STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES) REPORT

CONDUCTED AT

DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTER

ABRAKA, DELTA STATE

BY

OYAWIRI ESEOGHENE HARTLEY

CFB/20/21/268278

PRESENTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS

FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE

DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY, ABRAKA, DELTA STATE.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Special thanks to God Almighty for this great achievement.

Sincere gratitude goes to the director of SIWES, staff members of the SIWES unit,
SIWES coordinator of the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
Warm appreciation goes to my Industry Based Supervisor Pharm. Ikuni Precious, and all staff of
Delta State University Health Center Abraka, Delta State.
Thank you for the love and knowledge impacted.
I also express my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to the Head of Department of
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and my institution based supervisor,
Finally, my gratitude goes to my parents and to my colleagues.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Acknowledgement-------------------------------------------------------------------
Table of Content ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 History of SIWES --------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Objectives of Industrial Training Scheme ------------------------------------ 1
1.3 History of Delta State University Abraka, Delta State ---------------------- 1
1.4 Organizational Chart ------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.5 The Health Center Pharmacy Department ------------------------------------ 2
1.6 Education and Training ---------------------------------------------------------- 3
CHAPTER TWO: ROUTINE OPERATIONS/SERVICES
2.1 Nature of Work
2.2 Specific Work Done
2.3 Dispensary Regimens
CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE
3.1 Prescription Handling
3.2 Prescription keys and their interpretations
3.3 Drug Labeling
3.4 Drug Nomenclature
CHAPTER FOUR: PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSES OF SOME DRUGS AND
DRUG
FORMULATION
4.1 Pharmacological Classes of Drugs
4.2 Drug Formulation
CHAPTER FIVE: DISEASES DISCUSED DURING CLINICAL MEETINGS
AND PHARMACOLOGY OF SOME SPECIFIC DRUGS
5.1 Disease Discussed
5.2 Specific Drugs Pharmacology and Indications
CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusion
6.3 Recommendations
References

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 ABSTRACT

This report covers the whole aspect of learning and experience gathered during the six months
industrial training attachment at Delta State University Health Center, Abraka, Delta State. The
Pharmacy Department consists of dispensary units, main stores, etc.
First and foremost, I was introduced to the various pharmacy regimens which ranges from
decoding prescription languages, assessment of prescriptions, documentation as no pharmacy is
able to function optimally without record keeping. Besides these above listed tasks, I was taught
how to perform others tasks like; Store requisition, Prepackaging of commonly dispensed drugs
mostly Over-The-Counter (OTC) drugs, how to maintain a good relationship with the members
of the health care team and other staff of the Health center in general. The content of this report
have been prepared in a simple systematic manner to ease comprehension.

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 History of SIWES:

SIWES was introduced in 1973 by the Federal Government of Nigeria. It is an effort to
bridge the gap existing between theory and practical in the sciences, Engineering, Agriculture
and other professional educational program in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Students in their
penultimate year are attached to reputable establishments as part of Government efforts towards
providing adequate skills and training for students of higher institutions of learning. The Federal
Government provides funds through the Industrial Training Funds (ITF) in an attempt to sustain
the industrial training program (spanning from 3-18 months). The scheme is a program involving
institution-based supervisors, the students and industry-based supervisors.

1.2 Objectives of Industrial Training Scheme:

Objectives of the student industrial work experience scheme are:

1. To promote and encourage the acquisition of skill in industries.
2. It affords students the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience
in handling machineries and equipment which are usually not available in the educational
institutions.
3. To expose student to new industrial development and innovations.
4. To appreciate the importance of good communication skills and to develop the skills.
5. To enable educational institutions to produce highly qualified graduates with sound theoretical
and practical knowledge in their respective disciplines.

1.3 History of Delta State University, Abraka

Delta State University, Abraka has been historically recorded as a Centre of Education. It
started as a Government Teachers’ Training College during the colonial era and some years into
the post-colonial era. It became a College of Education that was awarded the Nigerian Certificate
of Education (N.C.E.) from 1971 to 1985. In 1981, it was affiliated to the University of Benin,
Benin City and consequently offered degree programs from 1981 till 1985 when it became the
Faculty of Education of the then Bendel State University with its main campus at Ekpoma. The
creation of Edo and Delta State in August 1991 and the conversion of the main campus of the
then Bendel State University, Ekpoma to become Edo State University in December 1991,
necessitated the establishment of an autonomous Delta State University, Abraka on 30 April
1992 by the then Executive Governor of the State, Olorogun Felix Ibru. In 1995, the State
Government introduced a policy of having three campuses that should be spread within the three
senatorial districts in the State. In view of this policy, three campuses were established to include
the main campus in Abraka, Anwai campus in Asaba and Oleh and campuses. Presently, the
academic programs of the university are distributed as follows:

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 The University Health Centre is a primary health care facility, which caters for medical
needs of students, staff members and their dependants.
The Health Centre consists of Medical, Environmental Health, Nursing, Pharmacy, X- ray,
Medical Laboratory and Medical Record Units. There are facilities to cater for the students’
population and staff on all the campuses.
The Health Centre is charged with the following responsibilities:

· Provision of health services and facilities for effective teaching and learning in a
healthy environment.
· They provide low-cost medical care for students and staff.
· Rendering counselling services.
· Promotion of health awareness programs.
· Promotion of health and wellness of staff and students in the campus which in turn
enhances academic achievements and improve personal growth and development.

1.4 Organizational Chart

1.5 The Hospital Pharmacy Department

The Health Center Pharmacy is a very vital and integral part of the Hospital. It is a
section where pharmacy practice is carried out. It is located within the premises of the Hospital
and they stock wide ranges of medication for the Hospitalized patients and patients who visit the
Hospital but are not admitted (outpatients).

The department of pharmacy is headed by the chief pharmacists and his assistants.The
Hospital Pharmacy Department is divided into:

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 1. The Pharmacy Stores/Store room
2. The Dispensaries

1.6 Education and Training

There is usually weekly clinical meetings for all students, Chief pharmacist and some
occasional visits from doctors and lab director. It is also a forum for sharing of drug information
between the pharmacists and student pharmacists, presentation of seminars by industrial training
(IT) students. As coordinated by the pharmacy training coordinator, pharmacology IT students
may interact with patients and members of the medical team.

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 CHAPTER TWO

ROUTINE OPERATIONS/SERVICES

2.1 Nature of Work

The pharmacy department of the hospital was previously a product based practice; whose
job was more of dispensary, but now it has transformed to not only product based but includes
pharmaceutical care which comprise management of drug therapy problem and others. The
nature of operation in dispensary is usually carried out as such; during dispensary, the
prescription is given to a patient by a doctor, on getting to the pharmacist, it is then assessed; the
assessment involves the assessment of the quantity of drug/product to be dispensed. If the drug
is out of stock, it is then written on the out of stock paper to be purchased outside the hospital by
the patient, on completion of the assessment. The drugs are then dispensed to the patient and
proper drug information, instructions and counselling (including convenient time frame for
taking their medications, expected side effects of their medication and how to cope with them)
are given to ensure adherence. To ascertain that the patient understands what have been said to
him/her, he/she is usually required to repeat the instructions given.

2.2 Specific Work Done

1. Practical aspect of dispensing: During this training, the practical aspect of dispensing
which was previously only read in books was carried out by me under the direction of the
pharmacist in charge.
2. Interpretation of prescription: Prescriptions were interpreted and accessed for genuineness
and correctness within the medical practice and guideline. At the initial stage of the training,
doctors’ prescriptions were ineligible, but with practice and guidance from the senior
pharmacists, it became easier.
3. Counselling of Patients: I watched carefully as patients were being advice and learnt the
basics almost immediately. I was mostly allowed to counsel patients in the public health unit
on the importance of adherence in taking their drugs.
4. Documentation: Documentation of all drugs dispensed was done on the notebook and
ledger. Consumption pattern were carried out quarterly. The importance of documentation
was to know which drug was dispensed most, which is so useful in re-stocking.
5. Presentation: I had the privilege to listen to presentations during the weekly clinical
meeting.

2.3 Dispensary Regimens

1. Validation: Checking for the date of prescription and validity. A prescription becomes invalid
when a patient does not come to get the drug from the pharmacy after ten days.

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2. Assessment: This involves interpreting the clinician’s language and communicating to the
patient, while assessing a prescription, is carried out to ensure that:

a) Possible drug therapy problems are identified and quickly communicated to the prescriber.

b) All the patients complain are handled either directly or indirectly by a prescribed drug.

3. Assembly: Gathering the drug from the shelf.

4. Dispensing: After the assessment of the prescription and payment, the prescription is directed
to the dispensary where the drugs or consumables are supplied. The dispensary is also in charge
of ward supplies.

6. Documentation: Documenting records of dispensed drugs to patient.

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 CHAPTER THREE

DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE

3.1 Prescription Handling

A prescription is a written order by a medical practitioner that authorizes a patient to be

issued with medicine or treatment. It is also defined as a physician instruction for the preparation

and administration of a drug or device for a patient. For a card or paper to be called a valid

prescription, it must have or contain the following:

 Name of the patient.

 Name of the organization.

 Address of the patient/phone number.

 Age of the patient.

 Sex of the patient.

 Patient allergy status.

 Drug to be dispensed.

 The date in which the drug was dispensed.

 Name of the doctor

 Signature of the doctor

 Code of the doctor/number of practice.

 Date

The function of the patient allergic status is to ensure proper counsel is given to the

patient on the proper use of drug and as well avoid those drugs in which the patient has

hypersensitivity to, which is as well used to checkmate the prescription.

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 The function of the date is to enable one to know if the prescription is still valid or not. A

prescription becomes invalid when a patient does not come to get the drug from a pharmacy after

ten days.

3.2 Prescription keys and their interpretations

Some important prescription languages are as follows:

PRESCRIPTION KEYS INTERPRETATIONS

1/52 One week
3/7 3days
10/7 Ten days
5/7 Five (5) days
1/12 One month
t.d.s 8 hourly [three times daily]
q.d.s 6 hourly [four times daily]
Gutt Eye drop
Oc Ointment
Otic Ear drops
Stat Immediately
p.r.n When necessary
D/C Discontinue
p.c After meal
Ac Before Meal
Bes Instill in both eyes
IM Intramuscular
IV Intravenous
Nocturnal At night

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3.3 Drug Labeling

A label is an indication or a form of a directive which determines how a dispensed drug is

to be used. The label on a drug repeats the instructions the medical practitioner wrote on the
prescription to the patient. A label would mean to a patient a complete instruction on the use of a
particular drug or prescription. Label is either for external use or internal use.
Above all any medicine dispensed should be labeled with the following essential information:
 Name of patient.

 Trade name or common name of the medicine.

 Dosage per unit.

 Method and dosage of administration.

3.4 Drug Nomenclature

A drug is a medicine or a substance that produces physiological effect when injected into
the body.
Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs and drugs have three name:
a. Chemical Name: This is the scientific name of the drug based on the molecular structure
of the drug.
b. Generic Name: This is the non-proprietary name of the drug and its the name of the
active ingredient of the drug.
c. Brand/Trade Name: This is the name given to the drug by the company which
produces/manufactures the drug.

Examples of Drugs Generic Name and Different Trade Name

Drugs generic name Drugs trade name

ANTIMALARIA

1 Artemether/ lumefantrine Lonart ds ® coartem®, Arenex® ,amatem®

etc.

2. Dihy dioartemishin tpiperaquine Codisin® plus®, upxin®, P-alaxin®,

dyrax®, etc.

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3. Artesunae + mefloquine Artequin®

4. Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine Swider®, amaler®, malereich®.

3ANTI-BIOTICS

1. Amoxicillin + clavulenic acid Clauamox®, augmentin®, amoxiclav®.

2. Ornidazole + ofloxacin Ornilox®

3. Cefuroxime Furoxeti®, zinne®, pulmocef®, axacef®.

4. Ampicillin + cloxacillin Ampixlox®, reichlox®.

ANTI-DIABETICS

1. Metfromin Glucophage®, gluformin®, diabetmin®,

forbetic® etc.

2. Gliben clemide Clamide®, daonil®, diae® etc.

3. Glipizide + metformin Swibetic®, glycinorm®.

4. Glibenclemide + metformin Clebetkic®, met glim®

CHAPTER FOUR
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 PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSES OF SOME DRUGS AND DRUG FORMULATION
4.1 Pharmacological Classes of Drugs
A knowledge of the non-proprietary (or Generic) and the proprietary (or Trade) names of
drugs is also relevant in drug identification as one particular drug may have more than one trade
name. Some pharmacological classes of drugs are discussed below:
4.1.1 Antibiotics
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most
important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections. Antibiotic medications are
widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the
growth of bacteria.
Classes of Antibiotics include
1. Penicillin
2. Tetracycline
3. Cephalosporin
4. Quinolones
5. Lincomycins
6. Macrolides
7. Sulfonamides
8. Glycopeptides
9. Aminoglycosides
10. Carbapenems

Some Antibiotics include:

1. amoxicillin
2. doxycycline
3. cephalexin
4. ciprofloxacin
5. Clindamycin
6. metronidazole
7. azithromycin
8. sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
9. amoxicillin and clavulanate
4.1.2 Analgesic
Analgesics are medicines that are used to relieve pain. They are also known as painkillers
or pain relievers. Technically, the term analgesic refers to a medication that provides relief from
pain without putting you to sleep or making you lose consciousness. They are distinct
from anesthetics, which temporarily affect, and in some instances completely
eliminate, sensation. Analgesics include the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
such as the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as morphine and oxycodone. Other classes of
analgesic includes: anti-migraine agents, CGRP inhibitors, cox-2 inhibitors, miscellaneous

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analgesics, narcotic analgesic combinations, narcotic analgesics, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, salicylates.
Some analgesic drugs include:
1. Diclofenac (Cambia, Cataflam, Voltaren-XR, Zipsor, Zorvolex)
2. Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)
3. Ketoprofen
4. Naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprelan, Naprosyn)
5. Oxaprozin (Daypro)
6. Aspirin
4.1.3 Anti-Hypertensive Drugs
Anti-hypertensive drugs comprises of several compound with therapeutic intention of
preventing, controlling, treating hypertension. The classes of hypertensive drugs differ both
structurally and functionally. Anti-hypertensive medications may be classified by mechanism of
site of action.
They include:
1. Diuretics
2. Calcium channel blockers
3. ACE inhibitors
4. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
5. Adrenergic receptor antagonists
6. Vasodilators
7. Renin Inhibitors
8. Aldosterone receptor antagonists
9. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
10. Endothelium receptor blockers
Diuretics: helps the kidney eliminate excess salt (sodium) and water from the body’s tissue and
help control blood pressure. E.g. Loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, thiazide – like diuretics,
potassium sparing diuretics.
Calcium Channel Blockers: These drugs prevent calcium from entering the heart and arteries
when calcium enters these cells. It causes a stronger and harder contraction by decreasing the
calcium. Calcium channel blockers relax and open up narrowed blood vessels, reduce heart rate
and lower blood pressure.
Adrenoceptor Antagonists: they include;
Beta Blockers: Beta blockers reduce the heart rate workloads and the hearts output of blood
which lowers blood pressure. Examples include: Atenolol, Acebutolol, propanolol.
Alpha Blockers: These drugs reduce its arteries resistance, relaxing the muscles on the vascular
walls. Examples includes; Terazosin, Phentolamine, Lanetalol.
Combined Alpha and Beta Blockers: Combined alpha and beta blockers are usually as
prescribed for patients experiencing a hypertensive crisis. They may be prescribed for high blood
pressure in patients at risk for heart failure. Examples are Cavidilol, Bucinolol.
Some Anti-hypertensive drugs include:
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 1. Nifedipine
2. Ramipril
3. Acebutolol
4. Atenolol
5. Amiloride hydrochloride + hydrochlorothiazide
6. Hydrochlorothiazide etc.
4.1.4 Antipsychotic Drugs
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of
medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or
disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Antipsychotics are usually
effective in relieving symptoms of psychosis in the short term.
Classes of Antipsychotic drugs include:
 A typical antipsychotics
 Miscellaneous antipsychotic agents
 phenothiazine antipsychotics
 thioxanthenes
Some examples are:
 Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
 Fluphenazine (Prolixin)
 Haloperidol (Haldol)
 Perphenazine (Trilafon)
 Thioridazine (Mellaril)
 Thiothixene (Navane)
 Trifluoperazine
4.1.5 Antidepressants
Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and of
other conditions, including some anxiety disorders, some chronic pain conditions (off-label use),
and to help manage some addictions. Examples include:
1. Amitriptyline (Elavil)
2. Amoxapine
3. Clomipramine (Anafranil)
4. Desipramine (Norpramin)
5. Doxepin (Sinequan)
6. Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
7. Venlafaxine (Effexor)
8. Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
9. Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
4.1.6 Anti-malaria
Anti-malaria medications are designed to prevent or cure malaria, these drugs may be
used for some or all of the following;

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  Treatment of malaria in individuals with suspected or confirmed infection.
 Prevention of infection in individuals who have no immunity (malaria propheflaxis).
 Routine intermittent treatment of certain group in malaria endemic regions (intermittent
preventive therapy).
Classification of Anti-Malaria
Anti-malaria drugs can be classified according to its anti-malaria activity and according
to its structure;
According To Anti-Malaria Activity
i. Tissue schizonticides for causes prophylactics: these drugs act on the primary tissue terms of
the plasmodia which offer growth with the liver initiate the erythrocyte stage, further
development of the infection can be prevented
ii. Tissue schizonticides for preventing relapse: these drugs action the hypnozoetes of
plasmodium rivax and plasmodium ovale in the water that cause relapse of symptoms on
reaction. Primaguine is the prototype drug. pyrimethamime also has side effect.
iii. Blood schizonticides: these drugs act on the blood forms of the parasite and thereby
terminate clinical attacks of malaria. These are the most important drugs in anti-malaria
chemotherapy. They include: cloroquine, quinine, mesloquine, pyromethamme
iv. Gametocytocids: these drugs destroy the sexual forms of the parasite in the blood and thereby
prevent transmission of the infection of the mosquitoes
v. Sporonticides: These drugs prevent the development of oocysts in the mosquitoes and thus
ablate the transmission. Primaquine and chloreguanide have this action.
According to the Structure
i. Any amino alcohols: Quinine, quinidine(unchona alkaloids) ,metloqisine, halofantine
ii. 4- amioquindines , chloroquine, amodiaquine
iii. 8- aminoquindines primaquine
iv. Antimicrobials: tetracycline, doxyclydine, clynolanycin, azithromycin, sluorgunolones
v. Naphathioquinones: atoraquine
Active Ingredients of Some Anti-Malaria
 Dihydroartemisini + piperaquine phosphate E.g P-Alaxin
 Quinine sulphate E.g heragold, glowquine etc
 Sulfadoxine & pyrimethamine (fansider) E.g falcipan
 Artemeter & lumefantrine E.g Amaterm Forte
 Artesunate & Mefloquine E.g Artequopm
4.1.7 Antifungal
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical
fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm,
candidiasis, serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others.
Classes of Antifungal drugs include:
1. Polyene antifungals
2. Imidazole, triazole, and thiazole antifungals
3. Allylamines
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 4. Echinocandins
Some examples of Anti-fungal drugs are:
1. Tioconazole
2. Ketoconazole
3. Griseofulvin
4. Fluconazole
5. Miconazole
4.1.8 Anti-diabetic Drugs
These are drugs re drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering the glucose level in
the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, liraglutide and pramlintide, all are
administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic
agents. Class of antidiabetic agents include:
1. Insulin
2. Vanadium
3. Sensitizers
4. Secretagogues
5. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
6. Peptide analogs
7. Glycosurics
List of some anti-diabetic drugs include:
 Glibenclamide
 Metformin
 Metformin + Glibenclamide
 Metformin + Glimepiride
4.1.9 Antacids
Antacids are substance which neutralize stomach acidity and is used to relieve heart burn,
indigestion or stomach upset. Antacids are available over the counter. Antacids are distinct from
acid-reducing drugs e.g. H2– receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors and they do not kill
the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, which causes most ulcer, antacids contains alkaline ions that
neutralizes stomach gastric acid.
Side effect includes constipation, diarrhea, long term use may cause kidney stones and
increase risk of getting osteoporosis
Pharmacological class Non-proprietory name Proprietary Name
a. Antispasmodic/antiemetic 1. Hyoscine ButylBromide 1. Buscopan
2. Promethazine 2. Pentazine
3. Metoclopramide 3. Maxolon
b. Antihelminthic 1. Albendazole 1. Nemelzole
2. Mebendazole 2. Wormin
1. Paracetamol 1. Emzor,
c. Analgesic 2. Ibruprofen 2. Nurofen, Obifen

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 3. Diclofenac 3. Cataflam, Lynfenac
4. Tramadol 4. Tramal
1. Artemether+Lumefantrine 1. Luter, Amatem, Lonart
d. Antimalarials 2. Sulphadoxine+Pyrimethamine 2. Fansidar
3. Quinine 3. Malagold
1. Amoxicillin 1. Amoxil
e. Antibiotics 2. Ampicillin +Cloxacillin 2. Ampiclox
3. Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid 3. Augumentin, Zimilat
4. Metronidazole 4. Flagyl
5. Cefuroxime 5. Zinnat
f. Hypnotic/Anxiolytic 1. Diazepam 1. Valium
2. Bromazepam 2. Lexotan
g. Antidepressants 1. Venlafaxine 1. Effexor
2. Desipramine 2. Norpramin
3. Fluoxetine 3. Prozac
h. Diuretics 1. Hydrichlorothiazide 1. Aquazide
2. Furosemide 2. Lasix
i. Antifungal 1. Fluconazole 1. Flucomed
2. Ketoconazole 2. Ketorah
j. Hormones 1. Vasopresin 1. Vasopril
k. Gastrointestinal Stimulant 1. Domperidone 1. Motilium
2. Metoclopramide 2. Reglan
l. Antipsychotic 1. Chlorpromazine 1. Thorazine
2. Prochlorperazine 2. Compro
m. Anti-retroviral Drugs 1. Lopinavir/Ritonavir 1. Aluvia
2. Lamivudine/Tenofovir 2. Epivir
3. Disoproxilfumarate 3. Viread
n. Antidiabetic 1. Glibenclamide 1. Daonil
2. Metformin 2. Panfor SR
3. Metformin + Glibenclamide 3. Glucovance
4. Metformin + Glimepiride 4. Wellprid-M
5. Glimeperide 5. Amaryl
o. Antihypertensives 1. Methydopa (250mg) 1. Aldomet
2. Nifedipine (20mg) 2. Nifedipine
3. Lisinopril (5mg, 10mg) 3. Lizopril
4. Vasoprin (75mg) 4. Vasopril
5. Prazosin (5mg) 5. Minipress
6. Atenolol (50mg, 100mg) 6. Ternormin
7. Normoretic(10mg 7. Moduretic
p. Drugs for Peptic Ulcer 1. Cimetidine 1. Tagamet

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 2. Omeprazole 2. Meprasil
3.Magnesium hydroxide + Aluminium 3. Antacid
hydroxide
4.Magnesium hydroxide + Aluminium 4. Gestid
hydroxide + simethicone
5. Ranitidine 5. Zantac

4.2 Drug Formulations

A formulation is a form in which a drug is available. It can also be defined as the form in
which a drug gets to its target site. Drug formulation study has to do with developing a
preparation which is both stable and acceptable to patients. Drugs that are taken orally e.g.
tablets and capsules can be formulated into suspensions and syrups for increased acceptability
and stability. The different forms of drugs formulated include:
Tablet: It is a solid unit dosage form of medication or medicaments with suitable excipients,
prepared either by molding or by compression.
Capsules: it refers to a range of dosage forms used to enclose medicines in a relatively stable
shell by a process of encapsulation. They are easier to swallow and are used by manufactures
when the drug cannot be compacted into a solid tablet.
Caplets: It is a smooth, coated, oval-shaped medicinal tablet in the general shape of a capsule.
There are usually indentations running down the middle so they may be split in half more easily.
Injections: Are drugs that are administered using a syringe and needle. They are usually in
liquid form since they are delivered parenteral administration.
Syrups: These are liquid drugs usually a concentrated solution of sugars in water or other
aqueous liquid with a medicinal agent added.
Suspension: In a suspension, the medicine is mixed with a liquid, usually in water, in which it
cannot dissolve and therefore remains intact in the form of small particles.
Suppositories: It is a solid dosage form that is inserted into the rectum, vagina or urethra where
it dissolves or melts and exerts local or systemic effects. They are used to deliver medications
that act both systemically and locally.
Enemas: It’s a liquid injected into the rectum. An enema may be used for therapeutic purpose
such as to stimulate evacuation of the bowels or heal inflammation of colon called colitis or
diagnostic such as imaging studies of the gastrointestinal tract – barium enema.
Creams: It is water soluble medicinal preparation applied to the skin. An ointment differs from a
cream in that it has an oil base.
The form in which a drug appears tells us about it routes of administration and whom is
to be administered to e.g. drugs formulated in syrup are normally intended for paediatrics and
aging patients, while those formulated in injection forms are administered parenterally, while
some infusions are used to irrigate injuries.

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Examples of drug types and available formulations
S/n Drug types Formulations
Available
Anti-Retroviral Drugs
1. Aluvia (Lopinavir 200mg/Ritonavir 50mg) Tablets
Lamivudine 300mg/Tenofovir Tablets
Disoproxilfumarate 300mg Tablets
Efavirenz 600mg/Lamivudine 300mg/Tenofovir Tablets
300mg Tablets
Lamivudine 150mg/Nevirapine 200mg/Zidovudine Tablets
300mg Tablets,
Lamivudine 150mg/Zidovudine 300mg Suspension
Abacavirsulphate 60mg/Lamivudine 30mg
Nevirapine
Antihypertensives
2. Methydopa (250mg) Tablets
Nifedipine (20mg) Tablets
Lisinopril (5mg, 10mg) Tablets
Vasoprin (75mg) Tablets
Prazosin (5mg) Tablets
Atenolol (50mg, 100mg) Tablets
3. Analgesic
Paracetamol Tablets, syrups,
injection
Aspirin Tablets
Ibuprofen Tablets, syrups
Tramadol Tablets,
capsules,
Diclofenac injection
Aceclofenac Tablets,
Piroxicam Injection
Tablets
Tablets
4. Antimalarials
Artemether + Lumefantrine Tablets,
Injections,
Halofantrine Syrups
Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine Tablets, syrups
Quinine Tablets, syrups
Tablets, syrup,

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 Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine injection
Artesunate + Amodiaquine Tablets
Artesunate + Mefloquine Tablets
Arterolane + Piperaquine Tablets
Arteether Tablets
injection
5. Antibiotics
Erythromycin Tablets,
Clarithromycin suspension
Azithromycin Tablets,
Cotrimozaxole suspension
Ampicillin Tablets,
Amoxicillin suspension
Ampicillin + Cloxacillin Tablets,
Amoxicillin + Potassium Clavulanate suspension
Cefuroxime Tablets,
suspension,
Tablets,
injections
Capsules
Tablets
Tablets
6. Antidiabetic
Glibenclamide Tablets
Metformin Tablets
Metformin + Glibenclamide Tablets
Metformin + Glimepiride Tablets

7. Drugs for Peptic Ulcer

Cimetidine Tablets
Omeprazole Tablets
Magnesium hydroxide + Aluminium hydroxide Tablets,
Magnesium hydroxide + Aluminium hydroxide + Suspension
simethicone Suspension
8. Ophthalmics
Gutt Misoprostol Eye drop
Gutt Chloramphenicol Eye drop
Gutt Diclofenac Eye drop
Gutt Homatropine Eye drop
Gutt Vistulen Eye drop
OC Beoptic Eye ointment
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 OC Chloramphenicol Eye ointment
Gutt Antallarge Eye drop
9. Infusions
Darrow’s solution Injectable
Ringers Lactate Injectable
0.9% Sodium Chloride (Normal Saline) Injectable
10%w/v Dextrose Water Injectable
8%w/v Dextrose Saline Injectable
5%w/v Dextrose Saline Injectable
5%w/v Dextrose Water Injectable
4.3%w/v Dextrose Saline Injectable
10. Others Tablets
Riconia Forte Tablets
Gintamin Tablets
Winofit Tablets
Orphenadrine Tablets
Chondroitrin Sulphate + Glucosamine

CHAPTER FIVE
DISEASES DISCUSED DURING CLINICAL MEETINGS AND PHARMACOLOGY OF
SOME SPECIFIC DRUGS

5.1 Disease Discussed

Some drugs and cases discussed are presented below:

5.1.1 Hypertension

Blood pressure is the amount of force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries as it flows
through them. When this pressure reaches high levels, it can lead to serious health problems. It is

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divided into two parts: Essential High Blood Pressure (it has no cause) and Secondary High
Blood Pressure (caused by another health problem).

Risk factors include: Age, Family History, Ethnic Background, Obesity and Overweight, Some
aspect of Sex, Smoking, Alcohol Intake, Poor diet. Once blood pressure reaches about
180/120mmHg it becomes a hypertensive crisis.

Signs of Hypertension: Headache, Nausea, Dizziness, Vomiting, Heart palpitations,

Nosebleeds, Vision Problems.

Newborns and very young babies with blood pressure may experience the following sing and
symptoms are: Seizure, Irritability, Lethargy and Respiratory Distress.

Medications to treat Hypertension include:

Thiazide diuretics – which acts on the kidney to eliminate sodium and water

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor e.g. Lisinopril

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

Calcium channel blockers e.g. Amlodipine which helps to relax the muscles of the blood vessels.

Alpha Blockers

Alpha – Beta Blockers which reduce nerve impulse to blood vessels.

Beta blockers – reduce the work load of the heart and open your blood vessels causing the heart
to beat slower. e.g. Acebutol, Atenolol

Renin Inhibitors and Vasodilators.

5.1.2 Malaria
Malaria is a borne infection disease of humans caused by Plasmodium Falciparum
(parasitic protozoan). The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected female
anopheles mosquitoes called Malaria vectors.
Symptoms: Fever, Headache, chills, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, sweating which may be mild and
difficult to recognize as malaria.
Prevention: through the use of insecticide treated mosquito nets, indoor spraying of residual
insecticides, antimalarial drugs.
5.1.3 Diabetes
Diabetes also called diabetes mellitus is a group of disease in which the body doesn’t
produce enough or any insulin that is produced or exhibit a combination of both.
Types of Diabetes

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  Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes
 Gestational diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an auto immune condition. Which means
your immune system wrongly attacks and destroys the beta cell in your pancreas that produce
insulin. The damage is everlasting.
Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes starts as insulin resistance. This means your body cannot use
insulin efficiently. This stimulates your pancreas to produce more insulin until it can no longer
keep up with demand. Insulin production decreases, which lead to high blood sugar. Risk Factors
includes Genetics, Lack of exercise, being overweight.
Gestational Diabetes: Gestational diabetes is due to insulin blocking hormone produced during
pregnancy. This type only occurs during pregnancy.
Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus: There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes
mellitus. Type 2 which accounts for 85-90% of all cases can often be prevented or delayed by
maintaining a normal body weight engaging in physical activity and having a healthy diet.
5.1.4 Upper – Respiratory Tract Infections
An upper respiratory tract infection is generally caused by the direct invasion of the inner
lining (mucosa or mucus membrane) of the upper airway by the culprit virus or bacteria. In order
for the pathogens (virus and bacteria) to invade the mucus membrane of the upper airways, they
have to fight through several physical and immunologic barriers.
The upper respiratory tract infection is an infectious process of any of the components of
the upper airway.
Upper respiratory tract infection includes the Sinuses, Nasal Passages, Pharynx and Larynx.
Symptoms: Running nose, Sore throat or scratchy throat, cough, painful swallowing and nasal
congestion. Less common symptoms may include; vomiting, nausea, shortness of breath,
headache, foul breath, reduced ability to smell (Hyposmia), Itchy and watery eye (conjunctivitis).
Risk factors: Physical or close contact with an infected person, poor hand washing after contact
with an individual with URI, smoking or second hand smoking may impair mucosal resistance
and destroy the cilia, immune-compromised state such as HIV, organ transplant, congenital
immune defects and long term steroid use, Anatomical abnormalities as in facial trauma and
upper airway trauma.

Specific Drugs Pharmacology and Indications:

5.2.1 Ibruprofen
It is a non-steroidal inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a broad spectrum of analgesic,
anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activity.
Indications: Relief of mild to moderate discomfort of headache, menstrual pain, dental pain,
rheumatic pain.
Dosage and Administration: Adults and Children above 12years, 1 or 2 tablets every 4-
6hours. Do not exceed 6tablets per 24hours.
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 Side Effects: Nausea, Abdominal Pain and Rashes.
Contra-indications: Contraindicated in patients who are hypertensive to the drug. Should
not be given in pregnancy and lactation.
Incompatibility: Aspirin and Ibruprofen should not be given together because of the
displacement of Ibruprofen from serum binding sites.
5.2.2 Amoxicillin
It is a broad spectrum penicillin with anti-bacterial activity. It acts through the inhibition
of biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. The
half-life of Amoxicillin is one hour. It is excreted unchanged in the urine.
Indications: It is indicated for a wide range of infections caused by sensitive strains of gram
positive and gram negative organisms such as: Skin and soft tissue infection, Gonorrhea,
Gynecological infection of the GIT like a typhoid fever.
Contraindication: It should not be given to penicillin hypersensitive patients.
Dosage and Administration: 250mg – 500mg Amoxicillin should be taken every 8hrs
depending on the severity of the infections with or without meals.
Usage in Pregnancy: Amoxicillin can be used safely throughout pregnancy at normal adult
dose.
Children blow 12yrs: 125mg – 250mg every 8hrs depending on the severity of the infection
with or without meals.
5.2.3 Dolutegravir
This is a new and effective ARV Drug. It comes in a single tablets of 50mg or in a
combined therapy. The combined therapy is usually called TLD.
Benefits: It has the ability to rapidly reduce HIV in the blood. It has no food restrictions and it
has better side effects profile.
Dosage: One tablet once a day for adults and adolescents (10 to 19years). It should be taken in
the morning. The use of this drug should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Women who become pregnant must use effective family planning before starting the drug.
Side Effects: Headache, Weakness, Dizziness, Nausea Vomiting, Diarrhea, Abdominal Pains,
Increased Appetite.
5.2.4 Amitriptyline Hydrochloride
It inhibits the membrane pump mechanism responsible for reuptake of noradrenaline into
androgenic neurons.
Indications: Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant used in the treatment of patients with
endogenous depression. It has been used with benefit in depression of long or short duration.
Contraindications: It is contraindicated in patients who have shown prior hypersensitivity to it.
Side Effects: Allergic skin reactions, sour or metallic taste, constipation, headache, seizures,
dizziness, sweating.
5.2.5 Artemether
It is a synthetic antimalarial drug which interferes with the conversion of heam, malaria
pigment.

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Pharmacokinetics: A highly lipophilic compound, it has a peak concentration of 6-8hours after
dosing. It is metabolized in the CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. It has an half-life of
approximately 2-3hours. It is highly bound to plasma proteins.
Therapeutic Indication: for the treatment of plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients with a history of sympathetic cardiac
arrhythmias, severe disease hypokalemia.
Directions for Use/Dosage: Taken with high fat foods or drinks such as milk. It is taken
according to body weight. 15kg – 1tablet, 25kg – 2tablet B.D, 35kg – 3tablets B.D, and 35kg and
above – 4tablets B.D. Oral use only.
Adverse Effects: Rash, Diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, cough, sleep disorder, involuntary muscle
contraction.
5.2.6 Efavirens, Lamivudine and Tenofovir
It is a combination of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (Efaviren) and two
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Lamivudine and Tenofovir disoproxil furnate). They
are indicated for use alone as a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults and pediatrics’ patients weighing at least 40kg.
Dosage and Administration: One tablet containing 600mg of efavirens, 300mg of lamivudine
and 300mg of tenofovir, taken once daily orally on an empty stomach, preferably at bed time.
Contraindication: It is contraindicated in patients with previous hypersensitivity, examples are
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic skin eruptions, erythema multiforme.
Adverse Reaction: Rash, Dizziness, Diarrhea, Insomnia, Pain.
5.2.7 Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine
Pharmacological Class: Anti-malarial agent
Pharmacological Action: It acts by reciprocal potentiation of its two components which are
effective against strains of plasmodium falciparum that are resistant to chloroquine.
Indications: Indicated for the treatment of P.Falciparum malaria for those patients in whom
chloroquine resistance is suspected.
Contra-indications: Repeated use is contraindicated in the patients with severe renal deficiency.
Pharmacokinetics: It is absorbed orally and excreted in the kidney following a single tablet
administration. The half life of sulfadoxine is 169 hours and Pyrimethamine is 111hours.
5.2.8 Infusions and their uses
Normal Saline: Indicated for Sodium depletion in conditions such as:
 Gastroenteritis
 Diabetic ketoacidosis
 Ileus
 Ascites
 Isotonic solution for additives
Darrow’s Solution (full and half length): Used for:
 Dehydration by loss of GIT fluid
 Correction of metabolic acidosis

23
  Hyperkalemia in diabetic coma
Dextrose water (5%, 10%, 50%): Used for;
 Energy supply in parenteral infusion
 Basic solution for drug addition
 Rehydration solution
 Hypoglycemia
 Hypernatremia
Manitol (10%, 20%): Indicated for;
 Acute renal necrosis
 Increase osmotic diuresis
 Oedema of the brain
 Reduction in intraocular pressure
5.2.9 Atenolol
Pharmacological Classification – Adrenolytics (Sympatholytics)
Pharmacological Action – Atenolol is a Beta – adrenoreceptor blocking agent which acts
preferentially on B-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium. It has no membrane stabilizing
activity.
Absorption of atenolol following oral dosing is consistent but incomplete (40-50%)
plasma concentration, occurs 2-4hours after dosing. Plasma half-life is about 6-8hrs but may
rise in severe renal impairment. Since the kidney is the major route of elimination. It
penetrates tissue poorly.
Indications: It is indicated in the management of hypertension, long term management of
patients with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
Dosage: For Angina pectoris – 50 to 100mg daily
For Hypertension – 50-100mg daily.
Full effect is usually evident within 1-2weeks.
Atenolol is compatible with diuretics and other hypotensive agents.
5.2.10 Lisinopril
Pharmacological Classification – Antihypertensive
Pharmacological Action – It is an ACE inhibitor, antihypertensive agent that acts by
vasodilation and by reducing the peripheral resistance.
Mode of Action – Lisinopril inhibits the Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) therapy
inhibiting the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. The decreased plasma levels of
Angiotensin II leads to decreases vasopressor activity and decreased aldosterone secretion. It
functions primarily by the suppression of the rennin Angiotensin aldosterone system.
Indications: In the treatment of Hypertension, Myocardial infarction and in the management of
heart failure.
5.2.11 Metronidazole

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 It is a common antibiotic, belonging to the nitridazole class of antibiotics. It is frequently
used to treat gastrointestinal infections as well as trichomoniasis and giardias and amebiasis
which are parasitic infections.
Absorption: Disposition of Metronidazole in the body is similar for both oral and intravenous
dosage forms. Following oral administration, Metronidazole is well absorbed with peak plasma
concentrations occurring between one and two hours after administration.
Distribution: Metronidazole appears in cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and breast milk in
concentrations similar to those found in plasma.
Metabolism/Excretion: The major route of elimination of metronidazole and its metabolites is
via the urine (60 to 80% of the dose) with fecal excretion accounting for 6 to 15% of the dose.

CHAPTER SIX

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Summary

This write up contains the basic routine activities carried out in a hospital pharmacy
department, identification and classification of drugs, drug compounding, and various drug
formulations. I was able to put my theoretical knowledge to practice. The industrial training
exposes me to work methods, techniques and pharmaceutical procedures and practices. It has
improved my knowledge of drugs and pharmacology in general.

6.2 Conclusion

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 The student industrial work experience scheme is an important training that every student
needs to participate in order to get exposed to practical aspects of learning as my supervisor will
always say “there is no alternative to practical if there is, there would not be need for practical”.
A popular saying also has it that “practice makes perfect.”

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) has given me an avenue to
apply what has been taught in the classroom to real time events. This industrial training has
really provided me with much practical knowledge of most of the things I have been taught in
the classroom. It gave me the opportunity to acquire the basic practical aspect of my discipline
which lecture could not have offered me, and so has made me to feel the reality of my course of
study.
6.3 Recommendations
The benefit of the Industrial Training Exercise cannot be overemphasized, thus it is
recommended that every student should be given the opportunity as it will help to promote the
desired technological know-how required for the development of the nation.
It is also recommended that industrialists should be enlightened on the importance of
accepting students applying for industrial training attachment in their firm as to ease the process
of getting a placement for industrial training. They should also be enlightened on the need to
properly teach students as to make sure the objectives of SIWES are fulfilled.

REFERENCES
Drug Information Textbook 2010 Edition.
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. 7th Edition
Merriam Webster Dictionary. Version 3.1.1
Professionals. 2011/2012 Edition
EMDEX(Drug Information), the Complete Drug Formulary for Nigeria’s Health Drug
Dictionary. Version 1.5
AHIN Guideline Diary. 2013 Edition
Carts S. J. (2009). Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, (12th Edition). Copper and Gunn,
New York.

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Oxford Medical Dictionary
Medscape Drug Dictionary

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