HISTORIOGRAPHY, REVISIONISM AND DISTORTION

HISTORY - is the discipline that studies the chronological record of events, usually
attempting on the basis of a critical examination of source materials to explain events.
Zeus Salazar - father of Philippine History " Ang History a salaysay na may saysay"
Aristotle - "History is an account of unchanging past"
Collingwood - "History is a discipline in which we relieve the past in one's mind"
Gottschalk - "History is the study of the beliefs, desires, practices & institutions of human
being"

Historiography
- is a progressive and innovative discipline composed of various dynamic research
programs precisely because it is capable or revising itself,
- constantly improving itself, expanding knowledge and becoming relevant in new
historical contexts (Tucker, 2008)

3 Types of Historiographic revision

Evidence-driven revision -discovery of new evidence production of new knowledge about

the past

Significance-driven revision-what historians consider significant in history; to better

understand the present

Value-driven revision-revision in the system of values that historians employ to evaluate

historical events, actions and actors

Revisionism

Historical Revisionism - involves reinterpretation of historical event or presentation of new

narratives based on a newly unearthed facts,
done in a scientific manner

POSITIVE HISTORICAL REVISIONISM “HISTORIOGRAPHY, OUR BELIEFS ABOUT THE PAST,

HISTORY IS IN CONSTANT FLUX; OUR BELIEFS ARE CONSTANTLY BEING REVISED. IN
THAT SENSE, ALL HISTORIANS WHO CONDUCT RESEARCH ARE REVISIONIST.

Example of this are:

> The killing of Magellan
> Apolinario Mabini Removal From Aguinaldo's Cabinet
NEGATIVE HISTORIAL REVIONISM " ALTERING HISTORY BY SIMPLY IGNORING THE
FACTS"

Examples of this are:

> Marcos Burial at the libingan ng mga bayani
> Marco's supposed guerrilla unit, Ang Mga Maharlika was also" never officially recognized
and neither was his leadership of it, " said the NG+HCP.

HISTORICAL DISTORTION
- Distorting historical facts

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

Primary Source
- it is the testimony written or unwritten of the eyewitness or participant of an event being
studied or investigated. In contemporary usage, it can mean the eye witness or participant
himself ( the source) who executes the testimony regarding the occurrence of an event.
- For the eye witness or the participant to be considered a primary source he must have a
direct involvement to the event or at least close to it both in time and space

Advantages:
1. A PS provides raw data that have not yet been subjected to the vantage points and
interpretations of historians.
2. It leads the historian or researcher directly to the perception of the eye witness or
participant on the event being studied
3. It directly brings the historian or researcher to the milieu or realm of the eye
witness or the participant to the event being studied
4. It is assumed to be more credible than a secondary source
5. It is presumed to be the original source of historical data
6. The use of a primary source makes the historian or researcher professional and
adept in his field.

Disadvantages:
1. A PS is usually inaccessible because most of them are kept in archives where as in
the case of the Philippines only graduate students are accommodated
2. In an attempt to thoroughly study Philippine history, the use of PS is deemed
necessary. However, great bulks of them are in libraries and archives of countries
abroad e.g., Spain, USA, Unites Kingdom, etc.
3. Since a PS is susceptible to the ravages of time, sometimes the most interesting
piece that the historian or researcher seeks to read had been eaten by an insect,
blotted with an ink, burned by a cigarette butt or spoiled by a drop of water
4. A contemporary historian or researcher who has not been exposed to the strokes in
the 17th and 18th centuries and the rudiments of the Spanish Language might
experience a difficulty in dealing with and in understanding the primary source

● SECONDARY SOURCE

● It is the testimony written or unwritten which is generated from a primary source.

Usually it is the account which relates data that were read from PS.
● Simply it is the kind of source which was written or told by someone who had no
direct involvement or at least physical exposure to an event

Advantages:
1. It is more accessible to a historian or researcher
2. It can provide the researcher or student of history a ready-made analysis and
interpretation that might held him in understanding certain events or phenomena.

Disadvantages
1. The data contained therein have been subjected to the bias of its researcher or
writer by means of subjecting them to his own perspective and interpretation
2. A secondary source is less credible than a PS
3. Sometimes it contains errors, more specially in the interpretation of certain events
or phenomena
4. The frequent use of secondary sources deteriorates the competence of the
historian.
 REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
● The National Library of the Philippines (NLP) alom TM Kalaw, Manila
● The National Historical Commission of the Philippines along TM Kalaw, Manila
● The Main Library of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. The Library
houses the following: ü complete volume of the Blair and Robertson, ü 5-volume set
of Philippine Insurgent Records Against the United States ü 10-volume set of
Filipino Heritage ü American Occupation of the Philippines by James Blount ü The
Philippine insurrection against the United States by John Taylor And many more…
● The CSSD Library which brags its modest collection of more or less 4 thousand
books.
● The National Museum (NM) of the Philippines and the National Archives of the
Philippines (NAP)
● NCCA and the cultural center of the Philippines

● Ayala Museum
1. EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CRITICISMS
Method of History versus Historiography

• The METHOD [of History]

● pertains to the process of thoroughly examining and critically analyzing the records and
survivals of the past.
● It also means the accumulation of data about the past to be thoroughly examined and
critically analyzed by a set of scientific rules to determine whether a certain past that is
attempted to reconstruct actually happened or not.

Historiography
- The process of reconstructing historical data that have already been tested by the
method.
-
Some Problems in Writing History

o Sources—whether written or not—are not available or accessible in the Philippines. They

are sometimes difficult to find and, if written in Spanish, difficult understand.
o Most of the people—if not all—who are considered participants or eyewitnesses are dead.
o The surviving sources (history as record and as materials), the surviving part of the
recorded and recovered part of the remembered and created part of the whole history
(history-as-actuality), are difficult to reconstruct.
 Why do we have to determine fabricated sources and hoax stories from the
real?
o They bolster a false claim or title.
o They justify falsely the occurrence of an incident or event—i.e., abuses or wrongdoings.
o They create a basis or outlet for criticism by seriously considering practical jokes as
historical facts.

Why does a source mislead?

o The source can deceive certain people (intentionally or unintentionally, good or bad) and,
subsequently, scholars and historians (for instance the eight rays of the Philippine flag
which are allegedly represented by the eight provinces that revolted against Spain). *
Fabricated Sources are also misleading.
o The source conceals motives and identities.
o The source is inappropriately ascribed to a person who commissioned a writer or editor to
write it on his behalf, for instance a speech.
o The source misrepresents the real date of its writing or publication, say a letter and a
newspaper.

NOTE!!
o The real author of the source must be identified and at least a surmise of his location in
time and space and of his habits, attitudes, character, learning or education, associates,
cultural, orientation, religion, etc. must be examined. • The author provides the authenticity
and credibility of the source.
o The date when the document was written must be examined in order to know whether it
conforms to the event being studied and to the veracity of the information being examined,
in case that the source was written many years after the occurrence of the event.
o Anachronisms, handwriting style, alibi or other tests that are associated with the author's
milieu, personality and actions cannot possibly prove or disprove authenticity.
o Hand writing, signature, seal, letterhead, watermark, etc, must be identified accurately
(Paleography – isography. Can be used)
● The Provenance of sources kept in congress, government agencies, private libraries,
archives, business firms, lawyer’s papers, creates a presumption of genuineness

NOTE!!
• In examining the credibility of a source, the historian or the skilled/trained history
researcher plays the role of a prosecutor, attorney for the defense and judge all in one. But as
a judge, he rules out no evidence whatever if it is relevant. To him, any single detail of
testimony is credible - even if it is contained in a document obtained by force or fraud, or is
 otherwise impeachable, or is based on necessary evidence, or is from an interested witness -
provided it can pass the test of credibility.

The Factors Affecting the Ability of a Source in Telling the Truth

● Nearness of the eyewitness [who wrote the source] to the event

a. Nearness geographically
b. Nearness chronologically
(Nearness to the event geographically and chronologically means the absence of barrier or
obstruction to the event that should have been witnessed.)

● The Competence of the eyewitness or the source

( Competence - refers to the degree of expertness that the eyewitness manifests, including his
state of physical and mental health, age, education, narrative skill, etc.)
"The eyewitness is said to be incompetent if he merely assumes or estimates numerical data
(hard data or specific data)"

Factors that boosts the competence of an eyewitness or a source:

1. The degree of attention given by the source to the event he narrated

2. The use of hypothetical questions in interrogating or examining the source instead of
leading questions that are answerable by yes or no.
3. When an eyewitness or source narrates an event, the narration must be progressive. He
begins from a premise and ends not with the same premise—i.e., missing reasoning in a
circle
4. The source or eyewitness must not be tainted with egocentrism or high regard of himself.
5. Although there is no such thing as objectivity in the strictest sense of the term, the source
or eyewitness must exude it to a certain extent.

● The truthfulness of the source which is affected by:

1. 1. The motive of the source or eyewitness
2. 2. The bias of the source or eyewitness which emanates from his motive
2 Types of Biases:
Stadium – bias that is in favor to the subject of the source
Odium – bias that is against the subject of the source
3. The tendency to avoid displeasing people
4. The tendency to depart from strict veracity due to laws and conventions
5. The literary style used might mislead a historian or scholar from accuracy.
6. The expected character of the event or those who participated in it.
7. The inexact or inaccurate dating and vague description of the event, including the
individuals who were involved in it.

● The failure to report everything emerges from the biases of the eyewitness or the source.
 ● The failure to report everything determines the objectivity (neutrality) or subjectivity
(partiality) of the historian or researcher.

● A primary information that has been derived from a primary source by the process of
external criticism is not yet established as historical fact.
Although there is a strong presumption that it is trustworthy (reliable), the general rule
of historians [with exemption] is to accept it as historical fact only when it rests upon
the independent testimony of two or more reliable eyewitnesses or sources.

*An independent source is a kind of source that did not derive its details from another primary
source

2. PHOTOGRAPHS, CARICATURES, PAINTINGS & VIDEOS

● Historiophoty
- is the representation of history and ideas about it through visual images and
filmic discourse
- It was coined by the historian and literary critic Hayden White in an essay that
was published in 1988. The essay was a response to Robert Rosenstone's essay titled
"History in images/History in Words; Reflections"

● PHOTOGRAPH
- is an image produced through the use of a camera. It is created by light falling on a
light sensitive surface.

P- Photograph
● What is the subject of the photograph?
● Does the photograph show its subject literally or it shows another subject through a subtext
or a concealed meaning?
● When was the photograph taken?
● Does the photograph contribute to a better understanding of its period?

H- Historical Fact
● What facts of history can be seen in the photograph?

● Can these facts be verified by other independent primary sources?

● Do the facts strengthen perception o knowledge of its period?
● Is the photograph credible as a source of historical information?
 O- Observers
● Who are the supposed observers of the photograph?

● Is the photo intended of solely for an observer or a group of observers etc.?

T- Thrusts
● Who is the photographer? Where did he come from? What is his career/educational
background?
● Does the photograph emphasize or focus on a particular image? What elements emphasize
or focus the image?
● Who/Where is the source of the photograph? For how long was it kept by that source?
● What are the intentions of the photographer in capturing the photograph?
● Are there some indications of the photographer’s bias or discrimination in favor of or
against the subject in the photograph?

O- Other Elements
● Are there other elements (e.g., images, color, lines, perspective, milieu, etc.) in the picture?
● How do these elements help its observer in further understanding the photograph?
● Do the other elements conform to the supposed milieu of the photograph?

Pictures provide the progress or development of certain individuals institutions or

places in concrete and vivid images

Note that!!
● Editing of photographs began in the 1860s or 1870s, however the technology did not come
immediately to the Philippines. So far, there is no known record yet of photo editing during
those years in the country.
The first photo to be edited was that of President Abraham Lincoln who stood behind his wife
(left), Mary Ann Todd Lincoln. The editing was thought to have happened in 1870 or earlier.
Right: Mrs. Lincoln’s photograph during the American Civil War

● Due to the lack of available technology, editing of photographs was done manually by means
of pasting images together. Moreover, early editors had to rely likewise on the use of
available tools like ink, paint and airbrushes. Editors who tried to enlarge photographs had
to do some adjustments like brightening or darkening various parts

The editing of photographs using computer programs through the first personal computers
were made initially in the 1980s. With the release of the first version of Adobe Photoshop in
1987, editing of photographs started to become a common practice. Since then, the word
“photoshop” has become the common usage of people to mean an edited photo through the
use of the software.
 The first mobile application photo editor called Fotolr Photo Editor was released in 2011 in
App Store.
Subsequently released apps were made for other mobile operating systems. Editing of
photographs and sharing them through smartphones and tablets can be done in these
applications easily

Before 1886, photographs were usually black and white until

● Levi Hill- a Baptist minister in New York who produced apparently colored images through
the enhancement of pigments. Gabriel Lippman - A physicist and inventor made the first
colored photograph without the aid of any pigments or dyes in 1886.
● Lippman’s contribution to photography earned him Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS!!
– Black and white photographs are usually credible because of the presumption that these
photographs were taken at older times.
– As long as no tampering was made, photographs whether black and white or colored have
strong credibility because they show motionless episodes or registries of the occurrence of
supposed events.
– Before the invention of editing, photographs were usually credible as primary sources of
historical information.
– Due to the prevalence of editing applications at present, careful scrutiny on the veracity of
photographs must be made. The need for the help of experts might be necessary.

● CARICATURE
- is an illustration, imitation or description of a person, object, situation or event in which
certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS!!

● Caricatures or cartoons cannot be used as primary sources of information, UNLESS THEY

ARE USED AS THE THEME OF THE STUDY in a content analysis, for instance.
● They show the funny and ridiculous (grotesque) side of their subjects.
● Caricatures should always be seen as EXAGGERATED ILLUSTRATIONS, DESCRIPTIONS OR
IMITATIONS of people, objects, situations or events in a specific period.
● Though it may not always be the case, a caricature represents the general opinion of a
public or publics at a given time.

● PAINTINGS
- the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of a certain aesthetic qualities in a
two dimensional visual language.

P- Painting and Its Elements

1. Color
-It is arguably the most important element because it sets the tone for how viewers
feel about the work. It can, for instance, be warm and inviting or cold and stark.
2. Tone
- It is, essentially, how light or dark a paint is when you strip away the color.
Understanding how to use it can greatly affect the way your art is perceived.
3. Line
-e is defined as a narrow mark made by a brush, or a line created where two objects or
elements meet. It defines the subject of paintings and helps us imply things such as
movement.
4. Shape
-In essence, a shape is an enclosed area that is made when lines meet. When that shape
takes on a third dimension (as in sculpture or some mixed media), we then also have
form
5. Space
-It is the area in a surface which is occupied by the subject (positive space) and the
areas around it (negative space).
6. Texture
-This can be interpreted as a pattern within the painting or the brushstrokes
themselves. It means the roughness or smoothness of the surface after the application of
paint
7. Composition
-is the arrangement of the painting. Where you place the subject, how the background
elements support it, and every little piece that you add to the canvas becomes part of
the composition. It is critical to how the work is perceived.
8. Direction
-This may pertain to format, perspective or the course of the light in a painting. To
some painters, a vertical canvas can work better than a horizontal one for certain
subjects and vice versa. It may also mean how the images are placed or how they are
used in relation or proportion to others. As regards to the course of the light, all the
lights falling on the images must come from the same direction or the audience would
be confused.
9. Size
-This refers to the scale of the painting itself as well as the scale of proportions within
the painting's elements.
10. Time and Movement
-Time can be viewed as the amount of time a viewer spends looking at a piece. This
refers to how you direct the viewer's eye within the painting.

A - Aims, Presuppositions and Values of the Painter

I- Interpretation/ Representations
N- Notes about History
T- Target Audience
● VIDEO OR DOCUMENTARY PRESENTATION
- Is a visual record of the past which shows the event or series of events through moving
pictures.

V- Video
I- Intentions
D- Disagreements
E- Epistemological Support to Information
O- Other Sources

NOTE!!!!
– Though videos appear as more credible sources due to the combination of moving images
and audio element, they are some of the easiest materials to be tampered nowadays.
– Color was first applied in motion pictures in the early years of the 20th century with Cupid
Angling (1918) as the generally accepted first colored film.*
– Subsequent films were made such as Gone With The Wind by Technicolor in 1939.
– In the Philippines, color was successfully applied in Ibong Adarna (1959), the generally
accepted first Filipino colored film.
– Massive use of visual effects, editing applications, etc. became prevalent in the 1990s and
the 2000s in the Philippines.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS!!
– Black and white videos are usually credible because of the presumption that these videos
were taken at earlier times.
– As long as no tampering was made, videos—whether black and white or colored—have
strong credibility because they show scenes or events as they actually happened at a definite
period in the past.
– Before the invention of visual effects, editing applications, etc., videos were usually credible
as primary sources of historical information.
– Due to the prevalence of visual effects, editing applications, etc. at present, careful scrutiny
on the veracity of videos must be made. The need for the help of experts might be necessary
5. THE SITE OF FIRST EASTER Sunday MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES

March 31, 1521

- The Philippines held its first documented Catholic Mass called Easter Sunday Mass
- celebrated by Magellan’s order, marked the beginning of Roman Catholicism in the
Philippines.
- It was officiated by a priest ordered by Magellan, his name was Father Pedro de
Valderrama on the shore of Mazaua in Pigafetta's Journal, which people believe is the town of
Limasawa in Southern Leyte.

However, a dispute over the location of the First Easter Sunday Mass in the Philippines began in
the late 1800s and early 1900s, some groups proposed that the First Easter Sunday Mass was
conducted in Butuan.
Other sources claim that the first mass occurred in a different possible location. As a result, the
National Historical Institute (NHI) has investigated the controversy alongside panels with
differing claims about the location of the first Easter Sunday mass, whether it is in Limasawa or
Butuan

1. THE LOGBOOK OF FRANCISCO ALBO

Francisco Albo
- He is the pilot of Magellan flagship, the " Trinidad"
- One of the 18 survivors who returned the ship " Victoria" with Sebastian Elcano.
- He kept a journal of the events that occurred as their group traveled around the
Philippines.
 ▪ On March 16, 1521, they sailed westward from Ladrones, saw land to the northwest, but did
not approach due to too many shallow spots. They later discovered that its name was
Yunagan.

▪ Instead, they went south on the same day to another small island called Suluan, where
they anchored. They saw some canoes there, but they fled when the Spaniard approached.
This island was located at 9 degrees and two-thirds north latitude.

▪ They sailed westward from those two islands to the uninhabited island of "Gada," - where
they took in a supply of wood and water. The sea around that island was free of shallows.
(Albo does not specify the latitude of this island, but based on Pigafetta's testimony, it appears
to be the "Acquada" or Homonhon, which is located at 10 degrees North latitude.)

▪ They sailed west from that island towards a large island called Seilani or Ceylon -which was
inhabited and known to have gold which is the island of Leyte

▪ Sailing south along the coast of Seilani, they turned southwest to a small island called
"Mazava," which is also at a latitude of 9 and two-thirds degrees North.

▪ The people on the island of Mazava were wonderful. The Spaniards planted a cross on a
mountain-top and were shown three islands to the west and southwest, where they were told
there was a lot of gold. "They showed us how the gold, which came in small pieces like peas
and lentils, was gathered”.

▪ They sailed northwards again from Mazava, this time towards Seilani. They followed the
coast of Seilani in a northwestern direction, ascending to 10 degrees latitude and seeing three
small islands.

▪ They sailed westward for ten leagues until they came to three islets, where they anchored
for the night. In the morning, they sailed southwest for 12 leagues, down to a latitude of 10
and one-third degree. They entered a channel between two islands, one called "Matan" and
the other "Subu.“

▪ They sailed down that channel, then turned west and anchored at Subu's town (la villa),
where they stayed for several days, obtained provisions, and signed treaties with the local
king.

▪ The town of Subu was located east-west of the islands of Suluan and Mazava. However,
there were so many shallows between Mazava and Subu that the boats couldn't go westward
directly and had to go (as they did) in a roundabout way. This must be noted that the location
of Mazava in Albo's account corresponds to the location of Limasawa, which is located at the
southern tip of Leyte, 9 degrees 54'N. However, he did not mention the first mass, but only the
planting of the cross on a mountain-top from which three islands to the west and southwest
could be seen, which also fits the southern end of Limasawa.

2. THE PIGAFETTA EVIDENCE

Antonio Pigafetta
- was a famous Italian traveler who studied navigation.
- Member of magellan's expedition and eyewitness to the events, especially the first
mass.
- one of the 18 survivor out of 240 who returned to spain in 1522

Similarly to Francisco Albo, he kept a journal of events as their group traveled around
the Philippines. The only difference is that Pigafetta's account is more detailed and
supported by evidence, including the date and location of the event.

a. Testimony of Pigafetta on the route of Magellan’s expedition

▪ Saturday, March 16, 1521 – Magellan’s expedition sighted "Zamal," a "high land"
approximately 300 leagues west of Ladrones (now Marianas) Island.

▪ Sunday, March 17 – landed on "another uninhabited island." They set up two tents for
the crew's sick members and had a sow slaughtered for them. The island's name was
"Humunu" (Homonhon). The locations are 10 degrees North Latitude.

▪ Sunday, March 17 – Magellan named the entire archipelago the “Islands of Saint
Lazarus,” It was Sunday in the Lenten season when the Gospel assigned for the Mass and
the Liturgical Office was the eleventh chapter of St. John. which tells of the raising of
Lazarus from the dead.

▪ Monday, March 18 – In the afternoon, they noticed a boat approaching them, which
contained nine men. A gift exchange was carried out. Magellan requested food supplies,
and the men left, promising to return in "four days" with rice and other supplies.

▪ On the island of Homonhon, there were two springs of water. They discovered some
hints that these islands were rich in gold. As a result, Magellan renamed the island the
"Watering Place of Good Omen" (Acquada la di bouni segnialli).

▪ Friday, March 22 – The natives returned at noon, in two boats, with food supplies.

▪ Magellan's expedition stayed at Homonhon for eight days, beginning on Sunday.

March 17 to the following week's Monday, March 25.

▪ Monday, March 25 – The expedition weighed anchor and left the island of Homonhon
in the afternoon. In ecclesiastical calendar, this day was the feast-day of the Incarnation.
Also called the feast of the Annunciation and therefore “Our Lady’s Day.” An accident
happened to Pigafetta: He fell into the water but was rescued. He attributed his narrow
escape from the death as grace obtained through the intercession of the Blessed Virgin
Mary on her feast-day.

▪ The expedition's route after leaving Homonhon was "toward the west southwest,
between four Islands (Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Albarien." "Cenalo" is an Italian
manuscript misspelling for what Pigafetta in his map calls "Ceilon" and Albo calls
"Seilani" (island of Leyte). Pigafetta mistook "hiunanghan" (a misspelling of
Hinunangan) for a separate island, but it is actually on the mainland of Leyte. Hibuson
(Pigafetta's Ibusson) is an island located east of the southern tip of Leyte.They left
Homonhon, sailing westward towards Leyte, then southward, passing between the
island of Hibuson on their port side and Hiunangan Bay on their southboard, continuing
southward, then turning westward to "Mazaua.“

▪ Thursday, March 28 – In the morning of Holy Thursday, March 28, they anchored off
an Island where the previous night they had seen a light or a bonfire. That island "lies in
a latitude of nine and two-thirds degrees north of the Arctic Pole and a longitude of one
hundred and sixty-two degrees south of the demarcation line." It is twenty-five leagues
from Acquada and is known as “Mazaua”.

▪ They stayed on Mazaua Island for days.

▪ Thursday, April 4 – they left Mazaua , bound for Cebu. Guided by the king of Mazaua
who sailed there in his own boat. They traveled through five islands (Ceylon, Bohol,
Canighan, Baibai, and Gatigan).

▪ They sailed westward from Gatigan to the three islands of the Camotes Group (Poro,
Pasihan, and Ponson), where the Spanish ships stopped to allow the king of Mazaua to
catch up with them. The Spanish ships were much faster than the native balanghai,
which piqued the king of Mazaua's interest.

▪ They sailed south from the Camotes Islands towards "Zubu.“

▪ Sunday, April 7 – at noon they entered the harbor of “Zubu” (Cebu). It had taken them
three days to travel from Mazaua to the Camotes Islands and then south to Cebu

b. Pigafetta’s map showing where they stayed in Mazaua

c. The Two Native Kings

The presence of two native kings confirmed evidence at Mazaua during Magellan's visit.
The first was Mazaua's king, and the second was Butuan's king or Rajah
d. Pigafetta's account of his seven days in Mazaua.

▪ Thursday, March 28 – In the morning they anchored near an Island where they had
seen a light the night before a small boat (boloto) came with eight natives, to whom
Magellan threw some trinkets as presents. The natives paddled away, but two hours
later two larger boats (balanghai) arrived, one of which housed the native king under a
mat awning. Some of the natives went up the Spanish ship at Magellan's invitation, but
the native king remained seated in his boat. In the afternoon, the Spanish ships weighed
anchor and drew closer to shore, anchoring near the native king's village on Holy
Thursday.

▪ Friday, March 29 – Magellan sent his slave interpreter ashore in a small boat to ask
the king if he could provide the expedition with food supplies and to assure the king that
they had come as friends, not enemies. In response, the king himself arrived in a boat
with six or eight men, climbed Magellan's ship, and the two men embraced. Another gift
exchange took place. The native king and his companions returned ashore, bringing two
members of Magellan's expedition as overnight guests. Pigafetta was one of the two.

▪ Saturday, March 30 – Pigafetta and his companion had spent the evening before
feasting and drinking with the native king and his son. Pigafetta lamented the fact that,
despite the fact that it was Good Friday, they had to eat meat. At Saturday, Pigafetta and
his companion took leave of their hosts and returned to the ships.

▪ Sunday, March 31 – "Early in the morning, the last of March and Easter day," Magellan
ordered the priest and some men ashore to prepare for the Mass. Later that morning,
Magellan arrived with fifty men, and Mass was celebrated, followed by the veneration of
a cross. Magellan and the Spaniards returned to the ship for lunch, but in the afternoon
they went ashore to plant the cross on the highest hill. The kings of Mazaua and Butuan
were present at both the mass and the cross-planting.

▪ Sunday, March 31 – On that same afternoon, while on the highest hill, Magellan asked
the two kings which ports he should go to in order to obtain more abundant supplies of
food than were available on that Island. They replied that there were three ports to
choose from: Ceylon, Calagan and Zubu. Zubu was port with the most trade. Magellan
said that he wished to go to Zubu and leave the next morning. He asked for someone to
guide him there. The kings responded that the pilots were available "at any time."

▪ Monday, April 1 – Magellan sent men ashore to assist with the harvest, but no work
was done that day because the two kings were sleeping off the night before.

▪ Tuesday, April 2 and Wednesday, April 3 – harvesting work during the "next to days“.

▪ Thursday , April 4 – They leave the Mazaua, bound for Cebu.

e. An argument based on omission.

Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi expedition: The 1971 expedition of naval
historian Samuel Eliot Morison and Colombian historian Mauricio Obregon, as well as
the accounts of Spanish naval engineer IgnacioFernandez Vial and merchant marine
captain Jose Luis Ugarte, retraced the Magellan-Elcano voyage and concluded that
Limasawa was the site of the country's first Catholic mass, according to the NHCP's
study.

1. The name of the place. Antonio Pigafetta's testimony is regarded as one of the
primary sources. Although he referred to the location as "Mazaua" in his accounts, some
historians believe it is the "Masao" in Butuan. In addition, Limasawa cannot be the exact
location of the first mass because it has four syllables and begins with a different letter

2. The Route from Homonhon. According to the Pigafetta's accounts, the expedition
traveled 20 to 25 leagues west southwest from Homonhon, their first landing point, to
the site of the first mass. If they had been on Limasawa Island, the distance is only about
14.6 leagues, or one-half that length. Furthermore, Limasawa is separated from
Homonhon by the tip of Southern Leyte

3. The latitude position. According to Francisco Albo and Antonio Pigafetta's accounts,
you can find the location at 90 North latitude, and others at 9 2/3°. The latitude position
eliminates Limasawa, because it is closer by 10° , and strengthens the claim of Masao,
Butuan, because it is exactly at 9 °.

4. The Geographical Features

A. The Bonfire
The explorers were drawn to the light present the night before they arrived at the shore.
Now, "Masao" in Butuanon means "bright," which could refer to the local tradition of
cooking rice flakes over open fires to celebrate a harvest. Limasawa, on the other hand,
has no rice fields.

B. The Balanghai
It was mentioned on the Pigafetta's account that they stayed in the first kingdom. The
King arrived at their ship in a "Balanghai," and Pigafetta and his companion attended a
party in a "Balanghai" with a local King. Today, in Butuan City, you can visit the
Balangay Site Museum, also known as the "Balanghai Shrine Museum."

C. Abundance of gold
According to Pigafetta's testimony on Magellan's route, they discovered some hints that
the islands were rich in gold, prompting Magellan to rename the island the "Watering
Place of Good Omen.“. While in Albo's logbook, golds were shown to them. Butuan is
said to have gold, whereas Limasawa is said to have none.

Despite the fact that the evidence presented by using primary sources: Albo's and
Pigafetta's accounts. Limasawa was able to retain its status as the site of the First Easter
Sunday Mass in 1521

3. Summary of Albo and Pigafetta's evidence

▪ Through the south island of Samar, Magellan’s expedition has entered the Philippines
and stayed for a week at Homohonhon. They sailed westward towards Leyte and
rounded the southern tip of Panaon Island where they anchored off the eastern shore of
Mazaua Island. Upon a week of staying, during which on Easter Sunday, they celebrated
a mass and planted a cross on highest hill’s summit.

▪ The described position of Mazaua Island and its latitude of nine and two-thirds
degrees North clearly correspond to the position and latitude of south of Leyte. ▪
Clearly from Mazaua, Magellan’s expedition sailed northwestwards through the Canigao
Channel, then norther wards parallel to this latter island, then sailed westward to
Camotes Group and southwestwards to Cebu.

▪ In that itinerary, at no point did the Magellan expedition go to Butuan or any on the
Mindanao Cost. It was said that only after Magellan’s death did the survivors of the
expedition did go to Mindanao

4. Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi expedition.

There is confirmatory evidence from the documents of the Legazpi expedition, which
sailed into Philippine water in 1565, forty-four years after Magellan. Legazpi and his
pilots were anxious to visit was precisely Mazaua, and they inquired about "Mazaua"
from Camotuan and his companions, natives of the village of Canadian at Southeastern
end of the island of Leyte. Guided by these natives, the Legazpi ships rounded the island
of "Panae" (Panaon), which was separated from Leyte by a narrow strait, and anchored
off "Mazaua". But they found the inhabitants to be hostile, apparently as a result of
Portuguese depredation are that had occurred in the fourdecade interval between the
Legazpi and the Magellan expeditions. From Mazaua they went to Camiguing which was
visible from Mazaua and from there thy intended to go to Butuan on the island of
Vindanao but were driven instead by contrary winds to Bohol. The point seems clear
that as pilots of the Legazpi expedition understood it, Mazaua was an island near Leyte
 and Panaon, Butuan was on the island of Mindanao. The two were entirely different
places and in no wise identical

KAAGI : THE PHILIPPINES AND THE 1ST CIRCUMNAVIGATION

● Kaagi - means history
● Exploration : the wealth of the country is defined by their gold reserves
● Maluku - place of spices (part of indonesia)
● Treaty of Pordesillas - sanctioned by the pope in Rome
- States that they will divide the territory
- Divided: portugal (east), spain (west)
● Magellan - former portuguese sailor
- Been to india and Maluku
- Portuguese king doesn’t believe Magellan, but the king of spain believe him and gave
him a 5 ship
September 20 1519
- 5 ship left seville
- Armada de Maluco (AKA: Magellan Elcano Expedition)
● Trinidad - flagship of magellan Elcano Expedition
- Magellan was the captain
- Name of ship:
1. The San Antonio
2. The Concepcion
3. The Santiago
4. The Victoria
- 270 crew
- Duarte Barbosa (officer)
- Francisco Albo
- Gines de Mafra
- Antonio Pigafetta - Writer/Italian Nobleman
- Fr. Pedro de Valderrama - chaplain
- Enrique de Malacca - Magellan servant, mother tongue is Malay
 ● Dadivas - Gifts that magellan carries
● Note: The Philippines was already rich in culture before magellan….
● 1950 - discovery of Boxer Codex
- Pigafetta confirmed about tattooed Visayas
- Na discover na ang mga Pilipino ay mayaman sa ginto at may magandang
kasuotan(china silk)
● Ilawud - downstream
● Ilaya - upstream
● Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900 AD)
- Used of copper plate
- shows that the diplomacy and connection of our ancestors
● Kawi - java script
● Butuan - various of artifacts discovered
● Guam - chamorros robbed them (magellan crew)
March 16, 1521
- Magellan crew sighted Samar
● Alcina’s Historia de la Bisaya - spanish account
● Homonhon - sacred place, God : Makapatag
March 17, 1521
- feast day of San Lazaro
- Archipelago of San Lazaro
March 18, 1521
- Humanity in homonhon
- Filipinos gave food to magellan's crew
- After 8 days the crew move to Limasawa (Mazua)
● Colambu - chief of Limasawa
● Casicasi - blood compact
- Sandugo between chiefs
March 31, 1521
- 1st mass
- Attended by : chief of butuan & calagan
1. Rajah Colambu
2. Rajah Siaui
- They built a cross in Limasawa
April 7, 1521
● Cebu - known for traders
- Magellan shared about christianity
- Humabon accept christian baptism
- - 800 were baptised
● Lapulapu - chief of mactan
- 1,500 mactan surrounded the spaniards
- 49 crew of magellan VS 1,500 mactan
- 8 spaniards died
- 15 Filipino died
 ● Juan Carualho - new leader
- Inutos niya na bawasan ang barko, pinasunog ang “concepcion”
● Rajah Matanda - prince of Luzon
● Nov 1521 - spices

Spaniards mapped the Philippines, and came back. the rest is history
Spaniards teach about christianity
● 1895 - Gising na mga Tagalog
● 1896 - Philippine revolution
● June 12, 1898 - Philippine Independence