often better for the 5-classes model (when the
recall > 0.3). Moreover the 5-classes model can achieve higher
recall (0.88) while the recall of the one-class model reach
0.81. Even if the five classes that we have identified are not
indeed representing the diversity of comic characters, they are
still more homogeneous than a single class. This characteristic
is the reason why the 5-classes model performs better than the
one-class model (see Figure. 5).
Fig. 5. Results on Sequencity612 dataset for one-class and 5-classes
models. The precision-recall curves show that one-class model is slightly
better when recall is small (<0.2). However, 5-classes model gives an
overall better performance.
B. Fahad18 dataset
In [5], the authors used color attributes as an explicit color
representation for object detection. They proved that their
method is most effective for comic characters in which color
plays a pivotal role. In this section, we present the result of our
approach on the Fahad18 dataset. The Fahad18 dataset is
divided into two sets. A training set of 304 comic images and
a testing sets of 182 comic images. To evaluate detection
performance, the authors follow the PASCAL VOC evaluation
criteria [29]. Although, the Fahad18 dataset is composed of
(1) comic images. We can prove the effectiveness of deep
learning approach compared to the method in [5] by using the
same setting as this paper to train and test our model. Table I
shows results on Fahad18 dataset of our 18-classes model and
(2) results of [5]. Fahad18 dataset contains 586 images of 18
classes. The AP% for 18 classes are shown with the mean
AP% over all classes in the last column. Note that the
proposed approach outperforms the method presented in [5]
with the detection and recognition of 14/18 classes and it gives
a significant improvement for the meanAP about 18.1%. The
proposed approach shows higher performance than [5].
However, there are 4/18 classes where the method in [5] gives
better results than our approach: bart, marge, lisa, barney.
44
 TABLE I. RESULTS ON FAHAD18 DATASET
bart homer marge lisa fred barney tom jerry sylvester tweety buggs daffy scooby shaggy roadrunner coyote donaldduck micky meanAP
Fahad 72.3 40.4 43.4 89.8 72.8 55.1 32.8 52.3 32.9 51.4 22.2 35.6 19.8 25.2 21.9 10.0 27.9 45.3 41.7
[5]
This 63.6 60.6 41.7 65.6 78.5 54.5 84.5 59.1 54.5 56.1 54.5 60.3 65.4 61.4 60.5 63.1 42.4 59.3 59.8
paper

TABLE II. NUMBER OF EXAMPLES IN TRAINING SET FOR 18 CLASSES

bart homer marge lisa fred barney tom jerry sylvester tweety buggs daffy scooby shaggy roadrunner coyote donaldduck mickymouse

Frequency in 19 17 14 16 30 15 43 42 28 21 62 23 31 26 21 26 25 20
training set

Note that these classes come from the same cartoon: The redundant character has been detected in 71.4% of the pages.
Simpsons. This lower AP% may originate from small number Partial characters have been detected in 9.6% of the Ho42
of training samples. The Table II shows the numbers of dataset. For the rest, characters have been detected but only
examples in the training set for 18 classes. These 4 classes are one time.
in the last five in terms of training instances (the five classes
are: bart, homer, marge, lisa and barney). This is a potential
indicator that the deep learning approach may be more
sensitive to the number of class instances in the training set
than other approaches.
We have also tested directly our model learnt from
Sequencity612 dataset on Fahad18 dataset. This model can
only find characters without knowing the specific class among
the 18 classes of Fahad18. The mean average precision (mAP)
of this experiment is 43.77%. This result is quite below the
previous result and it is reasonable because of the difference
between cartoon images (Fahad18) and comics images
(Sequencity612). We can see that the mAP is higher than [5],
however, [5] can detect the class of the characters. Fig. 6. Results on Sun60 dataset. Precision-recall curves in %.
C. Sun60 and Ho42 datasets
For both datasets, authors don’t use any training. They
applied the algorithms directly to detect characters. Therefore,
we will use these datasets to prove the effectiveness of our
approach by applying the model trained on the Sequencity612
dataset to these two datasets without re-training it. Table III
shows the results of character detection taken in the paper [7].
While we know that the Sun60 dataset of 60 comic pages used
in [7] is a subset of eBDtheque we did not know exactly which
60 comics pages of eBDtheque are used. So we tested multiple
sets of 60 comics pages which are randomly taken from
eBDtheque and compute the average results. In [7], the authors
have not reported the precision recall curve, but final values of
precision and recall: 35.48% for the recall and 79.73% for the Fig. 7. Precision-recall curve of our method on Ho42 dataset.
precision. Figure 6 depicts the results of our method. When the
recall is 35.48%, the precision is about 85% (compare to TABLE III. RESULTS OF CHARACTER DETECTION IN [7]
79,43% of [7]). And when the precision is 79.73%, the recall Title 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean
is about 51% (compare to 35.48% of [7]). This result is Recall (%) 23 36 50 33.3 23.6 47 35.48
obviously better than [7]. Precision (%) 72 81.8 68 100 57 97.8 79.43

In [6], the inexact graph matching is used to automatically
localize the most frequent color group apparitions and label
them as main characters. Their experiment was carried out
with the Ho42 dataset where all pages contain at least one
redundant character and each page consists of 4 panels. They
evaluated the method by verifying if the algorithm is able to
detect redundancies in each comic page and not in the whole
album. To evaluate algorithm performance, the detection is
considered as valid if the redundancy condition is true. It
means that at least one redundant character should be detected
in a page. Table III presents the results of [6]. At least one
Fig. 7 depicts the result of our method on the Ho42 dataset.
The precision-recall curve shows a very high performance.
While [6] can detect at least 2 characters on 81% of pages, our
method can detect almost 92% of characters on the whole
dataset. Note that the algorithm in [6] can detect redundant
characters without training a model while our approach can
detect character in the Ho42 dataset with a model trained on
another non-related dataset (Sequencity612).
D. Conclusion
To make digital comic books be used on a large scale in

45

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