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Module 2 - LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Module 2 - LIMITS, FITS, AND TOLERANCES
Interchangeability
An interchangeable part is one which can be substituted for similar part
manufactured to the same drawing.
The required fit assembly can be obtained in Two ways.
a) Universal or full interchangeability
b) Selective assembly
Full interchangeability means any component will mat with any other
component without classifying Manufactured components into sub
groups or Without carrying out minor alteration. It requires precise
machines or processes whose Process Capability is equal or less than
the manufacturing Tolerances allowed for that
part. So every component produced will be
with in desired tolerances and capable of
Fitting with any other components to give the
required Fit.
by different operator.
minimum.
Selective Assembly:
In selective assembly components produced are classified into
groups according to their sizes by automatic gauging. This is done
for both Holes and Shafts and then corresponding parts will be
matched properly.
It reduces chance of defective assembly and also the cost of
assembly as parts may be produced in wider tolerances.
Ex: Assembly of piston with cylinder bores.
Bore size = 50 mm
clearance required for assembly= 0.12 mm
Tolerance in both bore and piston = 0.04 mm
Dimension of bore diameter = 50 ±0.02 mm
Dimension of piston = 49.88 ±0.02 mm
the basic size. All the dimensions are shown w.r.t the Zero line.
Some Definitions
Limit: Due to inevitable inaccuracy of manufacturing methods, it is
not possible to make a part precisely to a given dimension and
may only be made to lie between to extremely permissible sizes
called the limits for the actual size.
Upper/Lower limit: Largest/Lowest size permitted
Tolerance: The permissible variation in size or dimension of a part
is called Tolerance. It is the difference between U.L and L.L of
dimension.
It is the amount by which the job is allowed to go away from
accuracy, with out causing any functional trouble.
Tolerance is always +ve.
Unilateral Tolerance: In this, the dimension
is allowed to vary only in one direction of
Basic Size, either above or below it.
Bilateral Tolerance: In this the dimension of part is allowed to vary in both
the sides of the basic size.
Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between the actual
size and the corresponding basic size.
Upper Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between the
upper (Max) limit and the corresponding basic size.
Denoted by “ES” for Hole and “es” for shaft.
+ve when UL> Basic size & -ve when UL< Basic size.
Lower Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between lower
limit and corresponding Basic size.
Denoted by “EI” for Hole and “ei” for shaft.
+ve when LL> Basic size & -ve when LL< Basic size.
So, Tolerance = IT
For Shaft: IT = es – ei For Hole: IT = ES - EI
Fundamental Deviation: (FD)
where, D (mm) is the geometric mean of the lower and upper diameters of
a particular diameter step within which the chosen diameter D lies.
Clearance:
This is the difference between the sizes of the Hole and shaft
before assembly when this difference is positive.
Maximum size of Hole-Minimum size of shaft=Max. clearance
Minimum size of Hole-Maximum size of shaft=Min. Clearance.
Size:
A number expressing the numerical value of a length in a
particular unit.
Allowance:
It is the prescribed difference between the dimension of two
mating parts (Hole and Shaft)
It is the intentional difference between lower limit of hole and
Higher limit of shaft.
Allowance= LLH-HLS
It may be +ve or –ve. +ve allowance = clearance
-ve allowance = Interference
Tolerance Allowance
1. Permissible variation in 1. Prescribed difference between
dimension of a part. the dimension of two mating
2. Tolerance= UL – LL parts.
3. It is provided to the dimension 2. Allowance = LLH - ULS
of a part. 3. Provided on the dimension of
4. It has Absolute value with out mating parts to obtain the
sign. desired type of fit.
4. It may be +ve. or –ve.
“Go” limit and “NOGO” limit:
“GO” limit refers to UL of shaft and LL of Hole.
Thus it corresponds to MML.
“NOGO” limit refers to the LL of a shaft and UL of a hole.
Thus it corresponds to LML.
Fits:
It is the degree of tightness or looseness between two mating
Parts to perform a definite function when they are assembled
Together.
A fit may result either in a movable joint or a fixed joint.
Ex: Shaft in Bearing, Pulley on a Shaft.
Classification
Transition fit
Clearance fit Interference fit
a) Push Fit
a) Slide Fit a) Force Fit
b) Wringing fit
b) Easy Slide fit b) Tight fit
c) Running fit c) Shrink fit
d) Slack running fit
e) Loose running fit
Clearance fit:
In this type of fit Shaft is always smaller than the Hole
i.e. UL of shaft is smaller than LL of Hole.
Clearance fit exists when the shaft and the hole are at
their MML.
The Tolerance zone of hole will be above the shaft
tolerance.
Allowance is +ve.
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Clearance fit:
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Interference fit:
In this type of fit, LL of shaft is larger than UL of Hole.
Thus, the shaft and holes are attached permanently
and used as a solid component.
Elastic strains are developed during the process of
assembly.
Allowance is –ve. (Interference)
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Interference fit:
Ex:
Bearing bush, Small end in connecting rod, Gear in
intermediate shafts in trucks.
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MQR-JAM-LIMITS FITS TOLERANCES
Transition fit:
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MQR-JAM-LIMITS FITS TOLERANCES
Transition fit:
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Hole Basis System:
The size of hole is kept constant and shaft sizes are varied to
Give various types of fits.
In this, lower deviation of the hole is Zero i.e. LL = Basic size.
Hole basis system is commonly used as it is convenient to
make a hole of correct size due to availability of standard drills,
Reamers, with less cost.
(b)Limit Gauge: Two gauges are used to check each dimension of the
part i.e. upper and lower limit. These are “GO” and “NO-GO”
gauges. GO gauges check MML and NO GO gauges check LML.
These are widely used in industries. A part is considered to be good
if the GO gauge pass through the work and the NO GO gauge fails
to pass under the action of its own weight. This Confirms the actual
dimension of part within the specified tolerances.
If both the gauges fail, it indicates that hole is under size and shaft
is oversize.
Three basic size of Gauges:
1. Work shop gauge:
GT is within WT, some accepted parts are rejected, WA is given
to W/S GO Gauge.
2. Inspection gauge:
GT is out side the WT, some rejected parts are Accepted,
As GO gauge for inspection is fairly slack, no WA is required.
3. General gauge:
To over come the draw back of w/s and inspection gauge,
general gauge has been recommended.
Tolerance zone of GO gauge placed inside Work
tolerance.
Tolerance zone of NOGO gauge placed outside work
tolerance.
GO gauge of General gauge is taken same as W/S gauge.
NOGO gauge of General gauge is taken same as inspection
gauge.
2. According to Purpose:
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MQR-JAM-LIMITS FITS TOLERANCES
Allocation of Wear Allowance
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Question
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