BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology
TRANS 3: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
OUTLINE
SKIN
● The skin is the outer body layer.
● Also called as the integument which means
“covering”.
● The integument is a tough outer protective layer of
the human body.
● It comprises of the Skin and its derivatives
o Skin derivatives would also be called the
skin appendages referring to the sweat
glands, the sebaceous glands, the hair,
and the nails.
● It is the largest organ in the body accounting for
about 7-15% of the total adult body weight.
o It has a weight of around 4.5-5 kg and it is
an organ of greatest surface area. In
adults, the area ranges from 15-20 square
foot or 1.5-2 square meters.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
● There are several functions of the human skin:
o It keeps water and molecules in the body
o It protects the body from external agents
that may harm the internal organs.
o It also protects the body from mechanical,
chemical and thermal damage, UV
radiation, and bacterial infection.
o It also serves as an insulator. It insulates
and cushions deeper body organs.
o It also serves in temperature regulation
and a basic structure for homeostasis
which regulates heat loss.
o It acts as an accessory excretory organ.
Excess salt and water in the body are
excreted out through the process of
perspiration.
o The skin also manufactures several
proteins important for immunity and it is
the storage for the precursor of vitamin D.
The epidermal layer of the human skin
ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J.
synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to
UV Radiation. In the presence of sunlight,
a form of Vitamin D3 called cholecalciferol
is synthesized from a derivative of the
steroid cholesterol in the skin. Upon
exposure to UVB radiation, pre vitamin D3
is synthesized from a 7-DHC in the skin
primarily in the keratinocytes of the
stratum basale and stratum spinosum
layers of the epidermis.
▪ Vitamin D is a hormone and
not a vitamin. The skin is
responsible for producing
Vitamin D. During exposure to
sunlight, UV radiation
penetrates into the epidermis
and photolysis from Vitamin
D3 to pre Vitamin D3. Pre
Vitamin D3 can either
isomerize to Vitamin D3 or be
photolyzed to lumisterol and
tachysterol. Vitamin D is also
sensitive to sunlight and is
photolyzed to
5,6-trans-vitamin D3,
suprasterol 1 and suprasterol
2. Thus, we can see that the
skin is a valuable organ and
aiding in the Vitamin D
synthesis.
o Our skin is also used for nonverbal
communications. Humans have excessive
phases/faces (?) other than other animals.
So, we can project several ways of
communication through the movement of
our skin, especially for facial expression.
▪ The figure on the right shows
the layers and structures of
the skin. The skin is divided
into an outer, thinner
epidermis, and an inner,
thicker layer which is the
dermis. Below that would be a
layer of subcutaneous tissue
which is also called
hypodermis.
● Another important function of the skin is its being
sensory in nature.
1
BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

TWO PRINCIPAL LAYERS

● Epidermis

o The outer layer which is the superficial

o The skin contains cutaneous receptors
protective layer of the skin.
which are very sensitive to environmental
o Composed of stratified squamous
stimuli. It has mechanoreceptors which
keratinized epithelium that varies in
can perceive sensations such as pressure,
thickness or layers that are composed of
vibrations, and texture.
dead cells except the deepest layer which
o It also contains tactile corpuscles such as
is the stratum basale or otherwise known
the Meissner corpuscles which respond to
as the stratum germinativum.
touch, and low frequency vibrations. They
o Composed of 4-5 layers depending on its
are phasic receptors which are found in
location in the body. The palms and soles
the dermis of the skin namely the palm of
have 5 layers because these areas are
the hands, the soles of the feet, in the lips,
most exposed to friction.
and in the tongue.
o There are several types of cells that can
o They also have the Pacinian corpuscles
be found in the different layers of the
primarily for pressure. They respond to
epidermis.
vibrations which residue deep in the
dermis and allow us to discern gross touch ▪ Keratinocytes: these are the
and differences in the texture of the most abundant cells in the
objects being touched whether it is being epidermis comprising 90% of
coarse or rough. all the cells. They produce the
o Meissner corpuscles respond to pressure fibrous protein called keratin
and low frequency vibrations while the as intermediate filaments of
Pacinian corpuscles can detect transient the cytoskeleton and they also
pressure and higher frequency vibrations. help provide protective
o The skin also has free nerve endings for properties of the skin.
pain and temperature. These are what we
called the thermoreceptors as their name ▪ Melanocytes: comprise 8% of
suggests. These receptors perceive the cells in the epidermis.
sensitive temperature related to the object They produce the pigment
in the skin and they are mostly found in called Melanin that protects
the dermis. the skin from UV light. They
o Root hair plexus which are sensitive to have projections that extend
touch. between keratinocytes and
o Krause end bulbs which are also sensitive these keratinocytes
to touch. They are also mechanoreceptors phagocytosed projections take
o Merkel disc for touch. in the melanin.
o Ruffini’s endings which are sensitive to ▪ Dendritic cells or Langerhans
pressure, the same with the Pacinian
cells: These are
corpuscles. To add, ruffini’s corpuscles are
non-pigmented granular
able to detect stretch, deformation within
dendrocytes which are
the joints, and also warn (?)
produced in the red bone
ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 2
BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology
marrow. They are important in
the immune system or
immune response and they
have projections forming a
network in some of the layers.
▪ Tactile epithelial cells or
Merkel cells: they are
associated with the nerve
endings or the tactile disc and
they are important in the
sense of touch.
o The epidermis’ thickness ranges from 1-2
mm.
o There are several layers of the epidermis
namely
▪ Stratum basale: from the
innermost layer. Made up of
one row of mainly cuboidal or
columnar keratinocytes.
Melanocytes and tactile cells
are also scattered among the
keratinocytes in the stratum
basale. They divide (actively
dividing cells) often that’s why
the stratum basale is also
called stratum germinativum.
The older cells are pushed
upwards and become part of
the upper layers and they
accumulate more keratin.
▪ Stratum spinosum: there are
8-10 cells thick present in the
stratum spinosum. There are
more superficial keratinocytes
which are flatter. Some
keratinocytes can still divide.
Dendritic cells and projections
of melanocytes are also seen
here.
▪ Stratum granulosum: It is so
called as it contains granules.
The cells contain keratohyalin
granules. There are no
membranes. They bundle
together with keratin filaments.
There are also lamellar
granules, there are
membranes and lots of lipids
and they form a waterproof
barrier between this and the
superficial layers. They are
made up of 3-5 cells thick,
ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J.
flattened keratinocytes. The
nuclei and the organelles in
the stratum granulosum
degenerates and there are
lots of keratin. And many cells
are already dead.
▪ Stratum lucidum
▪ Stratum corneum
● Dermis
o The inner thicker layer
● Hypodermis
o Below the dermis. Also called the
subcutaneous tissue layer.
EPIDERMIS
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
● So called ‘granulosum’ because it contains
granules.
● The cells contain keratohyaline granules.
● There are no membranes.
● Bundles together with keratin filaments.
● There are also lamellar granules, membranes, and
lots of lipids.
● Forms a water barrier between the superficial
layers.
● Made up of 3-5 cells thick flattened keratinocytes.
● The nuclei and the organelles in this stratum
degenerates and there are lots of keratin.
o Many cells are already dead.
STRATUM LUCIDUM
● A clear layer.
● Found only in the thicker skin such as palms and
soles.
● Made up of 3-5 cells thick, very flat and dead
keratinocytes.
● Presence of many keratin and keratohyline.
STRATUM CORNEUM
● The outermost layer of the skin.
● Made up of around 25-30 cells thick which are
very flat and made up of dead keratinocytes.
● There are lots of keratine, keratohyaline, and lipids
from the lamellar granule of this stratum.
● A waterproof barrier that protects the skin and the
inner tissues from light, heat, chemicals and
foreign invaders.
● This layer is constantly shedding off.
3
BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

oThe yellowinsh pigment is found in the

COLORATION OF SKIN epidermal cells and in the fatty parts of
the dermis.
● Skin color is determined by a pigment called
3. Hemoglobin
melanin, made by specialized cells in the skin
called melanocytes.
● The amount and type of melanin determines a
person’s skin color.
● Skin coloration is caused by the expression of the
combination of three pigments:
1. Melanin

o Red-coloring from the red blood cells

in the dermal capillaries.
o The oxygen content determines the
extent of the red coloring in the body.
o The oxygenated blood flowing in the
body gives the skin its pinkish
tone/hue.
o Its NOT a pigment of the skin, the
oxygen-bindign pigment is found in the
RBCs.
● The skin color then is a blend resulting from the
skin chromophores: red (oxygenated hemoglobin)
+ blue (deoxygenated hemoglobin).
o Melanin is a yellow, brown, or black ● The yellow-orange from the carotene is an
pigment, produced by melanocytes. exogenous pigment.
o Found in the deeper layers of the ● The melanin is a brown pigment
epidermis.
o Freckles and moles are local COMMON SKIN DISORDERS
accumulation of melanin in the skin.
o The color ranges from brown to black
pigment.
o Guards the skin from UV rays –
protecting the DNA from UV radiation.
o Gradual exposire to sunlight promotes
increased production of melanin,
resulting to the tanning of the skin
o Asians have melanin - an important
protection against UV rays.
2. Carotene
o Yellow to orange pigment from
vegetables (part of the diet)
o Accumulates in the stratum corneum, Albino/Albanism
in the fatty parts of the dermis. ● Has a normal number of melanocytes but lacks
o Founf in the hypodermis as well. tyrosinase which converts the amino acid tyrosin
o Carotene is converted to vitamin A in to melanin.
the body. Freckles
o Abundant in the skin of Asians (from
● Aggregated patch of melanin.
yellowish skin + melanin )
Vitiligo

ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 4
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

● Lack of melanocytes in localized areas, causing o An example is the whirl - the most
distinct white spots in the skin complex of all patterns.
● In further readings, other references would provide
other congenital patterns in the form of fingerprints
OTHER RELEVANT STUDIES (6-8 types).
o Different people would have different
MOLE fingerprints or friction ridges.
● The fingerprint is an impression left by the friction
ridges on the human finger.
● The recovery of a fingerprint from a crime scene is
an important method in forensic science.
o Fingerprints are easily deposited on
suitable surfaces like glass, metal,
polished stone, etc.
o These are left by the natural
excretions of the sweat from the
● Also called as “nevus” exocrine glands that are present in the
● Round, flat, or medium ridge in the skin. epidermal ridges - sometimes referred
● Represents a benign, localized overgrowth of to as chance impressions.
melanocytes.
● Structures such as melanoma will be discussed
which are similar-looking to the moles but are
malignant/cancerous.

SURFACE PATTERNS
1. Congenital Patterns
● A good example is fingerprints where friction
ridges are found.
o Friction ridges are present on the
palms and soles.
o They are formed by the pull of elastic
fibers within the dermis.
o Their main role is to prevent slippage
when grasping an object.

● In the illustration above, you will find the simple

anatomy of a fingerprint or friction ridges:
1. Core of the fingerprint pattern
2. Delta - where the ridges divide
3. Ridge endings
4. Series of islands
5. Bifurcation or splitting
● Basic fingerprint patterns: 6. Short breaks
1. Arch (A)
o The simplest among the 2. Acquired Lines
configurations.
2. Loop (L)
o The ridges are flowing to the margins
of the digits.
o If it opens to the ulnar margin, it is
called an ulnar loop.
o If it opens to the radial margin, it is
called a radial loop.
3. Whorl (W)

ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 5
BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

Types of Wrinkles:
Mimic Wrinkles; Gravitational Folds;
continuous repetition of due to gravitation, cause
facial expressions that by sagging
we developed as part of
acquired lines in the
form of wrinkles

Forehead lines Tear troughs; eyebags

Frown lines Nasolabial folds;

progressing

Crows feet Marionette lines

Bunny lines Mental crease

Nasolabial folds Neck lines

Purse-string wrinkles 7.

FIBERS OF THE SKIN

● Not given at birth but acquired through the
years/ages.
● Can be in the form of deep flexion creases.
o Common in the palms - palmar
creases.
o There are several types of creases.
● There are also shallow flexion lines observed in
the knuckles and surfaces of other joints.
o As we flex our fingers or thighs, there
can be flexion lines that can be
acquired through regular flexion.
● Wrinkles or furrows are acquired from the
continuous contraction of the facial muscles.
o The more contractions done, the more
acquired lines developed through the
years.
ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J.
● Collagenous fibers
○ Give skin strength
○ Binds with water; skin hydration
● Elastic fibers
○ Gives the stretch recoil properties in
the skin.
● As we age, skin has fewer fibers and less
subcutaneous fat and the skin loses elasticity and
it sags, causing wrinkles in the faces.
● During the extreme stretches in the skin like
pregnancy, there will be dermal tearing that leaves
white scars - stretch marks
6
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology
SOME EFFECTS IN THE SKIN
● Bedsores
○ Happens when blood or oxygen is
restricted to the cells
○ the skin cells will die and will cause
ulcerations in the skin
○ a bedridden patient should be turned
regularly because if it's just lying down
on the bed, the skin will have
restriction of oxygen and it will die -
produce ulcerations
● Tattooing and body piercing
○ Tattooing is a permanent coloration in
the skin, where foreign pigment is
deposited onto the dermis of the skin.
○ Body piercing is the insertion of
jewelry through an artificial opening in
the skin
○ This practices are health hazards as it
is breaching the skin; skin infections
and complications are possible -
allergic skin reactions in tattoo dyes
ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J.
(red, green, blue, yellow dye) result in
itchy that can also occur even after
years of getting the tattoo.
DERMIS
● The dermis is thicker and deeper than the
epidermis.
● It's a strong and stretchy envelope that helps hold
the body together.
● It is made up of connective tissues with other
embedded structures
○ Fibroblasts
○ Macrophages
○ Blood vessels; nourish the living
portion of the epidermis
○ Nevers
● It also has glands and hair follicles embedded on
it.
● It has numerous collagenous, elastic, and reticular
fibers that gives support to the skin
● It is highly vascularized and glandular; hairs and
glands.
● It also contains nerve endings and hair follicles.
TWO LAYERS OF DERMIS
1. Papillary layer
○ It is found in contact with epidermis
○ It accounts for about ⅕ of the entire
dermis
○ There are dermal projections - dermal
papillae, contains papillary/capillary
loops that furnace nutrients to the
epidermis.
○ Free nerve endings and touch
receptors.
○ It forms the base for the friction ridges
on the fingers and toes; it causes the
friction ridges in the epidermis.
○ It also contains areolar connective
tissues with elastic fibers; projects into
epidermis as dermal papillae.
7
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

○ Loops of capillaries and touch

receptors.
2. Reticular layer
○ Deepest skin layer
○ It contains blood vessels, sweat, oil
glands, and deep pressure receptors
in the form of Pacinian Corpuscles.
○ It is made up of dense, irregular
connective tissues with lots of collagen
and some elastin
○ It contains bits of adipose, hair follicles
that projects from the reticular layer,
nerves, oil and sweat glands.
○ It differs in thickness in different body
areas; from up to 2 millimeters.

CUTANEOUS GLANDS IN THE DERMIS
● Sebaceous glands
○ These are oil glands found all over the
skin except on the palms and the
soles.
○ The ducts are onto the skin surface
and it secretes sebum.
○ The secretion of sebum increases
during adolescence period.
● Sweat glands
○ Sudoriferous gland
○ It is widely distributed in the skin;
numerous in the palms, soules,
axillary and pubic region.
○ Eccrine sweat gland; more numerous
and found all over the body especially
in the forehead, back, palms, and sole,
where the ducts open directly on the
surface of the skin.
○ Apocrine gland; larger localized
gland found in the axillary and pubic
region wherein they secrete into hair
follicles. They are very common in the
puberty stage as they secrete a
characteristic odor - odoriferous
secretions.
Secretions of Sebaceous Gland
● Open and Closed Comedo
○ Closed Comedo or Whiteheads
■ It is blocked sebaceous
glands that will ot erupt onto
the surface.
○ Blackheads
■ Structures found when the
sebum are oxidized and dried
up

ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 8
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

Medical Condition Related to Sebaceous Gland of

the Skin
● Acne
○ Active inflammation of sebaceous
glands caused by bacterial infections
○ It develops when sebum - oil
substance that can lubricate our hair
and skin, and dead skin cells clog hair
follicles.
○ Bacteria can trigger inflammation and
infection resulting in a more sever one.
○ Acne vulgaris; medical name for the
common acne.
○ The common spots for breakout are
the face, chest, shoulders, and back.
○ The basic treatment is to speed up
skin cell turnover, reduce oil
production, reduce inflammation, and
fight back bacterial infection - should
be managed by a physician or
dermatologist.

DERIVATIVES/APPENDAGE OF THE SKIN

HAIR

OTHER GLANDS IN THE SKIN

● Mammary gland
○ Found within the breast.
○ A type of apocrine gland, tubular to Fig X. Hair (Pinterest kinuha ni maam)
alveolar gland.
○ Specialized sudoriferous gland that ● Structure made up of dead, keratinized cells.
secretes milk during lactation ● Humans are relatively hairless; but only the scalp,
○ Under the stimulus of the pituitary face, pubis and axilla provided with hairs
gland; pituitary hormones that directly o Men with more obvious hair because
regulates the mammary gland of the male hormones (androgens)
development - prolactin, oxytocin and
growth hormone and others that Male hormones or androgens (testosterone) cause hair growth;
indirectly impeach upon the gland are High in females with PCOS, causing them to be hairy (mabalbon)
necessary for the complete
morphogenesis and production and ● Lifespan of hair:
ejection of milk. o Eyelashes: 3-4 months
○ o Scalp: 3-4 years, and will be shed and
replaced again

Functions of the Hair

1. Protection from light

2. Decrease heat loss

ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 9
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

3. Protect eyes and nose from particles

4. Part of sense of touch
5. Holds chemical signals such as pheromones
in other chemicals

Parts of the Hair

Fig X. Layers of the Hair (Quizlet ko kinuha, will try to know what
book pero wala sa holy trinity to)

Fig X. Parts of the Hair and Epidermis (Sagittal Section; sa quizlet 1. Medulla - inner layer covered by the cortex
ko lang nakuha, wala sa libro) 2. Cortex - outer layer covered by the hair cuticle
3. Hair Cuticle - forms the toughened outer portion
1. Shaft - projects on to the surface; visible and dead
portion
2. Root - beneath the skin surface, surrounded by Types of Hair
hair follicles from the epidermis
3. Root plexus - consists nerve endings that
contribute to sense of touch
4. Hair Bulb Matrix - Growth zone made up of
melanocytes also

Layers of the Hair

Fig X. Types of Hair (di ko alam saang lupalop niya pinagkukuha

yang mga yan, yung eyelash lang nasearch ko)

1. Lanugo (Downy hair in Saladin) - hair found in

newborn babies; fine, silky, fetal hairs that appear
during the last trimester of development; not
evident unless the baby is developed prematurely.
2. Angora - common scalp hair is angora type, which
grows in continuous length
3. Definitive - most dominant type of hair; examples
are eyelashes, eyebrow, eyebrow, pubic hair, and
axillary (kili-kili) hair; they grow in a definitive
length and will shed to be replaced by another
one.

Arrector Pili Muscle

ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 10
BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology
Fig no. Arrector Pili Muscle
● Arrector Pili Muscle or Hair Erector Muscle
o Associated with the hair is the
sebaceous gland and a special type of
muscle called the arrector pili muscles.
o Also called as hair erector muscles.
● Function and Definition
o Small muscles attached to the hair
follicles in mammals
o They are of involuntary contraction
due to thermal or psychological stimuli
causing the hair follicle to stand on
end
o This phenomena is also called as
“goosebumps” or “piloerection”
Pilo → pilus → means hair
Erection → means upright
ALOPECIA OR ALOPECIA AREATA
ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J.
Fig no. Alopecia areata
● Alopecia
o Partial or total loss of hair
o Genetic, ageing, endocrine disorders,
chemotherapy, skin disease
■ A disease that happens when the
immune system attacks the hair
follicles causing hair loss
★ Hair Follicles - structures in skin that form the
hair
● Effect
o While hair loss may occur in any part
of the body, Alopecia areata usually
affects the head and face
● Causes or Factors
1. Genetic
2. Ageing
3. Endocrine disorders
4. Chemotherapy - cancer treatment
5. Skin Diseases
Types of Alopecia
There are many or 6 recognized types of Alopecia:
1. Androgenetic or Male Pattern Baldness -
baldness common in men; MOST COMMON
11
 BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

o Hyponychium - found beneath the

free border
o Eponychium - covers the nail root
c. Nail Root - proximally embedded to the skin
d. Nail Matrix - growth area
e. Lunule (Lunula ata dapat to) - white crescent
shaped area in the proximal aspect

Functions of the Nail

1. Grasping
2. Manipulating Objects
3. Scratching

Treatment and Maintenance of Nails

Fig X. Androgenic or Androgenetic Alopecia (cant find the picture in
Ma’am’s PPT) ● Healthy fingernails - smooth, no pits, no grooves
and no discoloration
2. Alopecia areata
3. Fibrosing alopecia ● Abnormalities → for checkup as diseases may be
4. Diffuse alopecia shown in the nails
5. Scarring alopecia o Discoloration: Dark, light,
6. Universal alopecia discoloration or presence of streaks
o Nail Shape: Curling, clubbing of nails
o Thickness: Thickening or thinning
NAIL
o Brittle (easy to break)
Nails o Pitted (with pits, or curved pababa na
● Location: Distal dorsum of each fingers and toes mga hukay)
● Definition & Origin: Hardened, transparent, o Redness (related to blood)
stratum corneum of the epidermis made up of o Swelling (pamamaga or bulging)
keratinized cells ● Diseases Possible: Skin disorder, psoriasis,
● Growth: eczema, arthritis
o Fingernails: 1 millimeter per week ● Nail Clubbing (change in nail shape) may
o Toenails: Grow at a slow rate indicate heart disease, inflammatory bowel
● Appearance: Appear pinkish due to the blood disease, lung disease, thyroid disease or presence
supply to the dermis of HIV virus leading to AIDs

Parts of the Nail KEY TAKEAWAYS

● STUDENT 1 (PABLO): Skin is the largest part of

the body. It has many functions such as protection
from external environment and foreign substances
that may enter the body, excretion of water and
salts, respiration, thermoregulation to maintain
homeostasis, vitamin D synthesis that is important
in the immunity of the skin. The skin has lots of
cells in the epidermis such as keratinocytes,
melanocytes, dendritic cells and tactile cells
o Doc G: Imagine yourself without the
skin. The skin is the first line of
Fig X. Parts and Layers of the Nail (Seeley’s) defense. Before any foreign viral,
bacterial invasion or infection sets in,
a. Nail Body - visible attached portion
our skin is our barrier. If there is an
b. Free edge - distal exposed border attached to the
open wound, and skin is removed
undersurface of the hyponychium
(sometimes the skin is still there and

ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 12
BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology

folds), then you subject your muscles o Doc G: On top of all the functions, the
and tissues to open infection. So we skin is a sensory organ. It has several
take care of our skin as it serves many cutaneous receptors for different
functions as possible, not only for your sensations. So, it is really sad if you
beauty. There are deeper, more vital have no sensations.
functions that the skin functions. ● STUDENT 7 (AMPARO): Sa male, madaling
● STUDENT 2 (JANETH): (1) Skin is also kumakalbo or pumapanot, which is a cause of
involved in the regulating of the body hormones. And it is genetic, namamanifest sa
temperature. Hands and feet feel cold first mga lalaking anak. But it can also be caused
when in a cold environment because the by stress.
natural response of the body is to conserve o Doc G: Baldness happens not only to
heat, constricting the blood vessels, which in older people because it is genetic,
turn reduces blood flow in the extremities. The even younger people can experience
body is in constant survival mode. It prevents baldness.
the internal organs from working properly
when subjected to cold temperature. (2)
Raynaud's phenomenon, in which the body
becomes pale due to low blood supply.
o Doc G: Basically, the integumentary
system is the largest organ and it also
helps in homeostatic balance.
● STUDENT 3 (A. CALMA): During elementary
and high school, the integumentary system is
tackled limited only as being the protective
part of the body. But now in tertiary, it is more
complex. It is emphasized that the skin also
functions in thermoregulation and metabolic
processes. Skin acts as a protective barrier
against the pathogens and extreme
temperatures.
● STUDENT 4 (A. FERNANDO): NO AUDIO
o Doc G: Filipinos with brown skin
should not be embarrassed. The more
melanin we have, the more protections
we get from UVB radiation. In addition,
if you are taking glutathione,
remember that having brown skin is
dictated by genetics. So if you take a
lot of gluta, and stop it, your skin color
gets back. So, let’s be proud of our
skin. It's to our advantage.
● STUDENT 5 (BAUTISTA): Fingerprints are
formed by elastic fibers and they have different
kinds. This explains that every individual has a
unique fingerprint, and that it has anatomy or
basic units.
o Doc G: That is why fingerprints are
used in crime scenes or criminal cases
for us to identify who the criminal is.
● STUDENT 6 (ALIBAYAN): The skin receptors:
mechanoreceptors in sense of touch,
thermoreceptors for cold and hot temperature,
and the skin feels the pain first. Basically, it
acts as the first signal kung paano
magre-react yung katawan.

ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 13