Виконання аналітичного огляду літератури з теми дослідження - ваговий

бал – 10.
Мета підготовки аналітичного огляду — висвітлити цілісну картину
проблемної ситуації (стан дослідження проблеми, інформацію про наукові
школи та теорії, погляди провідних науковців) з обов'язковим визначенням
труднощів і проблем розвитку в даній галузі та висуненням пропозицій щодо
можливих шляхів їх розв'язання.
Основні критерії оцінювання:
1. Структура:
- актуальність теми дисертаційного дослідження (Rationale/
Justification) – до 0,5-1,5 стор.;
- постановка проблеми, мета і завдання дисертаційного дослідження
(Aim and Objectives) – до 0,5 стор.;
- зміст попередніх досліджень, основні висновки, наявність протиріч
у науковій літературі – 3 стор.;
- пропозиції щодо вирішення означеної проблеми.
Обсяг – 4-5 стор., шрифт 14, Times New Roman, інтервал 1.5 (див.
Приклад).
2. Глибина та повнота розкриття теми, наявність критичної оцінки та
власних суджень.
3. Кількість використаних іншомовних джерел (мінімум 8), наявність та
оформлення цитат і посилань, бібліографії (відповідно до стилю АРА
- https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/07/ : див. Приклад).
4. Мовно-стилістична відповідність (лексика, вживання граматичних
структур тощо).

Виконання від 90 % - 100% вимог – 10-9 балів (відмінно)

75% - 90% – 8-7 балів (добре)
60% - 75% – 6-5 балів (задовільно)
Менше 60% – не зараховано (незадовільно).

Корисні поради

Використання часових форм дієслів

- present simple (for descriptions of established scientific fact),

- present perfect (at the beginning of review to give general overview; for past-to-present
evolutions),
 - past simple (when specific dates are mentioned within a sentence; for the verbs that
introduce an author’s findings)

Типові помилки

- The author has not made it clear why some references are mentioned. They appear to be
there just to make the paper longer (in which they succeed perfectly) and seem more
important (in which they fail), rather than as support for the author’s approach.

- There are papers cited in the bibliography that are not mentioned in the paper, and vice
versa. These should be removed or added as appropriate.

Читати більше про огляд літератури тут:

- рр. 46- 49 [3] (№3 у списку літератури: Davis M. Scientific Papers and Presentations / M. Davis. – San
Diego : Academic Press, 2004. – 384 р.);

- рр.207-215 [6] (№6 у списку літератури: Wallwork A. English for Writing Research Papers / Adrian
Wallwork. – Springer US, 2011. – 332 p.).

Оформлення титульної сторінки

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF UKRAINE

“IGOR SIKORSKY KYIV POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE”

…… Faculty / Institute

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON INFLUENCE ON

 RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

Literature review

Performed by:

……..,

PhD student,

group …141-61f

Checked by:

…….

Kyiv – 20..

Приклад огляду / Sample Literature Review

! Примітка: 1) у поданому Прикладі мета і завдання не виділяються чітко,
обов’язково включаємо в наш огляд; 2) поділ на частини А,В,С (як у Прикладі)
не обов’язковий, у нашій роботі виокремлюємо такі частини: Rationale/
Justification, Aims and Objectives of the Research, Literature Review.

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON INFLUENCE ON RHIZOSPHERE

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
 Contamination of soil by toxic organic chemicals is widespread and frequent.
This is sometimes the result of large-scale incidents such as the Exxon Valdez oil
spill in Alaska (Pritchard and Costa, 1991). But, more often, smaller areas of soil are
polluted. Cole (1992) estimated that in the United States there are 0.5 to 1.5 million
underground storage tanks leaking into the surrounding soft. In situ bioremediation of
these contaminated sites may be more feasible than chemical and physical clean-up
methods. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a major
constituent of many of these pollutants, can be possible if PAH-degrading
microorganisms are present at the site. These microorganisms may be more prolific in
the rhizosphere of plants than in soil with no vegetation.
A. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are typically
toxic and recalcitrant (Sims and Overcash, 1983). They consist of at least three
benzene tings joined in a linear, angular, or cluster array (Cerniglia, 1992). Edwards
(1983) described PAHs as being practically insoluble in water. The carcinogenicity of
many PAHs has been well documented (Haddow, 1974). This knowledge has
prompted much research to determine the mode by which these compounds cause
cancer and their ultimate health risks to humans (Miller and Miller, 1981).
B. Dissipation
Reilley et al. (1996) reported the fate of PAHs in soil includes irreversible
sorption, leaching, accumulation by plants, and biodegradation. They also contended
that surface adsorption is the main process controlling PAH destination in soil.
Leaching of PAHs from soil is minimal due their adsorption to soil particles and low
water solubility (Reilley et al., 1996). Biodegradation is the main pathway by which
dissipation can be enhanced.
C. Bioremediation
Bioremediation manipulates biodegradation processes by using living
organisms to reduce or eliminate hazards resulting from accumulation of toxic
chemicals and other hazardous wastes. According to Bollag and Bollag (1995), two
techniques that may be used in bioremediation are (1) stimulation of the activity of
the indigenous microorganisms by the addition of nutrients, regulation of redox
conditions, optimization of pH, or augmentation of other conditions to produce an
environment more conducive to microbial growth and (2) inoculation of the
contaminated sites with microorganisms of specific biotransforming abilities.

1. Indigenous Population. Soil contains a large and diverse population of

microorganisms (Tiedje, 1994). In situ bioremediation utilizes organisms at the site of
pollution to remove contaminants. Often, indigenous organisms from the
contaminated area, which may even have adapted to proliferate on the chemical, are
utilized to remove the pollutants (Bollag and Bollag, 1995).
The relative contributions of bacterial and fungal populations to hydrocarbon
mineralization may differ based upon contaminant and soil parameters. Anderson and
Domsch (1975) studied the degradation of glucose in several soils. They attributed
the majority of mineralization to fungi (60%-90%) with relatively minor bacterial
contribution (10%-40%).
From a review of the literature, Cerniglia (1992) found various bacteria, fungi,
and algae reported to degrade PAHs. More specifically, Dgziel et al. (1996) isolated
23 bacteria capable of utilizing naphthalene and phenanthrene as their sole growth
substrate. These bacteria were all fluorescent pseudomonads. Cerniglia's (1992)
review concluded that the microbial degradation of smaller PAHs such as
phenanthrene has been thoroughly investigated; however, there has not been
sufficient research on the microorganisms capable of degrading PAHs containing
four or more aromatic tings. There remains a need for isolation and identification of
microorganisms capable of degrading the more persistent and toxic PAHs (Cerniglia,
1992).
2. Introduced Microorganisms. Organisms capable of breaking down certain
pollutants are not present at all sites; therefore, inoculation of the soil with
microorganisms, or bioaugmentation, is sometimes required (Alexander, 1994). In
addition, Lindow et al. (1989) communicated a need for the continued development
of genetically engineered microorganisms including those capable of degrading a
variety of pollutants. Nevertheless, successful establishment of introduced
microorganisms remains enigmatic (Turco and Sadowsky, 1995).
The characteristics that allow introduced microorganisms to become
acclimated to a new environment have not been completely elucidated (Turco and
Sadowsky, 1995). However, the indigenous soil populations appear to have specific
qualities, such as the ability to utilize a particular growth substrate, that give them a
competitive advantage in occupying available niches (Atlas and Bartha, 1993). One
way to encourage the growth of introduced microorganisms may be to supply a new
niche for microbial growth in the form of a suitable plant.
D. Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is defined by Cunningham and Lee (1995) as "the use of
green plants to remove, contain, or render harmless environmental contaminants."
This applies to all plant-influenced biological, microbial, chemical, and physical
processes that contribute to the remediation of contaminated sites (Cunningham and
Berti, 1993). Cunningham and Lee (1995) contend that plant attributes such as
rooting depth, structure and density can be altered to increase biodegradation. They
assert that, if contaminants are (1) in the upper portion of the soil, (2) resistant to
leaching, and (3) not an immediate hazard, many may be removed by
phytoremediation. Experiments may confirm that phytoremediation is a less
expensive, more permanent, and less invasive technique than many current methods
of remediation (Cunningham and Lee, 1995).
E. The Rhizosphere
Curl and Truelove (1986) have described the rhizosphere as the zone of soil
under the direct influence of plant roots and in which there is an increased level of
microbial numbers and activity. They report that the ratio of bacteria and fungi in the
rhizosphere to the non-rhizosphere soil (R/S ratio) commonly ranges from 2 to 20 due
to the root exudation of easily metabolizable substrates. These exudates include
sugars, amino compounds, organic acids, fatty acids, growth factors, and nucleotides
(Curl and Truelove, 1986).
 Anderson and Coats (1995) suggest that increased rates of contaminant
degradation in the rhizosphere compared to nonvegetated soil may result from
increased numbers and diversity of microorganisms.

1. Rhizosphere Effect on PAHs. The rhizosphere of numerous plants has been

reported to increase the biodegradation of several PAHs. Aprill and Sims (1990)
examined the effects of eight prairie grasses on the biodegradation of four PAHs,
benzo(a)pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. They
reported significantly greater disappearance of the PAHs in the vegetated soils
compared to the unvegetated soils, and the rate of disappearance was directly related
to the water solubility of each compound.
Nichols et al. (1996) conducted an experiment on the degradation of a model
organic contaminant (MOC) composed of six organic chemicals including two PAHs
(phenanthrene and pyrene) in the rhizospheres of alfalfa (Medicago sativa, var.
Vernal) and alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina). They concluded it was probable that
biological and/or abiotic processes occurring before plants developed enough to
produce a rhizosphere effect were responsible for the disappearance of the MOC
compounds.

2. Rhizosphere microbial ecology in PAH-contaminated soil. Before microorganisms

can be successfully introduced into the soil or managed for increased bioremediation,
an increased understanding of the determinants of rhizosphere microbial ecology
needs to be developed. Anderson and Coats (1995) stated the need for an expanded
understanding of the interactions between plants, microorganisms, and chemicals in
the root zone in order to identify conditions where phytoremediation using
rhizosphere microorganisms is most feasible.
To date, no studies have been conducted on rhizosphere microbial ecology in
PAH-contaminated soil. Furthermore, little is known about the factors controlling
rhizosphere microbial ecology in uncontaminated soil. Bowen (1980) asserted the
plant to be the predominant force in the rhizosphere system. In contrast, Bachmann
and Kinzel (1992) reported that, in a study involving six plants and four soils, the soil
was the dominant factor in some plant-soil combinations.
Additionally, recent research suggests that gram-positive bacteria may be a
larger component of the rhizosphere microbial population than previously reported.
Heitkamp and Cerniglia (1988) isolated a gram-positive bacterium capable of
degrading several PAHs. The bacterium could not utilize PAHs as the sole C source,
but it did completely mineralize PAHs when supplied with common organic carbon
sources such as peptone and starch. Additional research is needed to elucidate the
determinants of rhizosphere microbial ecology especially in PAH-contaminated soils.

References
Anderson, J. P. E., and Domsch, K. H. (1975). Measurement of bacterial and fungal contributions to
respiration of selected agricultural and forest softs. Can. J. Microbiol. 21, 314-322.
Anderson, T. A., and Coats, J. R. (1995). An overview of microbial degradation in the rhizosphere
and its implications for bioremediation. In Bioremediation: Science and Applications
(H. D. Skipper and R. E Turco, eds.), SSSA Spec. Publ. 43, pp. 135-143. ASA, CSSA, and
SSSA, Madison, WI.
Angers, D. A., and Mehuys, G. R. (1990). Barley and alfalfa cropping effects on carbohydrate
contents of a clay soil and its size fractions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22, 285-288.
Aprill, W., and Sims, R. C. (1990). Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soft. Chemosphere 20, 253-265.
Atlas, R. M., and Bartha, R. (1993). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd ed.
Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA.
Bachmann, G., and Kinzel, H. (1992). Physiological and ecological aspects of the interactions
between plant roots and rhizosphere soft. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24, 543-552.
Bollag, J.-M., and Bollag, W. B. (1995). Soil contamination and the feasibility of biological
remediation. In Bioremediation: Science and Applications (H. D. Skipper and R. F. Turco,
eds.), SSSA Spec. Publ. 43, pp. 1-12. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Bossert, I., and Bartha, R. (1984). The fate of petroleum in soil ecosystems. In Petroleum
Microbiology (R. M. Atlas, ed.), pp. 435-473.Macmillan, New York.
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