BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)

A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

TRANS 3.2: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN DISORDERS)

o since blood vessels are found in the
OUTLINE dermis.
o Masakit - dermis kasi nandun ung
nerve endings
● There is another layer beneath the dermis called
INTRODUCTION Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer.
● There are many things that are pleasurable in the o not part of the skin, made up of
body subcutaneous connective tissue layer
o Masarap Mangulangot ??? of fats.
o Sex is pleasurable o Thick
● Skin is the protective organ of the body.
▪ good sensations that shouldn't o the first line of defense.
be embarrassed. BUT DON'T o before any infection or damage to the
DO IT IN PUBLIC!! deeper tissues, it has to break through
PREVIOUSLY the skin.
● Integumentary is made of skin and all its COMMON SKIN DISORDERS
derivatives. ● we need to know the normal structure of the skin
● Derivatives are structures of the body that work SKIN CANCER
alike that originated from the skin.
● Not very common among us.
● In the Human Body, the derivatives of the skin is
o konti lang namamatay
only three (3):
● Good thing about Filipinos is that we have a lot of
o Glands
melanocytes and melanin that give off the brown
o Hair
pigment.
o Nails
● Skin cancer is affecting 1 out of 5 Americans
● In animals there are other derivatives such as: o western people have scarce
o horn
melanocytes
o Antler o Melanin is a good protection against
o Scales UV-B.
o Exoskeleton o during afternoon sunlight.
● Parts of the skin which is made up of 2 layers: o Higher risk for skin cancer still
o Epidermis - outer layer happens in tropical countries.
▪ stratified made up of five (5) ● Skin Cancer is caused by UV radiation and is
damaging the DNA of the skin cells.
layers:
▪ Stratum corneum Three (3) Basic Types of Skin Cancer
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma
▪ Stratum lucidum

▪ Stratum granulosum

▪ Stratum spinosum

▪ Stratum basale
o Dermis - inner layer.
▪ not stratified but it is made up
of dense irregular connective
tissue, glands, blood vessels,
receptor cells, nerve endings
o Hypodermis or subcutaneous is not ● Most common and least malignant
part of the skin ● Affecting the stratum Basale
● Skin is scratched, did not bleed = only epidermis ● It is not spreading (least malignant)
● Skin is scratched, bleed = epidermis and dermis ● 80% of those with Skin Cancer.

ALVEAR, D., FERNANDO, A.K., MANCERA, M.J., OBLIGACION, C.D., & ROLDAN, C.D. 1
BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

● Usually found in the sun-exposed areas of the ● One-third of the cases of melanoma starts from a
face. mole
o Also in other parts, as long as it is ● If you have a mole, you have to observe it
exposed to sunlight. ● Spreading brown to black patches in the skin
● It looks like a shiny-dome-shaped nodule that is ● It is changing color and growing
seen in the facial region. ● The key towards the treatment of skin cancers is
● It is slow-growing. through early detection because today, with the
o the exposure into sunlight is gradual. advancement of technology, there is a possibility
● Rarely metastasize for cancer to be cured
o rarely spread ● Currently, there is a vaccine against breast cancer
● 99% of the cases of Basa cell carcinoma are and cervical cancer
treated with surgery.
● May not be aware that it is the start of carcinoma TREATMENT FOR MELANOMA SURGERY AND
IMMUNOTHERAPY
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
● There is a way in knowing skin cancer

● Second most common type

● Squamous cell refers to the keratinocytes
● This type of carcinoma is affecting the stratum
spinosum where the keratinocytes can be found
● The most number of cases
● Scaly (dry and shedding), reddened bump
● It grows rapidly and can metastasize if not
removed ● ABCDE: rule for skin cancer and detection of it,
● The treatment is through removal by surgery or symptoms, and warning signs.
radiation therapy o A - Asymmetric: symmetry,
● Because of environmental issues like the depletion configuration and the overall
of ozone layer and acid rain, the first to be affected appearance.
is the skin
▪ The two sides of a pigmented
● It is best to take care of the skin and invest in
sunscreen and sunglasses spot. In skin cancer most of
them have different levels of
3. Melanoma pigmentation.
▪ The equality on the right or left
side. Every two sides of the
pigmented spot should be
equal hence, called
symmetrical.
▪ If not equal then they do not
match which indicates
● Most serious and most dangerous asymmetry and something
● from the word melanin that is malignant.
● Highly metastatic (spreads out) and resistant to o B - Border irregularity: the borderline
chemotherapy ▪ Shape, how does it enlarge, it
● It may grow on other parts of the body
can be blurry and there are

ALVEAR, D., FERNANDO, A.K., MANCERA, M.J., OBLIGACION, C.D., & ROLDAN, C.D. 2
BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology
highly pigmented spots and
there are jagged edges
▪ There will be projections and
hindi pantay pantay.
▪ Gumagapang ang border.
o C - color
▪ Mole should have one color.
▪ It may come in different colors
or there will be changes of
color.
o D - diameter: measure the size
▪ The size should be at least
within 6 mm.
▪ Greater than 6 mm = growing
▪ How much is 6 mm
projected and estimated the
size of the pencil eraser
o E - elevation
▪ Raising above the surface or
uneven (may part na tumataas
may part na kumakalat).
● Anything that is happening in ABCDE in the mole,
seek the doctor or oncologist.
● The first row (diagram) is benign which can be
cancerous but can be removed as it will not
spread.
● The second column: malignant
● Balat: something that is different from the normal
skin color.
● Mole: genetic, it appears normally at birth.
BURN
ALVEAR, D., FERNANDO, A.K., MANCERA, M.J., OBLIGACION, C.D., & ROLDAN, C.D.
● The other issue that is very common to us is burn.
● Burn: a tissue damage in the skin caused by heat
● By heat, you were electrified. When electrified,
the skin burns.
● Exposed to radiation: many workers in a
company that has a radiation and chemical spill. In
washing clothes or cleaning CR, there might be
acid or chemicals such as clorox, oxalic, etc. that
can cause burn.
● Main threat in burn: there is loss of fluid
(nagbabasa basa) and sometimes there is water
inside (lumolobo) which is called blisters.
o Dehydration electrolyte imbalance:
if your entire body gets burned, your
fluids will seep out (lumabas ang
tubig).
o Water depletion in the body.
o We should maintain at least 60-70% of
water inside the body.
= ● In severe cases of burn: failure of circulatory sac,
kidney is a vital organ which is damaged as it
filters blood.
o Treatment: go to hospital and the
initial treatment is to replace fluid loss
through IV (Intravenous)
● Treatment of minor burn: wash the burn in a
running water, cold water, tap water to remove dirt
● Way of knowing extend burn
o Level of burn.
o Doctors estimate the level of burn by
the rule of nines (one rule called
nines).
3
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

First Degree Burn

● Only the epidermis is affected.

o Rule of nines: we divide the body into ● Swelling, redness, and pain.
eleven areas and each of this area is ● Sunburn is an example of first degree burn.
9% of the total body area plus 1% in a
perineum of the genital region.
Second Degree Burn
o Very few where the genitals get
burned (unless iihawin chz).
o First areas to get burned: head,
face, arms, and legs.
o The anterior and posterior (head and
neck) = 9% (4 ½ % for posterior and
anterior).
o The entire trunk is 36%: 18% for
anterior and 18% for the back.
o Legs are longer than the arms so the
anterior and posterior lower limbs =
36% whereas 18% each leg (posterior
and anterior).
o Both arms = 18% whereas 9% each
● Epidermis and upper part of the epidermis are
arm. injured.
o Genitals = 1% ● Redness, pain, and blisters.
● Burn due to boiling oil is an example of second
DEGREE OF BURN degree burn.

Third Degree Burn

How do we classify burns?

● The entire thickness of the skin, including the
subcutaneous layer.
ALVEAR, D., FERNANDO, A.K., MANCERA, M.J., OBLIGACION, C.D., & ROLDAN, C.D. 4
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

● Nerve endings are destroyed, hence painless.
● The most common site of skin graft harvesting
includes: thigh, buttocks, abdomen, upper
arm, chest, and back.
● Autograft - skin is taken from your own body
so that tissue rejection won’t occur.
○ However, there are cases where skin
is taken from other animals. Ex.
Tilapia skin.
● Allograft - tissue that is transplanted from one
person (usually a deceased donor) to another.

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT OF THE SKIN

Fetus
● Treatment is a skin graft. ● During development, the skin is covered with a
● If joints are damaged, it can no longer be hair — downy coat of delicate hair called lanugo
moved. o this will doon shed

How do we know if burn is critical?

- Critical means nearly death.

● If greater than 25% of the body is burned in

the second degree, it is critical
● If more than 10% of the body is burned in
third degree, it is critical.
○ Loss of fluid
● If a third-degree burn happens in the hands
(18%), face (9%), and the feet (36%), it is
critical.
● If the face was burned in third degree, Lanugo
respiratory passages swells that leads to At Birth
suffocation.
● When the baby is born, its skin is covered with
● If joints are burned, nodules form. Scarring
vernix caseosa — a white, cheesy- looking
will also limit mobility.
substance produced by the sebaceous glands
o protects the fetus’s skin within the
SKIN GRAFT
water-filled amnion

● The newborn’s skin is very thin and often has

accumulations in the sebaceous glands on the
forehead and nose tihat appear as small white
spots called milia (baby acne)

● In skin grafting, a healthy skin is taken from a

patient’s skin and covered to the affected area.
Milia

ALVEAR, D., FERNANDO, A.K., MANCERA, M.J., OBLIGACION, C.D., & ROLDAN, C.D. 5
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

Side Note: Sana All Clear Skin — ikaw na talaga Doc G. Hirap na
hirap na nga sa subject niyo, hahanap pa jowa T^T, gagastos pa
para sa tests. Circulatory system yung RH factor kayo na lang
mag-advance reading.

Childhood

● Cute na ‘yong bata

● The skin thickens, and more subcutaneous fat is
deposited.

Adolesence

● Kumakapal na ang mukha - balat pala

● The skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous
glands increase their activity
● Acne may appear.
o Acne generally subsides in early
adulthood

Side Note: Take care of your skin, splurge on skin care. #GirlMath

Adults
● Skin starts to show the effects of cumulative
environmental assaults (abrasion, wind, sun,
chemicals).
● Scaling and various kinds of skin inflammation, or
dermatitis (der0mah-ti9tis), become more
common.

Old Age
● Less everything
● Rate of epidermal cell replacement slows, leading
to thinner skin and increased susceptibility to
bruises and injuries.
● Lubricating substances produced by skin glands
decrease, causing dryness and itching.
● Elastic fibers clump, collagen fibers reduce and
stiffen, and subcutaneous fat layer diminishes,
leading to cold intolerance and wrinkling.

Note: Buttocks are prone to stress (bugbog siya

always), the damage can be seen through the skin

ALVEAR, D., FERNANDO, A.K., MANCERA, M.J., OBLIGACION, C.D., & ROLDAN, C.D. 6