Topic 3 Definition of Planning. Its Historical Overview and Influences

Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
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website: www.capsu.edu.ph email address: roxas@capsu.edu.ph
PLAN 423
INTRODUCTION OF REGIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING
Topic No. 3 Reporters:

Ampuan, Arafat
Barnuevo, Shania Bianca
Deocampo, Lui Angelo
Martinez, Evita
Ar. Mark Joseph Andrada
PLAN 423 - Instructor
Topic 3
DEFINITION OF PLANNING. ITS HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND
INFLUENCES
Learning Objectives:
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:

1. understand the evolution of planning, its historical development from ancient civilizations
to the present day.
2. identify and analyze the various factors that have influenced urban planning, such as
social, economic, political, environmental, and technological forces.
3. evaluate both successful and unsuccessful urban planning projects.
4. explore cultural and social dimensions of urban planning
5. encourage the development of practical solutions and creative thinking in contemporary
urban challenges.
DEFINITION OF PLANNING
Planning in architecture is the preparation of the elements that will result in the
building. This involves drawings, and an understanding of the environment where the
building will be placed.
Architectural planning
 Planning the environment
 Orientation
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges(PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)

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Architectural forms
 Color
 Materials and techniques
 Interior control
Planning for use
 Circulation
 Differentiation
 Facilitation
Economic planning
 Techniques
 Materials
ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING
The site involves the varying behavior of the natural environment that must be
adjusted to the unvarying physical needs of human beings.
the type is the generalized form established by society that must be adjusted to the special use
for which the building is required.
 the cost implies the economics of land, labor, and materials that must be adjusted to
suit a particular sum.
 planning is the process of particularizing and, ultimately, of harmonizing the demands
of environment, use, and economy.
Planning the environment

The natural environment is at once a hindrance and a help, and the architect seeks both
to invite its aid and to repel its attacks.
To make buildings habitable and comfortable, the architect must control the effects
example:
 heat, cold, light, air, moisture, and dryness and foresee destructive potentialities such as
fire, earthquake, flood, and disease.
The methods of controlling the environment considered here are only the practical aspects of
planning.
Orientation
The arrangement of the axes of buildings and their parts for controlling the effects of sun,
wind, and rainfall.
 The sun is regular in its course, it favors the southern and neglects the northern
exposures of buildings in the Northern Hemisphere, so that it may be captured for heat or
evaded for coolness by turning the axis of a plan toward or away from it.
Orientation may control air for circulation and reduce the disadvantages of wind, rain, and snow,
since in most climates the prevailing currents can be foreseen.

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The characteristics of the immediate environment also influence orientation.

example:
 trees, land formations, and other buildings create shade and reduce or intensify wind,
while bodies of water produce moisture and reflect the sun.
ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
Planning may control the environment by the design of architectural forms that may modify the
effects of natural forces.
For example,
 overhanging eaves, moldings, projections, courts, and porches give shade and protection
from rain.
 Roofs are designed to shed snow and to drain or preserve water.
 Walls control the amount of heat lost to the exterior or retained in the interior by their
thickness and by the structural and insulating materials used in making them.
 Windows are the principal means of controlling natural light; its amount, distribution,
intensity, direction
Colour
Colour has a practical planning function as well as an expressive quality because of the
range of its reflection and its absorption of solar rays. Since light colours reflect heat and dark
colours absorb it, the choice of materials and pigments is an effective tool of environmental
control.
Materials and techniques

The choice of materials is conditioned by their own ability to withstand the environment
as well as by properties that make them useful to human beings.
example:
 to balance the physical and economic advantages of wood against the possibility of fire,
termites, and mold,
 the weather resistance of glass and light metals against their high thermal conductivity,
and many similar conflicts.
The more violent natural manifestations, such as heavy snow loads, earthquakes, high winds,
and tornadoes, are controlled by special technical devices in regions where they are prevalent.
Interior control
The control of the environment through the design of the plan and the outer shell of a
building cannot be complete, since extremes of heat and cold, light, and sounds penetrate into
the interior, where they can be further modified by the planning of spaces.
example:

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 Temperature, light and sound are all subject to control by the size and shape of interior
spaces, the way in which the spaces are connected, and the materials employed for floors, walls,
ceilings, and furnishings.
 Hot air may be retained or released by the adjustment of ceiling heights and sources of
ventilation.
 Light reflects in relation to the colour and texture of surfaces and may be reduced by
dark, rough walls and increased by light, smooth ones.
 Sounds are transmitted by some materials and absorbed by others and may be controlled
by the form of interiors and by the use of structural or applied materials that by their density,
thickness, and texture amplify or restrict sound waves.
PLANNING FOR USE

E]nvironmental planning produces comfort for the senses (sight, feeling, hearing), planning for
use or function is concerned with convenience of movement and rest. These solutions are found
by differentiating spaces for distinct functions, by providing circulation among these spaces,
and by designing them to facilitate the actions of the human body.
Circulation
Communication among differentiated spaces and between the exterior and the interior
may be achieved by openings alone in the simplest plans, but most buildings require distinct
spaces allotted to horizontal and vertical circulation (corridors, lobbies, stairs, ramps, elevators,
etc.).
Differentiation
The number of functions requiring distinct kinds of space within a building depends not
only upon the type of building but also upon the requirements of the culture and the habits and
activities of the individual patrons.
example: Some houses have a single room with a hearth area, and others have separate areas for
cooking, eating, sleeping, washing, storage, and recreation.
 The planning of differentiated spaces involves as a guide to their design (placement, size,
shape, environmental conditions, sequence, etc.)
 analysis of use (number of uses and character, duration, time of day, frequency,
variability, etc., of each)
 users (number, behaviour, age, sex, physical condition, etc.), and furniture or equipment
required.
example:
A meetinghouse with a single hall is sufficient for Quaker religious services, while a Roman
Catholic cathedral may require a nave, aisles, choir, apse, chapels, crypt, sacristy, and
ambulatory.

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Nave Apse
Quaker religious services: meetinghouse
crypt
Facilitation
The convenience of movement, like the comfort of environment, can be increased by
planning
 Planning methods are based on analysis of the body measurements, movements, and
muscular power of human beings of different ages and sexes, which results in the establishment
of standards for the measurements of ceilings, doorways, windows, storage shelves, working
surfaces, steps, and the like and for the weight of architectural elements that must be moved,
such as doors, gates, and windows.
These standards also include allowances for the movement of whatever furnishings, equipment,
or machinery are required for the use of any building.

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ECONOMIC PLANNING
Major expenses in building are for land, materials, and labor. In each case they are high
when the commodity is scarce and low when it is abundant, and they influence planning more
directly when they become restrictive.
The effect of high land values is to limit the amount of space occupied by any building as well
as the amount of expenditure that can be reserved for construction.
all phases of architectural design are affected, since the planning procedure, the technique, and
the form of buildings are dependent on materials.
 Planning involves not only the control of cost in each area but also the proportioning of
expenditures among land, materials, and labor in order to produce the most effective solution to
an architectural problem.
Techniques
The techniques of architecture in the sense that they will be considered here are simply
the methods by which structures are formed from particular materials.
The evolution of techniques is conditioned by two forces.
 One is economic—the search for a maximum of stability and durability in building with
a minimum of materials and labor.
 The other is expressive—the desire to produce meaningful form. Techniques evolve
rapidly when economic requirements suggest new expressive forms or when the conception of
new forms demands new procedures.
The ultimate purpose of building techniques is to create a stable structure. In mechanical terms,
structures are stable when all their parts are in a state of equilibrium, or rest. Walls and roofs
can buckle, crack, or collapse if they are not properly designed.
Materials
1. Stone
In most areas where stone is available, it has been

favoured over other materials for the construction of
monumental architecture. Its advantages are durability,
adaptability to sculptural treatment, and the fact that it can be
used in modest structures in its natural state. But it is difficult
to quarry, transport, and cut, and its weakness in tension limits
its use for beams, lintels, and floor supports.
2.Bricks
Brick is a structural material for its fire- and weather-

resisting qualities and for the ease of production,

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transportation, and laying. The size of bricks is limited by the need for efficient drying, firing,
and handling, but shapes, along with the techniques of bricklaying, have varied widely
throughout history.
3. Wood
Wood is easier to acquire, transport, and work than

other natural materials. All parts of a building can be
efficiently constructed of wood except foundations; its
disadvantage is susceptibility to fire, mold, and termites.
 Wood is used in building both solid and skeletal
structures.
4. Concrete
Concrete is a manufactured mixture of cement and water, with

aggregates of sand and stones,
5. Iron and Steel

The development of construction methods in iron and steel
was the most important innovation in architecture since
ancient times. These methods provide far stronger and taller
structures with less expenditure of material than stone,
brick, or wood and can produce greater unsupported spans
over openings and interior or exterior spaces. The evolution
of steel frame construction in the 20th century entirely
changed the concept of the wall and the support.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PLANNING
Introduction
Cities are mankind’s most universal contribution on earth. Throughout human history, it
is within cities that mankind has explored all counterpoints of himself in relation to his physical
world: man within architecture, man within nature, man as individual and communal being,
man and machine, mankind within temple and shelter.

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From the ancient urbs of Rome to the modernity of downtown America, the historical
aim of urban planning has been to impose physical order on things that by nature are chaotic.
For two millennia, cities have been formed by the seemingly omniscient hand of urban planning
or, less fortunately, by the lack thereof. Herein lies the virtually impossible meaning of urban
planning.
Urban Planning
Urban planning is both art and social science. It encompasses the contemporary city, the
historical site, architecture, the environment, economics, and social interaction. It constructs the
city of today while creating the model of the city that will exist in the next decades. Unlike
architecture, urban planning is a public profession dedicated not to individual clients but to the
common good, which is a weighty responsibility.
Urban planning must also deal with the larger issues of city form and the distribution of
urban land resources through: zoning, land use controls, density, and neighborhood
considerations.
In the urban environment, open space, greenery, and parks are integral to urban planning,
and public art enlivens the city; the arts and nature are fundamental to urban design.
EARLY HUMAN CIVILIZATION
Evidence of planning has been unearthed in the ruins of cities in China, India, Egypt,
Asia Minor, the Mediterranean world, and South and Central America.
Early examples of efforts toward planned urban development include orderly street
systems that are rectilinear and sometimes radial; division of a city into specialized functional
quarters; development of commanding central sites for palaces, temples, and civic buildings;
and advanced systems of fortification, water supply, and drainage.
Most of the evidence is in smaller cities that were built in comparatively short periods as
colonies. Often the central cities of ancient states grew to substantial size before they achieved
governments capable of imposing controls
Indus River Valley Civilization
The Indus River Valley Civilization, 3300-

1300 BCE, also known as the Harappan Civilization,
extended from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to
Pakistan and northwest India.
At its peak, the Indus Valley Civilization
may have had a population of over five million
people. The Indus cities are noted for their urban
planning, a technical and political process concerned
with the use of land and design of the urban
environment.

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Ancient Babylon 5TH CENTURY BCE

4000 BCE
The Athens of Socrates

Hippodamus of Miletus 498-408 BC
 Invented formal city planning

 Made the Hippodamian Plan or the grid city to maximize winds in the summer and minimize
them in winter. This shows his geometric, arranged style in design
PRE-CLASSICAL ERA (1800 B.C.E.–150 C.E.)
The pre-classical era witnessed

several cities being laid down according to
a strategic plan. Many of these cities tended
to develop organically over time. Some of
the most prominent cities designed in this
period were Harappan, Minoan, and
Egyptian civilization.
The streets of many cities known to

humankind were built and laid out in the
forms of rigid right angles and grid patterns. Some archaeological evidence also suggests that many
houses were designed to shield from the noise and improve the standard of living.

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Additionally, most of the homes have their very own water well. This suggested the remains
for sanitary purposes. Furthermore, some archaeologists also interpret that these cities had well-
organized drainage systems as well as agricultural land.
MEDIEVAL AGES
For several centuries during the Middle Ages,

there was little building of cities in Europe. Eventually
towns grew up as centres of church or feudal authority,
of marketing or trade. As the urban population grew,
the constriction caused by walls and fortifications led to
overcrowding, the blocking out of air and light, and
very poor sanitation..
The physical form of medieval and Renaissance

towns and cities followed the pattern of the village, spreading along a street or a crossroads in
circular patterns or in irregular shapes, though rectangular patterns tended to characterize some of
the newer towns.
Most streets were little more than footpaths—more a medium for communication than for
transportation—and even in major European cities paving was not widely introduced before the
12th century (1184 in Paris, 1235 in Florence, and 1300 in Lübeck).
CARCASSONE, FRANCE
ROMAN SETTLEMENT OF LONDINIUM

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The Roman settlement of Londinium, c.

AD 200, which developed into the modern
metropolis of London.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1760 to 1840
The late 19th century saw a boost in the industrial sector. This was a result of the rapid
population growth, business enterprises, frequent profits, and so forth. Giant cities developed
during this era, and a subtle exhibition of luxury as well as poverty was observed.
The slums, congestion, disorder, ugliness, and threat of disease provoked a reaction in
which sanitation improvement was the first demand. Significant betterment of public health
resulted from engineering improvements in water supply and sewerage, which were essential to the
further growth of urban populations. Later in the century the first housing reform measures were
enacted.

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HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES

Introduction
Cities in the Philippines developed without taking full advantage of their environmental
assets. Urban centers along the sea, bay, or any body of water would have been terrific hubs for the
Philippine archipelagic republic. On the contrary, the cities grew without the benefit of proper
urban and regional planning.
History of Planning in the Philippines
 PRE-COLONIAL AGE
 SPANISH REGIME
 AMERICAN ERA
 POST WAR
1.0 PRE-COLONIAL AGE
1.1 Pre-Colonial Settlement Planning: Scholars note that pre-colonial Filipinos displayed
settlement planning, with dwellings exhibiting uniformity. Communities were often situated near
bodies of water or dispersed around cultivated land, showcasing a connection between settlement
and resource utilization.
1.2 Spanish Colonial Reconstruction: After war-related destruction, Spanish colonists in the
Philippines rebuilt cities using local materials, technology, and skilled craftsmen. Notable figures
like Panday-Pira and "El Admirante" played crucial roles. El Admirante, a master builder, was
commissioned to construct the walled city of Intramuros.
1.3 Diverse Settlement Patterns: Various groups across the archipelago had distinctive settlement
patterns. Mountain dwellers in Cordillera institutionalized territories through the atu or ward
system. Different native groups, like the Tagalogs (taga-ilog or river dwellers) and the Maranaws
(lake dwellers), displayed unique planning based on their geographical surroundings. The barangay,
also known as balanghay, likely represented the earliest seacoast communities.
2.0 SPANISH REGIME
2.1 Introduction of Laws of the Indies (16th Century)

In the 16th century, King Philip II introduced the Laws of the

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Indies, shaping Spanish colonial town planning in the Americas, emphasizing high-ground
locations, gridiron patterns, and centralized plazas.
2.2 Jesuit Reducciones Policy (Late 16th Century)
The Jesuits implemented the reducciones policy in the late 16th century, creating "plaza
complexes" with ilustrados at the center and lower classes at the periphery, fostering a structured
social order in colonial towns.
2.3 Construction of Intramuros in Manila (Late 16th Century)
Despite initial plans for a stone city, threats from Chinese pirates and foreign invaders in the
late 16th century led to the construction of Intramuros, a fortified self-contained city within Manila.
2.4 Economic Growth in Mid-19th Century Manila
In the mid-19th century, Manila saw economic growth with thriving industries in cotton,
silk, dairy, and cigar production, marking the Philippines' entry into world trade and contributing to
urban expansion.
2.5 Urbanization and Technological Advancements (Turn of the 20th Century)
By the turn of the 20th century, Manila's population reached 300,000, with technological
advancements introduced to enhance urban living, including waterworks, telephone systems,
railroads, and streetcar railways.
2.6 Impact of Spanish Urban Design and Social Issues
Spanish urban design, emphasizing stone buildings, left a lasting impact on the Philippine
cityscape, but efforts to address economic and social issues for natives were inadequate, and the
encomienda system resembled medieval serfdom.
2.7 Maura Law and Shift Towards Local Governance (1893)
In 1893, the Maura Law extended autonomy to provinces, establishing municipal tribunals
or councils, reflecting a shift towards regional planning and local governance in the Philippines
under Spanish rule.

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3.0 AMERICAN ERA
3.1 American Influence in the Early 20th Century
The American influence in the Philippines during the early 20th century emphasized social
values such as sanitation, housing, and aesthetic improvements, with roots in European responses to
industrialization.
3.2 Daniel H. Burnham's Commission and the City Beautiful Movement
Daniel H. Burnham, an American

architect and planner, was commissioned
in 1904 to create a physical development
plan for Manila and Baguio, drawing
inspiration from the City Beautiful
Movement and envisioning wide
boulevards, public edifices, and
landscaped parks.
3.3 Burnham's Plan for Manila
Burnham's plan for Manila included a grid pattern with circumferential and diagonal
arteries, extending the Bay areas through reclamation, constructing a new port, and developing
parks, playfields, and fountains throughout the city for public leisure.
3.4 Urban Development Allocations
Burnham allocated spaces for national and municipal buildings, hospitals, colleges, a world-
class hotel, city and country clubs, a casino, boat clubs, public baths, and a new residence for the
Governor General, aiming to accommodate the city's population growth and industrial expansion.
3.5 Binondo as the Business Center
The plan designated Binondo as the center of business and merchandising, proposing
improvements in the area's wharf, warehouse, and port facilities, with extensions along the Pasig
River linked to railroads for north and south provinces, encouraging private sector involvement for
expedited development.
3.6 Implementation by William E. Parsons

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In 1905, after Daniel Burnham's visit to the Philippines, he sent preliminary plans for
Manila, but another architect, William E. Parsons, was appointed to implement Burnham's plan as
the Consulting Architect to the Insular Government.
3.7 Institutionalization of City Planning
City planning began to institutionalize during Parsons' time, with his role as Consulting
Architect considered the nucleus of the Division of Architecture in the Insular Bureau of Public
Works, although the position of City Architect was established only in 1920, after Parsons left in
1914, possibly due to political reasons.
3.8 Successors and City Planning Neglect
Parsons' departure led to successors like Doane and Arellano, with the latter being a
contemporary of Tomas Mapua, and before leaving, Parsons ensured the preparation of general
plans for cities such as Cebu and Zamboanga and master plans for cities like Iloilo. Parsons'
reasons for leaving were unclear, with some suggesting political factors, and city planning issues,
including sanitation and mass housing, were neglected by architects and engineers, prompting the
introduction of "sanitary barrios" by Insular Health workers in 1908, reflecting new standards,
while labor groups established their own barrio obrero independently.
4.0 POST-WAR PERIOD
In 1936, the Interior Department initiated local planning commissions to enhance town
planning, but a shortage of trained city planners in both commissions and the Bureau of Public
Works hindered the establishment of planning as a discipline.
INFLUENCE IN THE FIELD OF URBAN PLANNING
Planning Influence in the 20th Century
In the first half of the 20th century, planning's influence expanded in Europe through
national and local statutes guiding new development. European governments engaged directly in
working-class housing provision, influencing urban growth through housing construction
decisions. In the United States, local planning began with the 1916 New York City zoning law,
but federal intervention in housing and land use occurred during the Great Depression. World War

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II necessitated extensive planning frameworks in the U.S. and Britain, setting a precedent for
post-war national economic and demographic planning, more extensive in Britain than in the
United States.
Postwar approaches
In the postwar era, European governments initiated extensive housing and rebuilding
programs guided by modernist planning principles from CIAM. Influenced by figures like Le
Corbusier, these programs favored high-rise structures with green spaces and reflected a desire for
large-scale, cost-effective projects using new materials and technologies. Government
involvement in housing allowed for direct control over urban growth. In Britain, Abercrombie's
Greater London Plan proposed a greenbelt around the metropolitan area, new towns beyond it,
and circumferential highways. Similar ideas spread to Scandinavia, Germany, and the Netherlands.
In the U.S., suburban development, encouraged by federal incentives, lacked metropolitan-
wide planning, leading to unplanned growth and sprawl. Urban renewal efforts focused on
clearing land for public facilities, relying on private investors for new construction.
Planning and government
The role of city planning within urban government structures varies worldwide. In many
countries, developers need governmental approval to build, while in the United States, they may
proceed "as of right" if their plans align with zoning codes. European countries often centralize
planning within an executive department, with substantial authority. In the UK, local councils
serve as planning authorities, with an advisory planning department. Denied developers can
appeal to the central government. In the U.S., an appointed planning commission handles routine
planning functions, especially related to private development proposals. Urban renewal authorities,
once powerful, have often integrated with economic development agencies, reporting to
independent boards with business community representation. National governments in some
countries, notably in northern Europe, incorporate city planning into broader growth and social
welfare strategies. Even in the U.S., federal involvement increased through housing and urban
renewal legislation, overseen by the Department of Housing and Urban Development since 1965.
Developing countries, gaining independence in the mid-20th century, typically centralized
planning structures within new national governments.
Competing models
In the 20th century, various urban planning theories emerged, influencing the urban
landscape based on popularity and longevity. Mid-century city planning aimed for
comprehensiveness, recognizing the interdependence of land use, transport, and housing. The
rational model, emphasizing expert evaluation for optimal solutions, briefly dominated but faced
criticism for neglecting human consequences. The modernist model, involving large-scale

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demolition and reconstruction, was challenged by urbanologist Jane Jacobs, who advocated for
diverse, lively urban environments over ordered, inhuman cityscapes. By the late 20th century,
planning in the U.S. and Europe incorporated Jacobs's ideas, focusing on rehabilitation, historical
preservation, adaptive reuse, mixed-use development, and the "24-hour city." Major projects
increasingly avoided demolishing occupied structures. However, modernist concepts persisted in
developing countries, with China's displacement for the 2008 Beijing Olympics illustrating
continued reliance on large-scale, functionalist planning.
Contemporary planning
At the beginning of the 21st century, urban planning lacked a singular model for both
process and outcome. In Europe and the United States, some cities embraced participatory
planning involving residents likely to be affected by changes, while others did not. The concept of
participatory planning spread globally but remained limited in adoption, often reflecting the
degree of democracy in each location. In more participatory frameworks, planners shifted from
being experts to mediators among different stakeholders. This change aligns with the concept of
"communicative rationality," but critics argue it may stifle innovation or serve powerful interests,
potentially conflicting with the public interest. Concerns about "not in my backyard" (NIMBYism)
potentially hindering affordable housing and necessary public facilities also emerged. Despite the
lack of consensus on processes and goals, contemporary urban planning exhibits diversity, with
some places still adhering to strict segregation of uses while others trend toward mixed-use
development, especially in urban centers.
New pluralism
In contemporary urban planning, there has been a shift toward new pluralism, marked by
the breakdown of universal principles favoring a "one plan fits all" approach. Intellectual
arguments against standardized development and in favor of local sensitivity and democratic input
have gained prominence. The rigid modernist consensus, emphasizing separation of uses and
standardized construction, has given way to a more nuanced understanding of local differences.
Another trend is the recognition that many places lack the resources to adhere to planning
standards. In the developing world, informal markets and settlements, once condemned, are now
seen as inevitable and often appropriate for serving the needs of poor communities. Planners
increasingly focus on upgrading squatter settlements and street markets rather than eliminating
them.
Political forces advocating for the free market have compelled planners to seek market-
based solutions to issues like pollution and public service provision. This has led to the

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privatization of formerly public facilities and utilities, as well as the trading of development rights
and emission permits as alternatives to strict regulatory approaches.
While the original premise of planning assumed that a well-designed, comprehensively

planned city would be socially ameliorative, contemporary goals are more modest. The belief that
the physical environment profoundly influences social behavior has diminished, but planning as a
practice still relies on public policy as a tool for creating a more equitable and attractive
environment. The focus is on contributing to improvements in the quality of life without radically
altering human behavior.
Factors Affecting Urban Development
Urban planning, which is also known as urban development, incorporates planning for
transportation systems and land use to improve the structure of a town or city. Urban development
includes urban renewal, which addresses issues like decay and lack of investment in specific
regions. Factors like land use, aesthetics, safety, unkempt buildings and transportation all affect
how cities are planned.
Use of Land
City planners try to manage the growth of a city by making zoning laws to manage how
land in a city is used, but this also affects the growth of a city. Planners try to regulate aspects of
building, such as the size of newly constructed buildings, the uses of the building and what
features it will have. Although some planners try to provide substantial freedom to the architect,
they also need to enforce safety and consider how to develop the city intelligently by avoiding
overcrowding and considering issues like water consumption.
Aesthetics
In many cities, aesthetics or the nature of beauty and its expression, is taken into
consideration in urban development. Cities often try to reduce the clutter or have a mainstream
architectural style. This is evident especially in the historic parts of many towns. Cities attempt to
maintain control over new construction in these areas and may regulate paint colors of the
exteriors of homes, as well as ornamentation outside of the home. Successful urban development
factors in the culture or heritage of the region, as well as aspects like natural hazards.
Safety
Urban planners must consider the safety of residents and visitors when developing a town
or city. Extreme weather conditions, such as flooding or hurricanes, necessitate planning for
emergency routes and safety features, such as retaining walls and shelters.

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Unkempt Buildings
Many cities struggle with what to do regarding abandoned, unkempt buildings, as well as
lawn control and debris. This deeply affects urban development because avoiding neglect is
believed central to preventing the decay of the entire city, particularly in areas of crime, drugs and
other social issues. Urban development must address how to address neglect, slums and decay.
Transportation
Transportation is a key problem in many urban areas and presents a unique problem for an
urban planner. Urban development needs to address increasing or decreasing traffic, traffic
patterns, parking areas and alternative methods of transportation, such as buses, trolleys or trains.
Reconstruction or Renewal
Another factor involved in urban development is that of reconstruction and renewal, which
is made evident in areas that have been devastated by natural or man-made disaster. A
construction plan for a community experiencing renewal needs to consider existing resources,
such as the culture and businesses, as well as consider the long-term goals of the city when
creating the design.
REFERENCES:
20th Century Architecture. (2015). “Urban Planning”. Available at http://architecture-

history.org/schools/URBAN%20PLANNING.html
Britannica. “Architecture arts and culture”. Available at
https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture#ref31795
Delgado, k. (2011, March 22). “Urban Planning in the Philippines”. Available at https://beat-
architect.blogspot.com/2011/03/urban-planning-in-philippines.html
Fainstein, S. S. (2023, November 7). urban planning. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at
https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-planning
Helaine, A. (2023, August 29). “Factors Affecting Urban Development.” Available at
https://careertrend.com/info-8064252-factors-affecting-urban-development.html
International Journal of Research (IJR). (2012). “The History Of Urban Planning”. Available at
https://internationaljournalofresearch.com/2021/04/30/the-history-of-urban-
planning%E2%80%AF/

Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
Palma, R.A. (2018, March 20). “Urban planning history, theories, and concepts”. Available at
https://www.slideshare.net/EnPRageneAndreaPalma/part-1-urban-planning-history-theories-and-
concepts?fbclid=IwAR0EHuoGuoyuJ9isHzdmT-oEllGUIEwQFKCyLenbQ7qIBY2yjDIfJjcL6Wo
Prepared by:
Ampuan, Arafat
Barnuevo, Shania Bianca
Deocampo, Lui Angelo
Martinez, Evita
BS Architecture-4A
Professor:
Ar. Mark Joseph Andrada
PLAN 423 Instructor

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Republic of the Philippines

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Topic No. 3 Reporters:

After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:

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Planning the environment

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The characteristics of the immediate environment also influence orientation.

Materials and techniques

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PLANNING FOR USE

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Quaker religious services: meetinghouse

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In most areas where stone is available, it has been

Brick is a structural material for its fire- and weather-

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Wood is easier to acquire, transport, and work than

Concrete is a manufactured mixture of cement and water, with

5. Iron and Steel

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PLANNING

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EARLY HUMAN CIVILIZATION

Indus River Valley Civilization

The Indus River Valley Civilization, 3300-

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Ancient Babylon 5TH CENTURY BCE

The Athens of Socrates

 Invented formal city planning

PRE-CLASSICAL ERA (1800 B.C.E.–150 C.E.)

The pre-classical era witnessed

The streets of many cities known to

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For several centuries during the Middle Ages,

The physical form of medieval and Renaissance

ROMAN SETTLEMENT OF LONDINIUM

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The Roman settlement of Londinium, c.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1760 to 1840

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HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES

History of Planning in the Philippines

1.0 PRE-COLONIAL AGE

2.0 SPANISH REGIME

2.1 Introduction of Laws of the Indies (16th Century)

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2.2 Jesuit Reducciones Policy (Late 16th Century)

2.3 Construction of Intramuros in Manila (Late 16th Century)

2.4 Economic Growth in Mid-19th Century Manila

2.5 Urbanization and Technological Advancements (Turn of the 20th Century)

2.6 Impact of Spanish Urban Design and Social Issues

2.7 Maura Law and Shift Towards Local Governance (1893)

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3.0 AMERICAN ERA

3.1 American Influence in the Early 20th Century

3.2 Daniel H. Burnham's Commission and the City Beautiful Movement

Daniel H. Burnham, an American

3.3 Burnham's Plan for Manila